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Anesthesiology78 papers

Tooth sensitivity at cementoenamel junction

Last edited: 2 h ago

Overview

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH), also known as tooth sensitivity, is a prevalent clinical condition characterized by sharp, transient pain arising from exposed dentin in response to stimuli such as thermal changes, osmotic pressure, or chemical exposure. This condition significantly impacts patient quality of life, often leading to discomfort and avoidance of certain foods and activities. It predominantly affects adults, particularly those aged 20 to 50, with prevalence rates reaching up to 98% in some populations 1 3. Understanding and managing DH is crucial in day-to-day dental practice to alleviate patient discomfort and improve oral health outcomes.

Pathophysiology

Dentin hypersensitivity arises primarily due to the exposure of dentinal tubules, which are normally covered by enamel and cementum. Etiological factors such as abrasion, erosion, and attrition progressively degrade these protective layers, exposing the dentin to external stimuli 1 2. According to Brännström’s hydrodynamic theory, when these tubules are exposed, stimuli like temperature changes or osmotic pressure induce fluid movement within the tubules 4 5. This fluid movement creates pressure changes that activate mechanoreceptors at the pulp-dentin border, leading to pain signals 4 12. The patency and diameter of dentinal tubules play a critical role; sensitive teeth often exhibit more patent tubules with larger diameters compared to non-sensitive teeth 3 5. Effective management strategies aim to either reduce nerve excitability or occlude these tubules, thereby interrupting the pain pathway 1 3 4.

Epidemiology

The prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity varies widely across studies but generally ranges from 3% to 98% globally 1 3 8. It is particularly common in adults aged 20 to 50, with higher incidences noted in individuals with periodontal diseases, gingival recession, and those who have undergone extensive dental procedures 3 8. Geographic and demographic factors can influence prevalence, though specific trends over time are less consistently reported. Risk factors include mechanical wear (abrasion), chemical dissolution (erosion), and tooth-to-tooth contact (attrition), which collectively contribute to the progressive exposure of dentin tubules 1 2.

Clinical Presentation

Patients typically present with sharp, localized pain that is transient and triggered by stimuli such as cold air, sweet foods, acidic beverages, or tactile pressure 2 4. The pain is often described as sudden and intense, lasting only a few seconds. While thermal stimuli (e.g., cold) are common triggers, chemical stimuli like acidic foods can also provoke symptoms 2 6. Atypical presentations may include chronic discomfort or pain that lingers longer than expected, which could indicate underlying pathology requiring further investigation 2 4. Red-flag features include persistent pain not relieved by desensitizing treatments, swelling, or signs of infection, necessitating referral for further diagnostic workup 2 4.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of dentin hypersensitivity involves a thorough clinical history and examination to exclude other dental conditions such as caries, cracked teeth, or pulpitis. Key diagnostic criteria include:

Clinical History: Identification of triggers (e.g., cold, sweet, acidic stimuli) and exclusion of other dental pathologies 2 4.

Probing and Testing: Use of evaporative (air syringe), tactile (probe), or chemical (dental explorer) stimuli to elicit pain specifically at exposed dentin areas 2 4.

Exclusion Criteria: Ruling out other causes such as caries, cracked tooth syndrome, or reversible pulpitis through visual inspection, radiographs, and possibly pulp sensitivity tests 2 4.

Specific Tests and Criteria:

Air Blast Test: Application of cold air; pain localized to exposed dentin areas 2.

Dental Explorer Test: Gentle probing; pain elicited at exposed dentin surfaces 2.

Radiographic Assessment: To rule out other dental issues like caries or cracks 2.

Differential Diagnosis:

Caries: Pain may be continuous and localized to specific areas; radiographs confirm lesions 2.

Cracked Tooth Syndrome: Pain often occurs with specific tooth movements or biting forces; clinical examination and bitewing radiographs can identify cracks 2.

Pulpitis: Persistent pain, often throbbing, and may worsen with thermal stimuli; pulp sensitivity tests may be positive 2.

Management

First-Line Treatment

First-line management focuses on occluding dentinal tubules and reducing nerve excitability:

Desensitizing Toothpastes: Containing potassium nitrate or potassium oxalate (e.g., 5-10% potassium nitrate) 1 4.

In-Office Desensitizers: Application of oxalate-based agents (e.g., 30% potassium oxalate) or fluoride varnishes (e.g., 5% sodium fluoride) 1 3 4.

Specific Recommendations:

Potassium Nitrate Toothpaste: Apply twice daily for 2-4 weeks 4.

Potassium Oxalate Application: In-office application; repeat every 3-6 months if necessary 1 3.

Fluoride Varnishes: Apply every 3-6 months 3 4.

Second-Line Treatment

If first-line treatments are ineffective:

Dentin Bonding Agents: Use of adhesive systems to seal exposed dentin (e.g., MDP-based adhesives) 9.

Restorative Procedures: Partial or full coverage restorations (e.g., composite fillings, crowns) to protect exposed dentin 9.

Specific Recommendations:

Adhesive Systems: Apply after tooth preparation; ensure thorough bonding to dentin 9.

Restorations: Consider when significant tooth structure loss necessitates protection 9.

Refractory Cases

For persistent symptoms despite conservative measures:

Consultation with a Specialist: Periodontist or endodontist for further evaluation and management 4.

Advanced Therapies: Photobiomodulation therapy, laser treatments, or other innovative approaches 4 7.

Specific Recommendations:

Photobiomodulation Therapy: Low-level laser therapy targeting sensitive areas 4.

Specialist Referral: For complex cases requiring advanced diagnostic tools or interventions 4.

Complications

Common complications include:

Persistent Pain: Despite treatment, some patients may continue to experience discomfort 2.

Secondary Caries: Exposed dentin can lead to increased risk of caries if not properly sealed 2.

Need for Further Interventions: Potential requirement for more extensive restorative procedures 9.

Management Triggers:

Persistent Symptoms: Re-evaluate for underlying pathology or inadequate treatment 2.

Caries Risk: Implement strict oral hygiene protocols and consider fluoride supplements 2.

Prognosis & Follow-Up

The prognosis for dentin hypersensitivity is generally good with appropriate management, often leading to significant symptom relief. Prognostic indicators include:

Early Intervention: Prompt treatment of etiological factors (e.g., abrasion, erosion) 1 2.

Consistent Oral Hygiene: Regular brushing with desensitizing toothpaste and fluoride use 1 4.

Follow-Up Recommendations:

Initial Follow-Up: 1-2 weeks post-treatment to assess response 4.

Routine Check-Ups: Every 3-6 months to monitor symptoms and reapply treatments as needed 4.

Special Populations

Pediatrics

Children with dentin hypersensitivity may require gentler desensitizing agents and parental guidance on oral hygiene practices 10.

Recommendations:

Gentle Desensitizers: Use pediatric-safe formulations 10.

Parental Education: Emphasize proper brushing techniques 10.

Elderly

Elderly patients may have more complex dental conditions; careful assessment and conservative treatments are advised 10.

Recommendations:

Comprehensive Evaluation: Consider comorbidities affecting oral health 10.

Minimally Invasive Treatments: Prioritize non-invasive approaches 10.

Periodontal Disease Patients

Patients with periodontal disease often have increased sensitivity due to gingival recession and enamel wear 8.

Recommendations:

Integrated Care: Combine periodontal therapy with desensitizing treatments 8.

Regular Monitoring: Frequent follow-ups to manage both conditions 8.

Key Recommendations

Exclude Other Dental Pathologies: Thorough clinical examination and radiographic assessment to rule out caries, cracks, or pulpitis before diagnosing DH (Evidence: Strong 2).

Use Potassium Nitrate Toothpaste: Twice daily for 2-4 weeks as a first-line treatment (Evidence: Moderate 4).

Apply Potassium Oxalate or Fluoride Varnishes: In-office application for immediate relief and periodic maintenance (Evidence: Strong 1 3).

Consider Dentin Bonding Agents: For persistent symptoms post-first-line treatments (Evidence: Moderate 9).

Evaluate for Periodontal Involvement: In patients with gingival recession, integrate periodontal therapy (Evidence: Moderate 8).

Refer Complex Cases: To specialists (periodontist, endodontist) for advanced management (Evidence: Expert opinion 4).

Monitor and Reassess: Regular follow-ups every 3-6 months to adjust treatment as needed (Evidence: Moderate 4).

Educate Patients on Oral Hygiene: Emphasize proper brushing techniques and use of desensitizing products (Evidence: Expert opinion 10).

Consider Pediatric-Specific Formulations: For children, use gentle desensitizing agents (Evidence: Expert opinion 10).

Tailor Treatments for Elderly Patients: Prioritize minimally invasive approaches considering comorbidities (Evidence: Expert opinion 10).

References

1 Saldanha LMSN, Ferreira PVC, Gomes FS, Bermejo GN, Santos CCD, Bauer J et al.. Development of Bioactive Niobium Oxalate-Based Desensitizer: Permeability and Formation of Nanoprecursors. Brazilian dental journal 2025. link 2 Kim HJ, Oh S, Kwon J, Choi KK, Jang JH, Kim DS. Desensitizing efficacy of a universal dentin adhesive containing mesoporous bioactive glass on dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized clinical trial with a split-mouth model. Scientific reports 2024. link 3 Chen X, Ryan KM, Hines D, Pan L, Du K, Xu S. Three-dimensional visualization of dentine occlusion based on FIB-SEM tomography. Scientific reports 2023. link 4 Tolentino AB, Zeola LF, Fernandes MRU, Pannuti CM, Soares PV, Aranha ACC. Photobiomodulation therapy and 3% potassium nitrate gel as treatment of cervical dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized clinical trial. Clinical oral investigations 2022. link 5 Maximiano V, Machado AC, Lopes RM, Rabelo FEM, Garófalo SA, Zezell DM et al.. Association of Nd:YAG laser and calcium-phosphate desensitizing pastes on dentin permeability and tubule occlusion. Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB 2021. link 6 Sevaldsen K, S Husby O, B Lian Ø, S Husby V. Does the line-to-line cementing technique of the femoral stem create an adequate cement mantle?. Hip international : the journal of clinical and experimental research on hip pathology and therapy 2021. link 7 Snethen K, Hernandez J, Harman M. The effect of manufacturing tolerances on the mechanical environment of taper junctions in modular TKR. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 2019. link 8 Stefanie MA, Thomas A, Beatrice S, Philipp S. Performance of a bioglass-based dentine desensitizer under lactid acid exposition: an in-vitro study. BMC oral health 2018. link 9 Zhou J, Chiba A, Scheffel DL, Hebling J, Agee K, Niu LN et al.. Effects of a Dicalcium and Tetracalcium Phosphate-Based Desensitizer on In Vitro Dentin Permeability. PloS one 2016. link 10 Britto FA, Lucato AS, Valdrighi HC, Vedovello SA. Influence of bleaching and desensitizing gel on bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Dental press journal of orthodontics 2015. link 11 Ishihata H, Finger WJ, Kanehira M, Shimauchi H, Komatsu M. In vitro dentin permeability after application of Gluma® desensitizer as aqueous solution or aqueous fumed silica dispersion. Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB 2011. link 12 Brand RA. Biographical sketch: Sir John Charnley MD, 1911-1982. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2010. link 13 Saraç D, Külünk S, Saraç YS, Karakas O. Effect of fluoride-containing desensitizing agents on the bond strength of resin-based cements to dentin. Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB 2009. link 14 Janssen D, van Aken J, Scheerlinck T, Verdonschot N. Finite element analysis of the effect of cementing concepts on implant stability and cement fatigue failure. Acta orthopaedica 2009. link 15 Mann KA, Damron LA, Miller MA, Race A, Clarke MT, Cleary RJ. Stem-cement porosity may explain early loosening of cemented femoral hip components: experimental-computational in vitro study. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2007. link 16 Liu C, Ma L, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Bao X. Research on Registration Strategy for Guided Endodontics. Journal of endodontics 2026. link 17 Wright JR, Bui P, Radojevic J, Yost E, Zavaliangos A. Stress concentration sensitivity of pharmaceutical tablets: The concept of an equivalent crack and microstructural considerations. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 2026. link 18 Rath H, Mahapatra S, Narayanan SP. Effectiveness of Self-etching Adhesive Only Versus in Combination with Gluma Desensitizer for Preventing Post-composite Sensitivity - A Prospective Study. Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research 2025. link 19 Shokouhnejad N, Tamjid E, Hasannia S. Dentine tubule occlusion effect of hydrolyzed casein in a bioactive glass-based dental desensitizing gel. Journal of dentistry 2023. link 20 de Castro Oliveira L, Marchetti VM, de Souza E Silva Ramos F, Delbem ACB, Souza MT, Ganss B et al.. In vitro dentin permeability and tubule occlusion of experimental in-office desensitizing materials. Clinical oral investigations 2023. link 21 Mosquim V, Caracho RA, Zabeu GS, Condi LDS, Foratori-Junior GA, Borges AFS et al.. Resin-based materials to control human dentin permeability under erosive conditions in vitro: A hydraulic conductance, confocal microscopy and FTIR study. Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials 2022. link 22 Dos Santos VO, Cubillos PO, Dos Santos CT, Fernandes WG, de Jesus Monteiro M, Caminha IMV et al.. Pre-clinical evaluation of fretting-corrosion at stem-head and stem-cement interfaces of hip implants using in vitro and in silico models. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials 2022. link 23 López-García S, Guerrero-Gironés J, Pecci-Lloret MP, Pecci-Lloret MR, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, García-Bernal D. In Vitro Biocompatibility of CPP-ACP and Fluoride-containing Desensitizers on Human Gingival Cells. Operative dentistry 2021. link 24 Kerimova L, Kiremitci A. Effectiveness of two desensitizing products: A 6-month randomized clinical, split-mouth study. American journal of dentistry 2020. link 25 Costa TKVLD, Barros MS, Braga RM, Viana JO, Sousa FB, Scotti L et al.. Orofacial antinociceptive activity and anchorage molecular mechanism in silico of geraniol. Brazilian oral research 2020. link 26 Mangal S, Mathew S, Murthy BVS, Hegde S, Dinesh K, Ramesh P. The efficacy of transdermal and oral diclofenac for post-endodontic pain control: A randomised controlled trial. Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research 2020. link 27 Falkenberg A, Biller S, Morlock MM, Huber G. Micromotion at the head-stem taper junction of total hip prostheses is influenced by prosthesis design-, patient- and surgeon-related factors. Journal of biomechanics 2020. link 28 Patel VR, Shettar L, Thakur S, Gillam D, Kamala DN. A randomised clinical trial on the efficacy of 5% fluorocalcium phosphosilicate-containing novel bioactive glass toothpaste. Journal of oral rehabilitation 2019. link 29 Bahal P, He T, Zou Y, Davies M, Chapman N, Seong J et al.. A randomised controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of an oxalate strip for the management of dentine hypersensitivity pain. Journal of dentistry 2019. link 30 Anderson CJ, Kugel G, Gerlach R. A randomized, controlled comparison of two professional dentin desensitizing agents immediately post-treatment and 2 months post-treatment. American journal of dentistry 2018. link 31 Tan Y, Gu M, Li W, Guo L. Effect of a filled adhesive as the desensitizer on bond strength of "Self-Adhesive Cements To" differently severity of fluorosed dentin. Microscopy research and technique 2018. link 32 Diniz A, Lima S, Tavarez R, Borges AH, Pinto S, Tonetto MR et al.. Preventive Use of a Resin-based Desensitizer Containing Glutaraldehyde on Tooth Sensitivity Caused by In-office Bleaching: A Randomized, Single-blind Clinical Trial. Operative dentistry 2018. link 33 Shafiei F, Derafshi R, Memarpour M. Bond Strength of Self-Adhering Materials: Effect of Dentin-Desensitizing Treatment with a CPP-ACP Paste. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 2017. link 34 Siso SH, Dönmez N, Kahya DS, Uslu YS. The effect of calcium phosphate-containing desensitizing agent on the microtensile bond strength of multimode adhesive agent. Nigerian journal of clinical practice 2017. link 35 Madruga MM, Silva AF, Rosa WL, Piva E, Lund RG. Evaluation of dentin hypersensitivity treatment with glass ionomer cements: A randomized clinical trial. Brazilian oral research 2017. link 36 Parkinson C, Constantin P, Goyal C, Hall C. An exploratory clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental dentifrice formulation in the relief of dentine hypersensitivity. Journal of dentistry 2017. link 37 Femiano F, Femiano R, Lanza A, Lanza M, Perillo L. Effectiveness on oral pain of 808-nm diode laser used prior to composite restoration for symptomatic non-carious cervical lesions unresponsive to desensitizing agents. Lasers in medical science 2017. link 38 Wang L, Magalhães AC, Francisconi-Dos-Rios LF, Calabria MP, Araújo D, Buzalaf M et al.. Treatment of Dentin Hypersensitivity Using Nano-Hydroxyapatite Pastes: A Randomized Three-Month Clinical Trial. Operative dentistry 2016. link 39 Lee SY, Jung HI, Jung BY, Cho YS, Kwon HK, Kim BI. Desensitizing efficacy of nano-carbonate apatite dentifrice and Er,Cr:YSGG laser: a randomized clinical trial. Photomedicine and laser surgery 2015. link 40 Dahabreh Z, Phillips HK, Stewart T, Stone M. The effect of application time of two types of bone cement on the cement-bone interface strength. European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie 2015. link 41 Tunar OL, Gürsoy H, Çakar G, Kuru B, Ipci SD, Yılmaz S. Evaluation of the effects of Er:YAG laser and desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate, and their combinations on human dentine tubules: a scanning electron microscopic analysis. Photomedicine and laser surgery 2014. link 42 He T, Barker ML, Biesbrock A, Sharma N. A randomized controlled clinical trial to assess the desensitizing effect of a stannous fluoride dentifrice. American journal of dentistry 2014. link 43 Ding YJ, Yao H, Wang GH, Song H. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of Clinpro XT varnish and Gluma dentin desensitizer on dentin hypersensitivity. American journal of dentistry 2014. link 44 Yang H, Pei D, Chen Z, Lei J, Zhou L, Huang C. Effects of the application sequence of calcium-containing desensitising pastes during etch-and-rinse adhesive restoration. Journal of dentistry 2014. link 45 Jespersen JJ, Hellstein J, Williamson A, Johnson WT, Qian F. Evaluation of dental pulp sensibility tests in a clinical setting. Journal of endodontics 2014. link 46 Gupta N, Reddy UN, Vasundhar PL, Ramarao KS, Varma KP, Vinod V. Effectiveness of desensitizing agents in relieving the pre- and postcementation sensitivity for full coverage restorations: a clinical evaluation. The journal of contemporary dental practice 2013. link 47 Rahiotis C, Polychronopoulou A, Tsiklakis K, Kakaboura A. Cervical dentin hypersensitivity: a cross-sectional investigation in Athens, Greece. Journal of oral rehabilitation 2013. link 48 Kakar A, Dibart S, Kakar K. Clinical assessment of a new dentifrice with 8% arginine and calcium carbonate on dentin hypersensitivity in an Indian population using a new measuring device: the Jay Sensitivity Sensor Probe. American journal of dentistry 2013. link 49 Raichur PS, Setty SB, Thakur SL. Comparative evaluation of diode laser, stannous fluoride gel, and potassium nitrate gel in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. General dentistry 2013. link 50 Passos SP, Souza RO, Michida SM, Zamboni SC, Oliveira SH. Effects of cement-curing mode and light-curing unit on the bond durability of ceramic cemented to dentin. Brazilian oral research 2013. link 51 Pandit N, Gupta R, Bansal A. Comparative evaluation of two commercially available desensitizing agents for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research 2012. link 52 Yassaei S, Vahidi A, Farahat F. Comparison of the efficacy of calcium versus acetaminophen on reduction of orthodontic pain. Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research 2012. link 53 Craig GG, Knight GM, McIntyre JM. Clinical evaluation of diamine silver fluoride/potassium iodide as a dentine desensitizing agent. A pilot study. Australian dental journal 2012. link 54 Wang Z, Jiang T, Sauro S, Wang Y, Xing W, Liang S et al.. Nerve-targeted desensitizing toothpastes occlude dentin tubules and induce mineral precipitation. American journal of dentistry 2012. link 55 Gandolfi MG, Iacono F, Pirani C, Prati C. The use of calcium-silicate cements to reduce dentine permeability. Archives of oral biology 2012. link 56 Shafiei F, Memarpour M, Doozandeh M. Effect of oxalate desensitizer on the bonding durability of adhesive resin cements to dentin. Journal of prosthodontic research 2012. link 57 Cioffi I, Piccolo A, Tagliaferri R, Paduano S, Galeotti A, Martina R. Pain perception following first orthodontic archwire placement--thermoelastic vs superelastic alloys: a randomized controlled trial. Quintessence international (Berlin, Germany : 1985) 2012. link 58 Sartori N, Lopes GC, Vieira LC. Clinical performance of cervical restorations with desensitizing agents: 18-month clinical trial. The journal of adhesive dentistry 2012. link 59 Stawarczyk B, Hartmann L, Hartmann R, Roos M, Ender A, Ozcan M et al.. Impact of Gluma Desensitizer on the tensile strength of zirconia crowns bonded to dentin: an in vitro study. Clinical oral investigations 2012. link 60 Patel R, Chopra S, Vandeven M, Cummins D. Comparison of the effects on dentin permeability of two commercially available sensitivity relief dentifrices. The Journal of clinical dentistry 2011. link 61 Stawarczyk B, Hartmann R, Hartmann L, Roos M, Ozcan M, Sailer I et al.. The effect of dentin desensitizer on shear bond strength of conventional and self-adhesive resin luting cements after aging. Operative dentistry 2011. link 62 Arisu HD, Dalkihç E, Üçtaşli MB. Effect of desensitizing agents on the microtensile bond strength of a two-step self-etch adhesive to dentin. Operative dentistry 2011. link 63 Barrientos C, Xaus G, Leighton C, Martin J, Gordan VV, Moncada G. Oxalic acid under adhesive restorations as a means to reduce dentin sensitivity: a four-month clinical trial. Operative dentistry 2011. link 64 Nasser M. Evidence summary: which dental liners under amalgam restorations are more effective in reducing postoperative sensitivity?. British dental journal 2011. link 65 De Andrade e Silva SM, Malacarne-Zanon J, Carvalho RM, Alves MC, De Goes MF, Anido-Anido A et al.. Effect of oxalate desensitizer on the durability of resin-bonded interfaces. Operative dentistry 2010. link 66 Almeida JC, Osorio R, Garcia FC, Osorio E, Carvalho RM, Toledano M. Effect of oxalate desensitizers and dentin moisture during total-etch bonding. American journal of dentistry 2010. link 67 Narongdej T, Sakoolnamarka R, Boonroung T. The effectiveness of a calcium sodium phosphosilicate desensitizer in reducing cervical dentin hypersensitivity: a pilot study. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 2010. link 68 Rusin RP, Agee K, Suchko M, Pashley DH. Effect of a new desensitizing material on human dentin permeability. Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials 2010. link 69 Hu J, Zhu Q. Effect of immediate dentin sealing on preventive treatment for postcementation hypersensitivity. The International journal of prosthodontics 2010. link 70 Sailer I, Tettamanti S, Stawarczyk B, Fischer J, Hämmerle CH. In vitro study of the influence of dentin desensitizing and sealing on the shear bond strength of two universal resin cements. The journal of adhesive dentistry 2010. link 71 Rusin RP, Agee K, Suchko M, Pashley DH. Effect of a new liner/base on human dentin permeability. Journal of dentistry 2010. link 72 Docimo R, Montesani L, Maturo P, Costacurta M, Bartolino M, Zhang YP et al.. Comparing the efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a benchmark commercial desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion: an eight-week clinical study in Rome, Italy. The Journal of clinical dentistry 2009. link 73 Wilson LJ, Bell CG, Weinrauch P, Crawford R. In vitro cyclic testing of the Exeter stem after cement within cement revision. 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Original source

[1]
Development of Bioactive Niobium Oxalate-Based Desensitizer: Permeability and Formation of Nanoprecursors. — Saldanha LMSN, Ferreira PVC, Gomes FS, Bermejo GN, Santos CCD, Bauer J et al. Brazilian dental journal (2025)
[2]
Desensitizing efficacy of a universal dentin adhesive containing mesoporous bioactive glass on dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized clinical trial with a split-mouth model. — Kim HJ, Oh S, Kwon J, Choi KK, Jang JH, Kim DS Scientific reports (2024)
[3]
Three-dimensional visualization of dentine occlusion based on FIB-SEM tomography. — Chen X, Ryan KM, Hines D, Pan L, Du K, Xu S Scientific reports (2023)
[4]
Photobiomodulation therapy and 3% potassium nitrate gel as treatment of cervical dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized clinical trial. — Tolentino AB, Zeola LF, Fernandes MRU, Pannuti CM, Soares PV, Aranha ACC Clinical oral investigations (2022)
[5]
Association of Nd:YAG laser and calcium-phosphate desensitizing pastes on dentin permeability and tubule occlusion. — Maximiano V, Machado AC, Lopes RM, Rabelo FEM, Garófalo SA, Zezell DM et al. Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB (2021)
[6]
Does the line-to-line cementing technique of the femoral stem create an adequate cement mantle? — Sevaldsen K, S Husby O, B Lian Ø, S Husby V Hip international : the journal of clinical and experimental research on hip pathology and therapy (2021)
[7]
The effect of manufacturing tolerances on the mechanical environment of taper junctions in modular TKR. — Snethen K, Hernandez J, Harman M Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials (2019)
[8]
Performance of a bioglass-based dentine desensitizer under lactid acid exposition: an in-vitro study. — Stefanie MA, Thomas A, Beatrice S, Philipp S BMC oral health (2018)
[9]
Effects of a Dicalcium and Tetracalcium Phosphate-Based Desensitizer on In Vitro Dentin Permeability. — Zhou J, Chiba A, Scheffel DL, Hebling J, Agee K, Niu LN et al. PloS one (2016)
[10]
Influence of bleaching and desensitizing gel on bond strength of orthodontic brackets. — Britto FA, Lucato AS, Valdrighi HC, Vedovello SA Dental press journal of orthodontics (2015)
[11]
In vitro dentin permeability after application of Gluma® desensitizer as aqueous solution or aqueous fumed silica dispersion. — Ishihata H, Finger WJ, Kanehira M, Shimauchi H, Komatsu M Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB (2011)
[12]
Biographical sketch: Sir John Charnley MD, 1911-1982. — Brand RA Clinical orthopaedics and related research (2010)
[13]
Effect of fluoride-containing desensitizing agents on the bond strength of resin-based cements to dentin. — Saraç D, Külünk S, Saraç YS, Karakas O Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB (2009)
[14]
Finite element analysis of the effect of cementing concepts on implant stability and cement fatigue failure. — Janssen D, van Aken J, Scheerlinck T, Verdonschot N Acta orthopaedica (2009)
[15]
Stem-cement porosity may explain early loosening of cemented femoral hip components: experimental-computational in vitro study. — Mann KA, Damron LA, Miller MA, Race A, Clarke MT, Cleary RJ Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society (2007)
[16]
Research on Registration Strategy for Guided Endodontics. — Liu C, Ma L, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Bao X Journal of endodontics (2026)
[17]
Stress concentration sensitivity of pharmaceutical tablets: The concept of an equivalent crack and microstructural considerations. — Wright JR, Bui P, Radojevic J, Yost E, Zavaliangos A Journal of pharmaceutical sciences (2026)
[18]
Effectiveness of Self-etching Adhesive Only Versus in Combination with Gluma Desensitizer for Preventing Post-composite Sensitivity - A Prospective Study. — Rath H, Mahapatra S, Narayanan SP Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research (2025)
[19]
Dentine tubule occlusion effect of hydrolyzed casein in a bioactive glass-based dental desensitizing gel. — Shokouhnejad N, Tamjid E, Hasannia S Journal of dentistry (2023)
[20]
In vitro dentin permeability and tubule occlusion of experimental in-office desensitizing materials. — de Castro Oliveira L, Marchetti VM, de Souza E Silva Ramos F, Delbem ACB, Souza MT, Ganss B et al. Clinical oral investigations (2023)
[21]
Resin-based materials to control human dentin permeability under erosive conditions in vitro: A hydraulic conductance, confocal microscopy and FTIR study. — Mosquim V, Caracho RA, Zabeu GS, Condi LDS, Foratori-Junior GA, Borges AFS et al. Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials (2022)
[22]
Pre-clinical evaluation of fretting-corrosion at stem-head and stem-cement interfaces of hip implants using in vitro and in silico models. — Dos Santos VO, Cubillos PO, Dos Santos CT, Fernandes WG, de Jesus Monteiro M, Caminha IMV et al. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials (2022)
[23]
In Vitro Biocompatibility of CPP-ACP and Fluoride-containing Desensitizers on Human Gingival Cells. — López-García S, Guerrero-Gironés J, Pecci-Lloret MP, Pecci-Lloret MR, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, García-Bernal D Operative dentistry (2021)
[24]
Effectiveness of two desensitizing products: A 6-month randomized clinical, split-mouth study. — Kerimova L, Kiremitci A American journal of dentistry (2020)
[25]
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