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Dentistry908 papers

Disorder of salivary gland

Last edited: 4/14/2026

Overview

Disorders of salivary gland function encompass a range of conditions affecting saliva production and composition, impacting oral health and comfort. These conditions can be exacerbated by dehydration, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the elderly and athletes.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Symptoms: Dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, altered taste sensation, oral infections 17.
  • Physical Examination: Assess salivary flow rates, oral mucosa condition 30.
  • Laboratory Tests: Salivary gland function tests, including stimulated salivary clearance 30.
  • Imaging: MRI or CT scans for structural abnormalities like sialolithiasis or tumors 37.

    • Management

  • Hydration: Ensure adequate fluid intake; oral rehydration solutions may be beneficial 1718.
  • Medications: Pilocarpine or cevimulgaine for stimulating saliva production in Sjögren's syndrome 17.
  • Dietary Adjustments: Frequent sips of water, avoidance of dry or irritating foods 17.
  • Monitoring: Regular assessment of hydration status and oral health 12.

    • Special Populations

  • Elderly: Increased susceptibility to dehydration due to decreased thirst sensation and reduced total body water 14.
  • Athletes: Risk of dehydration impacting performance; emphasis on proper hydration strategies 3818.
  • Pediatrics: Careful monitoring and management of dehydration, especially in emergency settings 610.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Maintain Adequate Hydration in elderly patients to prevent salivary gland disorders exacerbated by dehydration (Evidence: Strong 1217).
  • Implement Structured Hydration Programs for athletes to optimize performance and prevent salivary gland dysfunction (Evidence: Moderate 3818).
  • Regularly Assess Hydration Status in vulnerable populations, including elderly and pediatric patients, to promptly address any deficits (Evidence: Moderate 1610).

    • References

    1 Tan SLL, Manickam A, Abdullah N, Chai WF, Subramaniam SGE, Yuan LX et al.. Improving hydration among hospitalised older adults in an acute geriatric ward with a bundled multi-component intervention. BMJ open quality 2025. link 2 Kalra S, Kapoor N, Jacob JJ, Agarwal N, Thakor P, Malve H. Fluid Imbalance in Geriatrics: The Need for Optimal Hydration. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2023. link 3 Eith JM, Haggard CR, Emerson DM, Yeargin SW. Practices of Athletic Trainers Using Weight Charts to Determine Hydration Status and Fluid-Intervention Strategies. Journal of athletic training 2021. link 4 Hoen L, Pfeffer D, Zapf R, Raabe A, Hildebrand J, Kraft J et al.. Association of Drug Application and Hydration Status in Elderly Patients. Nutrients 2021. link 5 Krzemień G, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M, Antonowicz-Zawiślak A, Szmigielska A. Clinical profile of neonates with hypernatremic dehydration in a nephrology clinic. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego 2020. link 6 Santillanes G, Rose E. Evaluation and Management of Dehydration in Children. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2018. link 7 McKenna ZJ, Gillum TL. Effects of Exercise Induced Dehydration and Glycerol Rehydration on Anaerobic Power in Male Collegiate Wrestlers. Journal of strength and conditioning research 2017. link 8 Magee PJ, Gallagher AM, McCormack JM. High Prevalence of Dehydration and Inadequate Nutritional Knowledge Among University and Club Level Athletes. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 2017. link 9 Chang YN, Kao CH, Lin YS, Lee JC. Comparison of the intraoral and transcervical approach in submandibular gland excision. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2013. link 10 Nunez J, Liu DR, Nager AL. Dehydration treatment practices among pediatrics-trained and non-pediatrics trained emergency physicians. Pediatric emergency care 2012. link 11 van Rosendal SP, Coombes JS. Glycerol use in hyperhydration and rehydration: scientific update. Medicine and sport science 2012. link 12 Kavouras SA, Arnaoutis G, Makrillos M, Garagouni C, Nikolaou E, Chira O et al.. Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2012. link 13 Chéron G, Jais JP, Cojocaru B, Parez N, Biarent D. The European Paediatric Life Support course improves assessment and care of dehydrated children in the emergency department. European journal of pediatrics 2011. link 14 Volpe SL, Poule KA, Bland EG. Estimation of prepractice hydration status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes. Journal of athletic training 2009. link 15 Gonzalez RR, Cheuvront SN, Montain SJ, Goodman DA, Blanchard LA, Berglund LG et al.. Expanded prediction equations of human sweat loss and water needs. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2009. link 16 Souki BQ, Pimenta GB, Souki MQ, Franco LP, Becker HM, Pinto JA. Prevalence of malocclusion among mouth breathing children: do expectations meet reality?. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2009. link 17 Schols JM, De Groot CP, van der Cammen TJ, Olde Rikkert MG. Preventing and treating dehydration in the elderly during periods of illness and warm weather. The journal of nutrition, health & aging 2009. link 18 Montain SJ. Hydration recommendations for sport 2008. Current sports medicine reports 2008. link 19 Bender BJ, Ozuah PO, Crain EF. Oral rehydration therapy: is anyone drinking?. Pediatric emergency care 2007. link 20 Seemann R, Bizhang M, Djamchidi C, Kage A, Nachnani S. The proportion of pseudo-halitosis patients in a multidisciplinary breath malodour consultation. International dental journal 2006. link 21 McDonald JP. The role of the dental surgeon in an integrated care pathway for the treatment of breathing difficulties. British dental journal 2005. link 22 Noakes T. Fluid replacement during marathon running. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2003. link 23 . A guide to pediatric fluid replacement and maintenance. Dimensions of critical care nursing : DCCN 2000. link 24 Monreal L, Garzón N, Espada Y, Ruíz-Gopegui R, Homedes J. Electrolyte vs. glucose-electrolyte isotonic solutions for oral rehydration therapy in horses. Equine veterinary journal. Supplement 1999. link 25 Armstrong LE, Soto JA, Hacker FT, Casa DJ, Kavouras SA, Maresh CM. Urinary indices during dehydration, exercise, and rehydration. International journal of sport nutrition 1998. link 26 Balbín M, Hall A, Grubb A, Mason RW, López-Otín C, Abrahamson M. Structural and functional characterization of two allelic variants of human cystatin D sharing a characteristic inhibition spectrum against mammalian cysteine proteinases. The Journal of biological chemistry 1994. link 27 Laird RH. Medical care at ultraendurance triathlons. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 1989. link 28 Lavizzo-Mourey R, Johnson J, Stolley P. Risk factors for dehydration among elderly nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1988. link 29 Barka T, Yagil C, Van der Noen H, Naito Y. Induction of the synthesis of a specific protein in rat submandibular gland by isoproterenol. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 1986. link 30 Blue PW, Jackson JH. Stimulated salivary clearance of technetium-99m pertechnetate. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1985. link 31 Nakamura T, Nagura H, Komatsu N, Watanabe K. Immunocytochemical and enzymecytochemical studies on the intracellular transport mechanism of secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin in human salivary glands. Virchows Archiv. A, Pathological anatomy and histopathology 1985. link 32 White J, Ford MA. The hydration and electrolyte maintenance properties of an experimental sports drink. British journal of sports medicine 1983. link 33 Cohen I, Mitchell D, Seider R, Kahn A, Phillips F. The effect of water deficit on body temperature during rugby. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 1981. link 34 Wade CE, Dressendorfer RH, O'Brien JC, Claybaugh JR. Renal function, aldosterone, and vasopressin excretion following repeated long-distance running. Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology 1981. link 35 Spioch FM, Nowara M. Voluntary dehydration in men working in heat. International archives of occupational and environmental health 1980. link 36 Cohen I, Zimmerman AL. Changes in serum electrolyte levels during marathon running. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 1978. link 37 Wine CJ, Metcalf JE. Salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear and mastoid. Archives of otolaryngology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 1977. link 38 Kavanagh T, Shephard RJ. On the choice of fluid for the hydration of middle-aged marathon runners. British journal of sports medicine 1977. link 39 Allen TE, Smith DP, Miller DK. Hemodynamic response to submaximal exercise after dehydration and rehydration in high school wrestlers. Medicine and science in sports 1977. link 40 Zambraski EJ, Foster DT, Gross PM, Tipton CM. Iowa wrestling study: weight loss and urinary profiles of collegiate wrestlers. Medicine and science in sports 1976. link 41 Stegemann J, Meier U, Skipka W, Hartlieb W, Hemmer B, Tibes U. Effects of a multi-hour immersion with intermittent exercise on urinary excretion and tilt table tolerance in athletes and nonathletes. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 1975. link 42 Zambraski EJ, Tipton CM, Tcheng TK, Jordon HR, Vailas AC, Callahan AK. Iowa wrestling study: changes in the urinary profiles of wrestlers prior to and after competition. Medicine and science in sports 1975. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Improving hydration among hospitalised older adults in an acute geriatric ward with a bundled multi-component intervention. — Tan SLL, Manickam A, Abdullah N, Chai WF, Subramaniam SGE, Yuan LX et al. BMJ open quality (2025)
    2. [2]
      Fluid Imbalance in Geriatrics: The Need for Optimal Hydration. — Kalra S, Kapoor N, Jacob JJ, Agarwal N, Thakor P, Malve H The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India (2023)
    3. [3]
      Practices of Athletic Trainers Using Weight Charts to Determine Hydration Status and Fluid-Intervention Strategies. — Eith JM, Haggard CR, Emerson DM, Yeargin SW Journal of athletic training (2021)
    4. [4]
      Association of Drug Application and Hydration Status in Elderly Patients. — Hoen L, Pfeffer D, Zapf R, Raabe A, Hildebrand J, Kraft J et al. Nutrients (2021)
    5. [5]
      Clinical profile of neonates with hypernatremic dehydration in a nephrology clinic. — Krzemień G, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M, Antonowicz-Zawiślak A, Szmigielska A Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego (2020)
    6. [6]
      Evaluation and Management of Dehydration in Children. — Santillanes G, Rose E Emergency medicine clinics of North America (2018)
    7. [7]
      Effects of Exercise Induced Dehydration and Glycerol Rehydration on Anaerobic Power in Male Collegiate Wrestlers. — McKenna ZJ, Gillum TL Journal of strength and conditioning research (2017)
    8. [8]
      High Prevalence of Dehydration and Inadequate Nutritional Knowledge Among University and Club Level Athletes. — Magee PJ, Gallagher AM, McCormack JM International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism (2017)
    9. [9]
      Comparison of the intraoral and transcervical approach in submandibular gland excision. — Chang YN, Kao CH, Lin YS, Lee JC European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2013)
    10. [10]
      Dehydration treatment practices among pediatrics-trained and non-pediatrics trained emergency physicians. — Nunez J, Liu DR, Nager AL Pediatric emergency care (2012)
    11. [11]
      Glycerol use in hyperhydration and rehydration: scientific update. — van Rosendal SP, Coombes JS Medicine and sport science (2012)
    12. [12]
      Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth. — Kavouras SA, Arnaoutis G, Makrillos M, Garagouni C, Nikolaou E, Chira O et al. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports (2012)
    13. [13]
      The European Paediatric Life Support course improves assessment and care of dehydrated children in the emergency department. — Chéron G, Jais JP, Cojocaru B, Parez N, Biarent D European journal of pediatrics (2011)
    14. [14]
      Estimation of prepractice hydration status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes. — Volpe SL, Poule KA, Bland EG Journal of athletic training (2009)
    15. [15]
      Expanded prediction equations of human sweat loss and water needs. — Gonzalez RR, Cheuvront SN, Montain SJ, Goodman DA, Blanchard LA, Berglund LG et al. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) (2009)
    16. [16]
      Prevalence of malocclusion among mouth breathing children: do expectations meet reality? — Souki BQ, Pimenta GB, Souki MQ, Franco LP, Becker HM, Pinto JA International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2009)
    17. [17]
      Preventing and treating dehydration in the elderly during periods of illness and warm weather. — Schols JM, De Groot CP, van der Cammen TJ, Olde Rikkert MG The journal of nutrition, health & aging (2009)
    18. [18]
      Hydration recommendations for sport 2008. — Montain SJ Current sports medicine reports (2008)
    19. [19]
      Oral rehydration therapy: is anyone drinking? — Bender BJ, Ozuah PO, Crain EF Pediatric emergency care (2007)
    20. [20]
      The proportion of pseudo-halitosis patients in a multidisciplinary breath malodour consultation. — Seemann R, Bizhang M, Djamchidi C, Kage A, Nachnani S International dental journal (2006)
    21. [21]
      The role of the dental surgeon in an integrated care pathway for the treatment of breathing difficulties. — McDonald JP British dental journal (2005)
    22. [22]
      Fluid replacement during marathon running. — Noakes T Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine (2003)
    23. [23]
      A guide to pediatric fluid replacement and maintenance. Dimensions of critical care nursing : DCCN (2000)
    24. [24]
      Electrolyte vs. glucose-electrolyte isotonic solutions for oral rehydration therapy in horses. — Monreal L, Garzón N, Espada Y, Ruíz-Gopegui R, Homedes J Equine veterinary journal. Supplement (1999)
    25. [25]
      Urinary indices during dehydration, exercise, and rehydration. — Armstrong LE, Soto JA, Hacker FT, Casa DJ, Kavouras SA, Maresh CM International journal of sport nutrition (1998)
    26. [26]
      Structural and functional characterization of two allelic variants of human cystatin D sharing a characteristic inhibition spectrum against mammalian cysteine proteinases. — Balbín M, Hall A, Grubb A, Mason RW, López-Otín C, Abrahamson M The Journal of biological chemistry (1994)
    27. [27]
      Medical care at ultraendurance triathlons. — Laird RH Medicine and science in sports and exercise (1989)
    28. [28]
      Risk factors for dehydration among elderly nursing home residents. — Lavizzo-Mourey R, Johnson J, Stolley P Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (1988)
    29. [29]
      Induction of the synthesis of a specific protein in rat submandibular gland by isoproterenol. — Barka T, Yagil C, Van der Noen H, Naito Y Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology (1986)
    30. [30]
      Stimulated salivary clearance of technetium-99m pertechnetate. — Blue PW, Jackson JH Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine (1985)
    31. [31]
      Immunocytochemical and enzymecytochemical studies on the intracellular transport mechanism of secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin in human salivary glands. — Nakamura T, Nagura H, Komatsu N, Watanabe K Virchows Archiv. A, Pathological anatomy and histopathology (1985)
    32. [32]
      The hydration and electrolyte maintenance properties of an experimental sports drink. — White J, Ford MA British journal of sports medicine (1983)
    33. [33]
      The effect of water deficit on body temperature during rugby. — Cohen I, Mitchell D, Seider R, Kahn A, Phillips F South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde (1981)
    34. [34]
      Renal function, aldosterone, and vasopressin excretion following repeated long-distance running. — Wade CE, Dressendorfer RH, O'Brien JC, Claybaugh JR Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology (1981)
    35. [35]
      Voluntary dehydration in men working in heat. — Spioch FM, Nowara M International archives of occupational and environmental health (1980)
    36. [36]
      Changes in serum electrolyte levels during marathon running. — Cohen I, Zimmerman AL South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde (1978)
    37. [37]
      Salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear and mastoid. — Wine CJ, Metcalf JE Archives of otolaryngology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) (1977)
    38. [38]
      On the choice of fluid for the hydration of middle-aged marathon runners. — Kavanagh T, Shephard RJ British journal of sports medicine (1977)
    39. [39]
      Hemodynamic response to submaximal exercise after dehydration and rehydration in high school wrestlers. — Allen TE, Smith DP, Miller DK Medicine and science in sports (1977)
    40. [40]
      Iowa wrestling study: weight loss and urinary profiles of collegiate wrestlers. — Zambraski EJ, Foster DT, Gross PM, Tipton CM Medicine and science in sports (1976)
    41. [41]
      Effects of a multi-hour immersion with intermittent exercise on urinary excretion and tilt table tolerance in athletes and nonathletes. — Stegemann J, Meier U, Skipka W, Hartlieb W, Hemmer B, Tibes U Aviation, space, and environmental medicine (1975)
    42. [42]
      Iowa wrestling study: changes in the urinary profiles of wrestlers prior to and after competition. — Zambraski EJ, Tipton CM, Tcheng TK, Jordon HR, Vailas AC, Callahan AK Medicine and science in sports (1975)
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