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Dentistry727 papers

Caries of infancy

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Caries of infancy, also known as early childhood caries (ECC), refers to tooth decay that occurs in infants and toddlers, typically affecting primary teeth between 18 months and 6 years of age. It often begins with prolonged or frequent exposure to sugary liquids in the bottle.

Diagnosis

Clinical examination revealing decayed teeth, particularly in the upper front teeth (incisors).

Signs of pain, difficulty eating, or visible cavities 28 31.

Assessment of dietary habits, including frequency and duration of sugary liquid consumption 1 28.

Management

Behavioral Modifications: Reduce or eliminate sugary liquids, especially at bedtime 1 28.

Oral Hygiene Education: Teach parents proper tooth brushing techniques using fluoride toothpaste 1 28.

Fluoride Use: Apply fluoride varnish or recommend fluoride supplements as indicated 1 28.

Regular Dental Visits: Schedule frequent dental check-ups to monitor and manage caries progression 1 28.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Prenatal education on infant oral hygiene and avoidance of sugary exposures is crucial 14 49.

Pediatrics: Early intervention and parental support are essential for preventing ECC 1 28.

Comorbidities: Children with special healthcare needs may require additional support and monitoring 28.

Key Recommendations

Implement Preventive Education: Educate parents about the risks of prolonged bottle use with sugary liquids and promote early oral hygiene practices (Evidence: Strong 1 28).

Regular Dental Screenings: Schedule initial dental visits by age one and follow-up visits every six months (Evidence: Moderate 28).

Fluoride Application: Apply fluoride varnish at regular intervals and consider fluoride supplements under pediatrician guidance (Evidence: Moderate 1 28).

Support from Healthcare Providers: Ensure obstetricians, pediatricians, and family physicians are trained to provide consistent breastfeeding support and discourage inappropriate bottle use (Evidence: Expert opinion 19 49).

References

1 Cher G, Bond DM, Nassar N, Hunt K, Svensson J, Aleshin O et al.. Current Breastfeeding Attitudes, Knowledge and Confidence of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in Australia and New Zealand. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2026. link 2 Pramono A, Hikmawati A, Hartiningtiyaswati S, Smith J. Breastfeeding Support and Protection During Natural Disaster and Climate-Related Emergencies in Indonesia: Policy Audit. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 2025. link 3 Corrêa ÉCS, Rabelo PPC, Cruz PN, Rolim ILTP, Moraes KL, Bezerra JM. Health literacy among lactating women and the promotion of breastfeeding and maternal and child health. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P 2025. link 4 Schlome D, Krüger E, Pillay B. A qualitative inquiry of speech-language therapists' views about breastfeeding management. The South African journal of communication disorders = Die Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir Kommunikasieafwykings 2025. link 5 Lopes AC, Lousada M. Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effects of speech-language therapy in breastfeeding support: A mixed methods pilot study with migrant women in Portugal. International journal of language & communication disorders 2025. link 6 Owens BA, DiTomasso D. Practices and Policies That Support Breastfeeding Among Military Women: A Systematic Review. Military medicine 2024. link 7 Mosquera PS, Lourenço BH, Matijasevich A, Castro MC, Cardoso MA. Prevalence and predictors of breastfeeding in the MINA-Brazil cohort. Revista de saude publica 2024. link 8 Sprague A, Earle A, Moreno G, Raub A, Waisath W, Heymann J. National Policies on Parental Leave and Breastfeeding Breaks: Racial, Ethnic, Gender, and Age Disparities in Access and Implications for Infant and Child Health. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 2024. link 9 Bresan D, Leite MS, Castro TG, Ferreira AA, Cury ERJ. Exclusive breastfeeding duration within a cohort of indigenous Terena living in the urban area of Campo Grande, Central-West Region, Brazil. Cadernos de saude publica 2024. link 10 LeDrew M, Benoit B, O'Grady K, Ustianov J, Edwards C, Gallant C et al.. Promoting maternal-child health by increasing breastfeeding rates: a National Canadian Baby-Friendly Initiative Quality Improvement Collaborative Project. BMJ open quality 2024. link 11 Manouchehri K, Zahabi S, Davidson J, Wilson CA, Lawlor C, Graham ME. Knowledge and attitudes surrounding breastfeeding in pediatric otolaryngology: A survey study. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2024. link 12 Carretero-Krug A, Montero-Bravo A, Morais-Moreno C, Puga AM, Samaniego-Vaesken ML, Partearroyo T et al.. Nutritional Status of Breastfeeding Mothers and Impact of Diet and Dietary Supplementation: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024. link 13 Gandino S, Bzikowska-Jura A, Karcz K, Cassidy T, Wesolowska A, Królak-Olejnik B et al.. Vegan/vegetarian diet and human milk donation: An EMBA survey across European milk banks. Maternal & child nutrition 2024. link 14 Kehinde J, O'Donnell C, Grealish A. The effectiveness of prenatal breastfeeding education on breastfeeding uptake postpartum: A systematic review. Midwifery 2023. link 15 Khatib MN, Gaidhane A, Upadhyay S, Telrandhe S, Saxena D, Simkhada PP et al.. Interventions for promoting and optimizing breastfeeding practices: An overview of systematic review. Frontiers in public health 2023. link 16 Starkweather KE, Reynolds AZ, Zohora F, Alam N. Shodagor women cooperate across domains of work and childcare to solve an adaptive problem. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 2023. link 17 Revheim I, Balthasar MR, Akerkar RR, Stangenes KM, Almenning G, Nygaard E et al.. Trends in the prevalence of breastfeeding up to 6 months of age using structured data from routine child healthcare visits. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2023. link 18 Gribble KD, Smith JP, Gammeltoft T, Ulep V, Van Esterik P, Craig L et al.. Breastfeeding and infant care as 'sexed' care work: reconsideration of the three Rs to enable women's rights, economic empowerment, nutrition and health. Frontiers in public health 2023. link 19 Blixt I, Rosenblad AK, Axelsson O, Funkquist EL. Breastfeeding training improved healthcare professional's self-efficacy to provide evidence-based breastfeeding support: A pre-post intervention study. Midwifery 2023. link 20 Timmermann CAG, Andersen MS, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Boye H, Nielsen F, Jensen RC et al.. Pregnancy Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Associations With Prolactin Concentrations and Breastfeeding in the Odense Child Cohort. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2022. link 21 Chumo I, Kabaria C, Phillips-Howard PA, Simiyu S, Elsey H, Mberu B. Mapping social accountability actors and networks and their roles in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in childcare centres within Nairobi's informal settlements: A governance diaries approach. PloS one 2022. link 22 Gould JF, Yelland LN, Gibson RA, McPhee AJ, Varghese J, Grivell R et al.. Protocol for a multicentre prospective observational study of families with full-term infants on postnatal wards and in the community to capture feeding practices across the first year of life: the Mother Infant Lactation Questionnaire (MILQ) study. BMJ open 2022. link 23 Garcia-Marcinkiewicz AG, Titler SS. Lactation in Anesthesiology. Anesthesiology clinics 2022. link 24 Elder E, Pianosi K, Lawlor CM, Graham ME. Supporting Lactation in Otolaryngology Patients Through Medication Optimization, Radiology Considerations, and More: A Literature Review. JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery 2022. link 25 Kazemain E, Ansari S, Davoodi SH, Patterson WB, Shakerinava P, Wagner CL et al.. The Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on Vitamin D Status of Exclusively Breastfeeding Mothers and Their Nursing Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 2022. link 26 Kohel K, Hatton-Bowers H, Williams N, Dev D, Behrends D, Hulse E et al.. Improving Breastfeeding Environments and Feeding Practices in Family Child Care Homes with the Go NAP SACC Program. Maternal and child health journal 2021. link 27 Ching C, Zambrano P, Nguyen TT, Tharaney M, Zafimanjaka MG, Mathisen R. Old Tricks, New Opportunities: How Companies Violate the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes and Undermine Maternal and Child Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International journal of environmental research and public health 2021. link 28 Ogbo FA, Akombi BJ, Ahmed KY, Rwabilimbo AG, Ogbo AO, Uwaibi NE et al.. Breastfeeding in the Community-How Can Partners/Fathers Help? A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health 2020. link 29 Miranda C, de Sousa TM, do Carmo AS, Pereira SCL, Notaro KAM, Dos Santos LC. Use of Artificial Nipples Among Brazilian Infants and Associated Factors. Journal of tropical pediatrics 2020. link 30 Louis-Jacques AF, Stuebe AM. Enabling Breastfeeding to Support Lifelong Health for Mother and Child. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America 2020. link 31 Allen LH, Hampel D. Human Milk as the First Source of Micronutrients. Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series 2020. link 32 Nguyen MTT, Kim J, Lee H, Won S, Kim Y, Jung JA et al.. A Comparison of Vitamin and Lutein Concentrations in Breast Milk from Four Asian Countries. Nutrients 2020. link 33 Lake L, Kroon M, Sanders D, Goga A, Witten C, Swart R et al.. Child health, infant formula funding and South African health professionals: Eliminating conflict of interest. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 2019. link 34 Radoff K, Forman R. Lactation Education for Resident Obstetricians: Promoting Breastfeeding Advocates for the Future. Journal of midwifery & women's health 2019. link 35 Gupta A, Meriwether K, Hewlett G. Impact of Training Specialty on Breastfeeding Among Resident Physicians: A National Survey. Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2019. link 36 Horsley K, Nguyen TV, Ditto B, Da Costa D. The Association Between Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety and Exclusive Breastfeeding Status Early in the Postpartum Period. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 2019. link 37 . ACOG Committee Opinion No. 756: Optimizing Support for Breastfeeding as Part of Obstetric Practice. Obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 38 Wallenborn JT, Masho SW. Association between Breastfeeding Duration and Type of Birth Attendant. Journal of pregnancy 2018. link 39 Wang S, Guendelman S, Harley K, Eskenazi B. When Fathers are Perceived to Share in the Maternal Decision to Breastfeed: Outcomes from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II. Maternal and child health journal 2018. link 40 Dror DK, Allen LH. Retinol-to-Fat Ratio and Retinol Concentration in Human Milk Show Similar Time Trends and Associations with Maternal Factors at the Population Level: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 2018. link 41 Rodriguez Lien E, Shattuck K. Breastfeeding Education and Support Services Provided to Family Medicine and Obstetrics-Gynecology Residents. Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2017. link 42 Balyakina E, Fulda KG, Franks SF, Cardarelli KM, Hinkle K. Association Between Healthcare Provider Type and Intent to Breastfeed Among Expectant Mothers. Maternal and child health journal 2016. link 43 . Committee Opinion No. 658: Optimizing Support for Breastfeeding as Part of Obstetric Practice. Obstetrics and gynecology 2016. link 44 . Committee Opinion No. 658 Summary: Optimizing Support For Breastfeeding As Part Of Obstetric Practice. Obstetrics and gynecology 2016. link 45 Crippa R, Paglia M, Ferrante F, Ottonello A, Angiero F. Tongue-tie assessment: clinical aspects and a new diode laser technique for its management. European journal of paediatric dentistry 2016. link 46 Mass SB. Educating the Obstetrician About Breastfeeding. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2015. link 47 Sims AM, Long SA, Tender JA, Young MA. Surveying the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of District of Columbia ACOG members related to breastfeeding. Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2015. link 48 Ramakrishnan R, Oberg CN, Kirby RS. The association between maternal perception of obstetric and pediatric care providers' attitudes and exclusive breastfeeding outcomes. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 2014. link 49 Williams RK, Black IH, Howard DB, Adams DC, Mathews DM, Friend AF et al.. Cognitive outcome after spinal anesthesia and surgery during infancy. Anesthesia and analgesia 2014. link 50 Anchondo I, Berkeley L, Mulla ZD, Byrd T, Nuwayhid B, Handal G et al.. Pediatricians', obstetricians', gynecologists', and family medicine physicians' experiences with and attitudes about breast-feeding. Southern medical journal 2012. link 51 Queenan J, Power ML, Farrow V, Schulkin J. U.S. obstetrician-gynecologists' estimates of their patients' breastfeeding rates. Obstetrics and gynecology 2012. link 52 Olabi NF, Jones JE, Saxen MA, Sanders BJ, Walker LA, Weddell JA et al.. The use of office-based sedation and general anesthesia by board certified pediatric dentists practicing in the United States. Anesthesia progress 2012. link 53 Allen LH. B vitamins in breast milk: relative importance of maternal status and intake, and effects on infant status and function. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 2012. link 54 Johnson TS, Strube K. Breast care during pregnancy. Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing : JOGNN 2011. link 55 Ogburn T, Philipp BL, Espey E, Merewood A, Espindola D. Assessment of breastfeeding information in general obstetrics and gynecology textbooks. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 2011. link 56 Queenan JT. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Founder's Lecture 2010: breastfeeding: an obstetrician's view. Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2011. link 57 Szucs KA, Miracle DJ, Rosenman MB. Breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and practices among providers in a medical home. Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2009. link 58 Leavitt G, Martínez S, Ortiz N, García L. Knowledge about breastfeeding among a group of primary care physicians and residents in Puerto Rico. Journal of community health 2009. link 59 Girish M, Dandge V, Mujawar N, Dua H. Breastfeeding programme--right policy, wrong target?. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2007. link 60 Dusdieker LB, Dungy CI, Losch ME. Prenatal office practices regarding infant feeding choices. Clinical pediatrics 2006. link 61 Krogstrand KS, Parr K. Physicians ask for more problem-solving information to promote and support breastfeeding. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2005. link 62 Sisk JE, Greer AL, Wojtowycz M, Pincus LB, Aubry RH. Implementing evidence-based practice: evaluation of an opinion leader strategy to improve breast-feeding rates. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2004. link 63 Taveras EM, Li R, Grummer-Strawn L, Richardson M, Marshall R, Rêgo VH et al.. Opinions and practices of clinicians associated with continuation of exclusive breastfeeding. Pediatrics 2004. link 64 Taveras EM, Li R, Grummer-Strawn L, Richardson M, Marshall R, Rêgo VH et al.. Mothers' and clinicians' perspectives on breastfeeding counseling during routine preventive visits. Pediatrics 2004. link 65 Power ML, Locke E, Chapin J, Klein L, Schulkin J. The effort to increase breast-feeding. Do obstetricians, in the forefront, need help?. The Journal of reproductive medicine 2003. link 66 Zembo CT. Breastfeeding. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America 2002. link00052-4) 67 Picciano MF. Nutrient composition of human milk. Pediatric clinics of North America 2001. link70285-6) 68 Lawrence RA. Breastfeeding: benefits, risks and alternatives. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 2000. link 69 Moreland J, Coombs J. Promoting and supporting breast-feeding. American family physician 2000. link 70 Pletta KH, Eglash A, Choby K. Benefits of breastfeeding: a review for physicians. WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin 2000. link 71 Peretz B, Faibis S, Ever-Hadani P, Eidelman E. Children with baby bottle tooth decay treated under general anesthesia or sedation: behavior in a follow-up visit. The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry 2000. link 72 Peretz B, Faibis S, Ever-Hadani P, Eidelman E. Dental health behavior of children with BBTD treated using general anesthesia or sedation, and of their parents in a recall examination. ASDC journal of dentistry for children 2000. link 73 James J. Ready for birth--but what about breastfeeding?. Breastfeeding review : professional publication of the Nursing Mothers' Association of Australia 1999. link 74 Russell BK, Aviles M, Brion LP. Relationship between perinatal counseling and incidence of breastfeeding in an inner-city population. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 1999. link 75 Gromada KK, Spangler AK. Breastfeeding twins and higher-order multiples. Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing : JOGNN 1998. link 76 Howard CR, Schaffer SJ, Lawrence RA. Attitudes, practices, and recommendations by obstetricians about infant feeding. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) 1997. link 77 Elder SB, Gregory C. The "Lactation Game": an innovative teaching method for health care professionals. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 1996. link 78 Tobin DL. A breastfeeding evaluation and education tool. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 1996. link 79 Videlefsky A, Nikodem C, Hofmeyr J. Breast-feeding: current knowledge, attitudes and practices of paediatricians and obstetricians. Curationis 1996. link 80 Kim HS. Attitudes and knowledge regarding breast-feeding: a survey of obstetric residents in metropolitan areas of South Korea. Southern medical journal 1996. link 81 Freed GL, Clark SJ, Cefalo RC, Sorenson JR. Breast-feeding education of obstetrics-gynecology residents and practitioners. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1995. link90656-8) 82 Freed GL, Clark SJ, Sorenson J, Lohr JA, Cefalo R, Curtis P. National assessment of physicians' breast-feeding knowledge, attitudes, training, and experience. JAMA 1995. link 83 Aronson SS. Child care and the pediatrician. Pediatrics in review 1989. link 84 Sollid DT, Evans BT, McClowry SG, Garrett A. Breastfeeding multiples. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing 1989. link 85 Jewell ME. Breast feeding. American family physician 1984. link 86 Mansbach IK, Palti H, Pevsner B, Pridan H, Palti Z. Advice from the obstetrician and other sources: do they affect women's breast feeding practices? A study among different Jewish groups in Jerusalem. Social science & medicine (1982) 1984. link90282-x) 87 Winikoff B, Baer EC. The obstetrician's opportunity: translating "breast is best" from theory to practice. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1980. link90018-6) 88 Giacoia GP, Catz CS. Drugs and pollutants in breast milk. Clinics in perinatology 1979. link 89 van Munster PJ, Stoelinga GB, Poels-Zanders S. 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Original source

[1]
Current Breastfeeding Attitudes, Knowledge and Confidence of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in Australia and New Zealand. — Cher G, Bond DM, Nassar N, Hunt K, Svensson J, Aleshin O et al. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology (2026)
[2]
Breastfeeding Support and Protection During Natural Disaster and Climate-Related Emergencies in Indonesia: Policy Audit. — Pramono A, Hikmawati A, Hartiningtiyaswati S, Smith J Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association (2025)
[3]
Health literacy among lactating women and the promotion of breastfeeding and maternal and child health. — Corrêa ÉCS, Rabelo PPC, Cruz PN, Rolim ILTP, Moraes KL, Bezerra JM Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P (2025)
[4]
A qualitative inquiry of speech-language therapists' views about breastfeeding management. — Schlome D, Krüger E, Pillay B The South African journal of communication disorders = Die Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir Kommunikasieafwykings (2025)
[5]
Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effects of speech-language therapy in breastfeeding support: A mixed methods pilot study with migrant women in Portugal. — Lopes AC, Lousada M International journal of language & communication disorders (2025)
[6]
Practices and Policies That Support Breastfeeding Among Military Women: A Systematic Review. — Owens BA, DiTomasso D Military medicine (2024)
[7]
Prevalence and predictors of breastfeeding in the MINA-Brazil cohort. — Mosquera PS, Lourenço BH, Matijasevich A, Castro MC, Cardoso MA Revista de saude publica (2024)
[8]
National Policies on Parental Leave and Breastfeeding Breaks: Racial, Ethnic, Gender, and Age Disparities in Access and Implications for Infant and Child Health. — Sprague A, Earle A, Moreno G, Raub A, Waisath W, Heymann J Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) (2024)
[9]
Exclusive breastfeeding duration within a cohort of indigenous Terena living in the urban area of Campo Grande, Central-West Region, Brazil. — Bresan D, Leite MS, Castro TG, Ferreira AA, Cury ERJ Cadernos de saude publica (2024)
[10]
Promoting maternal-child health by increasing breastfeeding rates: a National Canadian Baby-Friendly Initiative Quality Improvement Collaborative Project. — LeDrew M, Benoit B, O'Grady K, Ustianov J, Edwards C, Gallant C et al. BMJ open quality (2024)
[11]
Knowledge and attitudes surrounding breastfeeding in pediatric otolaryngology: A survey study. — Manouchehri K, Zahabi S, Davidson J, Wilson CA, Lawlor C, Graham ME International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2024)
[12]
Nutritional Status of Breastfeeding Mothers and Impact of Diet and Dietary Supplementation: A Narrative Review. — Carretero-Krug A, Montero-Bravo A, Morais-Moreno C, Puga AM, Samaniego-Vaesken ML, Partearroyo T et al. Nutrients (2024)
[13]
Vegan/vegetarian diet and human milk donation: An EMBA survey across European milk banks. — Gandino S, Bzikowska-Jura A, Karcz K, Cassidy T, Wesolowska A, Królak-Olejnik B et al. Maternal & child nutrition (2024)
[14]
The effectiveness of prenatal breastfeeding education on breastfeeding uptake postpartum: A systematic review. — Kehinde J, O'Donnell C, Grealish A Midwifery (2023)
[15]
Interventions for promoting and optimizing breastfeeding practices: An overview of systematic review. — Khatib MN, Gaidhane A, Upadhyay S, Telrandhe S, Saxena D, Simkhada PP et al. Frontiers in public health (2023)
[16]
Shodagor women cooperate across domains of work and childcare to solve an adaptive problem. — Starkweather KE, Reynolds AZ, Zohora F, Alam N Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences (2023)
[17]
Trends in the prevalence of breastfeeding up to 6 months of age using structured data from routine child healthcare visits. — Revheim I, Balthasar MR, Akerkar RR, Stangenes KM, Almenning G, Nygaard E et al. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) (2023)
[18]
Breastfeeding and infant care as 'sexed' care work: reconsideration of the three Rs to enable women's rights, economic empowerment, nutrition and health. — Gribble KD, Smith JP, Gammeltoft T, Ulep V, Van Esterik P, Craig L et al. Frontiers in public health (2023)
[19]
Breastfeeding training improved healthcare professional's self-efficacy to provide evidence-based breastfeeding support: A pre-post intervention study. — Blixt I, Rosenblad AK, Axelsson O, Funkquist EL Midwifery (2023)
[20]
Pregnancy Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Associations With Prolactin Concentrations and Breastfeeding in the Odense Child Cohort. — Timmermann CAG, Andersen MS, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Boye H, Nielsen F, Jensen RC et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2022)
[21]
Mapping social accountability actors and networks and their roles in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in childcare centres within Nairobi's informal settlements: A governance diaries approach. — Chumo I, Kabaria C, Phillips-Howard PA, Simiyu S, Elsey H, Mberu B PloS one (2022)
[22]
Protocol for a multicentre prospective observational study of families with full-term infants on postnatal wards and in the community to capture feeding practices across the first year of life: the Mother Infant Lactation Questionnaire (MILQ) study. — Gould JF, Yelland LN, Gibson RA, McPhee AJ, Varghese J, Grivell R et al. BMJ open (2022)
[23]
Lactation in Anesthesiology. — Garcia-Marcinkiewicz AG, Titler SS Anesthesiology clinics (2022)
[24]
Supporting Lactation in Otolaryngology Patients Through Medication Optimization, Radiology Considerations, and More: A Literature Review. — Elder E, Pianosi K, Lawlor CM, Graham ME JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery (2022)
[25]
The Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on Vitamin D Status of Exclusively Breastfeeding Mothers and Their Nursing Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. — Kazemain E, Ansari S, Davoodi SH, Patterson WB, Shakerinava P, Wagner CL et al. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) (2022)
[26]
Improving Breastfeeding Environments and Feeding Practices in Family Child Care Homes with the Go NAP SACC Program. — Kohel K, Hatton-Bowers H, Williams N, Dev D, Behrends D, Hulse E et al. Maternal and child health journal (2021)
[27]
Old Tricks, New Opportunities: How Companies Violate the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes and Undermine Maternal and Child Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. — Ching C, Zambrano P, Nguyen TT, Tharaney M, Zafimanjaka MG, Mathisen R International journal of environmental research and public health (2021)
[28]
Breastfeeding in the Community-How Can Partners/Fathers Help? A Systematic Review. — Ogbo FA, Akombi BJ, Ahmed KY, Rwabilimbo AG, Ogbo AO, Uwaibi NE et al. International journal of environmental research and public health (2020)
[29]
Use of Artificial Nipples Among Brazilian Infants and Associated Factors. — Miranda C, de Sousa TM, do Carmo AS, Pereira SCL, Notaro KAM, Dos Santos LC Journal of tropical pediatrics (2020)
[30]
Enabling Breastfeeding to Support Lifelong Health for Mother and Child. — Louis-Jacques AF, Stuebe AM Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America (2020)
[31]
Human Milk as the First Source of Micronutrients. — Allen LH, Hampel D Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series (2020)
[32]
A Comparison of Vitamin and Lutein Concentrations in Breast Milk from Four Asian Countries. — Nguyen MTT, Kim J, Lee H, Won S, Kim Y, Jung JA et al. Nutrients (2020)
[33]
Child health, infant formula funding and South African health professionals: Eliminating conflict of interest. — Lake L, Kroon M, Sanders D, Goga A, Witten C, Swart R et al. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde (2019)
[34]
Lactation Education for Resident Obstetricians: Promoting Breastfeeding Advocates for the Future. — Radoff K, Forman R Journal of midwifery & women's health (2019)
[35]
Impact of Training Specialty on Breastfeeding Among Resident Physicians: A National Survey. — Gupta A, Meriwether K, Hewlett G Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (2019)
[36]
The Association Between Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety and Exclusive Breastfeeding Status Early in the Postpartum Period. — Horsley K, Nguyen TV, Ditto B, Da Costa D Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association (2019)
[37]
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 756: Optimizing Support for Breastfeeding as Part of Obstetric Practice. Obstetrics and gynecology (2018)
[38]
Association between Breastfeeding Duration and Type of Birth Attendant. — Wallenborn JT, Masho SW Journal of pregnancy (2018)
[39]
When Fathers are Perceived to Share in the Maternal Decision to Breastfeed: Outcomes from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II. — Wang S, Guendelman S, Harley K, Eskenazi B Maternal and child health journal (2018)
[40]
Retinol-to-Fat Ratio and Retinol Concentration in Human Milk Show Similar Time Trends and Associations with Maternal Factors at the Population Level: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Dror DK, Allen LH Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) (2018)
[41]
Breastfeeding Education and Support Services Provided to Family Medicine and Obstetrics-Gynecology Residents. — Rodriguez Lien E, Shattuck K Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (2017)
[42]
Association Between Healthcare Provider Type and Intent to Breastfeed Among Expectant Mothers. — Balyakina E, Fulda KG, Franks SF, Cardarelli KM, Hinkle K Maternal and child health journal (2016)
[43]
Committee Opinion No. 658: Optimizing Support for Breastfeeding as Part of Obstetric Practice. Obstetrics and gynecology (2016)
[44]
Committee Opinion No. 658 Summary: Optimizing Support For Breastfeeding As Part Of Obstetric Practice. Obstetrics and gynecology (2016)
[45]
Tongue-tie assessment: clinical aspects and a new diode laser technique for its management. — Crippa R, Paglia M, Ferrante F, Ottonello A, Angiero F European journal of paediatric dentistry (2016)
[46]
Educating the Obstetrician About Breastfeeding. — Mass SB Clinical obstetrics and gynecology (2015)
[47]
Surveying the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of District of Columbia ACOG members related to breastfeeding. — Sims AM, Long SA, Tender JA, Young MA Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (2015)
[48]
The association between maternal perception of obstetric and pediatric care providers' attitudes and exclusive breastfeeding outcomes. — Ramakrishnan R, Oberg CN, Kirby RS Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association (2014)
[49]
Cognitive outcome after spinal anesthesia and surgery during infancy. — Williams RK, Black IH, Howard DB, Adams DC, Mathews DM, Friend AF et al. Anesthesia and analgesia (2014)
[50]
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