← Back to guidelines
Dentistry125 papers

Contact stomatitis

Last edited: 4/16/2026

Overview

Contact stomatitis refers to inflammation of the oral mucosa caused by direct contact with irritants or allergens, often manifesting as painful sores or ulcers. It can result from various sources including dental materials, foods, cosmetics, and occupational exposures 12351213192025364449.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical History: Detailed history focusing on potential allergens or irritants 1519.
  • Patch Testing: Standard diagnostic tool for identifying specific allergens 11213203644.
  • Oral Biopsy: In some cases, histopathological examination may be necessary 19.
  • Differential Diagnosis: Rule out other causes such as infections, nutritional deficiencies, and systemic diseases 119.
  • Management

  • Avoidance of Triggers: Identify and strictly avoid contact with identified allergens or irritants 15192036.
  • Topical Treatments: Use of bland topical anesthetics, corticosteroids, or antihistamines for symptomatic relief 11936.
  • Systemic Corticosteroids: For severe cases, oral corticosteroids may be considered 19.
  • Hydration and Oral Care: Maintain good oral hygiene and hydration to promote healing 119.
  • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Careful history taking to identify potential allergens like teething gels or toothpaste ingredients 519.
  • Elderly: Increased susceptibility to irritants due to thinner mucosa; careful monitoring and management of underlying conditions 19.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Perform Patch Testing for definitive diagnosis of contact stomatitis allergens (Evidence: Moderate 1121320).
  • Implement Strict Avoidance Strategies based on identified allergens to prevent recurrence (Evidence: Expert opinion 15).
  • Use Topical Corticosteroids for symptomatic relief in moderate cases (Evidence: Moderate 119).
  • Consider Oral Corticosteroids for severe, refractory cases (Evidence: Expert opinion 19).
  • Educate Patients on proper oral hygiene and the importance of avoiding irritants (Evidence: Expert opinion 66).
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 112 indexed papers.

    1 Steele R, Pacheco K, Sher E, Ross J, Tanzer R, Fonacier L et al.. Contact Dermatitis and Patch Testing Education: A Work Group Report From the Allergic Skin Diseases Committee of the AAAAI. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice 2025. link 2 van Zuuren EJ, Arents BWM, Vermeulen S, Schoones JW, Fedorowicz Z. Global Guidelines in Dermatology Mapping Project (GUIDEMAP)-A systematic review of the methodological quality of contact dermatitis clinical practice guidelines. Contact dermatitis 2024. link 3 Baskar Murthy A, Palaniappan V, Karthikeyan K. Aluminium in dermatology - Inside story of an innocuous metal. Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 2024. link 4 Codeço C, Alves PB, Figueiredo AC, Flor D, Gonçalo M. Shedding a light on the importance of photopatch testing: A 12-year experience in a dermatology unit. Contact dermatitis 2023. link 5 Tai V, Sharifah Rosniza SNC, Tang MM. Contact sensitization to fragrance allergen: a 5-year review in the Department of Dermatology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. The Medical journal of Malaysia 2023. link 6 Balato A, Scala E, Ayala F, Bauer A, Crépy MN, Gonçalo M et al.. Patch test informed consent form: position statement by European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Task Force on Contact Dermatitis. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2021. link 7 Jiamton S, Jantanapornchai N, Nokdhes YN, Patthamalai P, Tantrapornpong P, Limpoka P et al.. Clinical manifestations and progression, seasonal variation, and environmental factors associated with Paederus dermatitis among patients attending the outpatient dermatology clinic of Thailand's largest national tertiary referral center: a prospective cohort study. Rural and remote health 2021. link 8 Choi SY, Hong JY, Kim HJ, Lee GY, Cheong SH, Jung HJ et al.. Mask-induced dermatoses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a questionnaire-based study in 12 Korean hospitals. Clinical and experimental dermatology 2021. link 9 Uter W, Gefeller O, Mahler V, Geier J. Trends and current spectrum of contact allergy in Central Europe: results of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) 2007-2018. The British journal of dermatology 2020. link 10 Carrascosa JM, Pastor-Nieto MA, Ruiz-González I, Silvestre JF, Borrego L, Gatica-Ortega ME et al.. Patch Testing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Recommendations of the AEDV's Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC). Actas dermo-sifiliograficas 2020. link 11 Raffi J, Taylor JS, Atwater AR, Jacob SE, Brod BA, Scheman AJ et al.. Another Candle on the Cake: The American Contact Dermatitis Society Reaches Its 30th Year. Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 2019. link 12 Mahler V, Nast A, Bauer A, Becker D, Brasch J, Breuer K et al.. S3 Guidelines: Epicutaneous patch testing with contact allergens and drugs - Short version, Part 2. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG 2019. link 13 Mahler V, Nast A, Bauer A, Becker D, Brasch J, Breuer K et al.. S3 guidelines: Epicutaneous patch testing with contact allergens and drugs - Short version, Part 1. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG 2019. link 14 Bhoyrul B, Keegan S, Mughal A. National survey of patch testing in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland: what proportion of the population is and should be tested?. Contact dermatitis 2018. link 15 Schubert S, Lessmann H, Schnuch A, Uter W, Geier J. Factors associated with p-phenylenediamine sensitization: data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, 2008-2013. Contact dermatitis 2018. link 16 Grey KR, Hagen SL, Hylwa SA, Warshaw EM. Utility of Store and Forward Teledermatology for Skin Patch Test Readings. Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 2017. link 17 Heratizadeh A, Geier J, Molin S, Werfel T. Contact sensitization in patients with suspected textile allergy. Data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) 2007-2014. Contact dermatitis 2017. link 18 Enos C, Fioranelli M, França K, Castillo D, Lotti T, Wollina U et al.. Contact dermatitis: a historical perspective. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2017. link 19 Mowad CM. Contact Dermatitis: Practice Gaps and Challenges. Dermatologic clinics 2016. link 20 Opstrup MS, Johansen JD, Zachariae C, Garvey LH. Contact allergy to chlorhexidine in a tertiary dermatology clinic in Denmark. Contact dermatitis 2016. link 21 Fartasch M, Diepgen TL, Drexler H, Elsner P, John SM, Schliemann S. S1 guideline on occupational skin products: protective creams, skin cleansers, skin care products (ICD 10: L23, L24)--short version. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG 2015. link 22 Rzymski P, Klimaszyk P, Poniedziałek B. Invasive giant hogweeds in Poland: Risk of burns among forestry workers and plant distribution. Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries 2015. link 23 Conely J, Polcari I. Novel nickel contact dermatitis in a patient taking isotretinoin. Pediatric dermatology 2014. link 24 Nezafati KA, Carroll B, Storrs FJ, Cruz PD. Making contact for contact dermatitis: a survey of the membership of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 2013. link 25 Huf G, Rito Pda N, Presgrave Rde F, Boas MH. Adverse reactions to cosmetic products and the Notification System in Health Surveillance: a survey. Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology 2013. link 26 Papandony M, Anderson S. Progressive rash - a case study. Australian family physician 2012. link 27 Crandall ML. Stubborn hand rash. The Journal of family practice 2012. link 28 Svedman C, Isaksson M, Björk J, Mowitz M, Bruze M. 'Calibration' of our patch test reading technique is necessary. Contact dermatitis 2012. link 29 Tammela M, Lindberg M, Isaksson M, Inerot A, Rudel J, Berne B. Patch testing with own cosmetics-- prospective study of testing and reporting of adverse effects to the Swedish Medical Products Agency. Contact dermatitis 2012. link 30 Monckton R, Fagan B, Frayne DJ, Colvin GF. Pruritic erythematous maculopapular rash. The Journal of family practice 2011. link 31 Uter W, Schwitulla J, Thyssen JP, Frosch PJ, Statham B, Schnuch A. The 'overall yield' with the baseline series - a useful addition to the array of MOAHLFA factors describing departmental characteristics of patch tested patients. Contact dermatitis 2011. link 32 Boelman DJ. Emergency: Treating poison ivy, oak, and sumac. The American journal of nursing 2010. link 33 Gipson KA, Carlson SW, Nedorost ST. Physician-patient agreement in the assessment of allergen relevance. Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 2010. link 34 Smith DR. The continuing rise of contact dermatitis, Part 2: The scientific journal. Contact dermatitis 2009. link 35 Castanedo-Tardan MP, Zug KA. Patterns of cosmetic contact allergy. Dermatologic clinics 2009. link 36 Smith MC. Patient education to enhance contact dermatitis evaluation and testing. Dermatologic clinics 2009. link 37 Nijhawan RI, Molenda M, Zirwas MJ, Jacob SE. Systemic contact dermatitis. Dermatologic clinics 2009. link 38 Smith DR. The continuing rise of contact dermatitis, Part 1: The academic discipline. Contact dermatitis 2009. link 39 Nelson SA, Yiannias JA. Relevance and avoidance of skin-care product allergens: pearls and pitfalls. Dermatologic clinics 2009. link 40 Cao LY, Sood A, Taylor JS. Hand/face/neck localized pattern: sticky problems--resins. Dermatologic clinics 2009. link 41 Clark SC, Zirwas MJ. Management of occupational dermatitis. Dermatologic clinics 2009. link 42 Sasseville D. Clinical patterns of phytodermatitis. Dermatologic clinics 2009. link 43 Hogan DJ, Miller L, Neal M. Pilot analysis of presentations at meetings of the American Contact Dermatitis Society and the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 2009. link 44 Davis MD. Unusual patterns in contact dermatitis: medicaments. Dermatologic clinics 2009. link 45 Warshaw EM, Nelsen DD, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Zug KA, Taylor JS et al.. Positive patch test reactions to lanolin: cross-sectional data from the north american contact dermatitis group, 1994 to 2006. Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 2009. link 46 Andersen F, Andersen KE. Management of irritant contact dermatitis: continuously a problem for patients and dermatologists. Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia 2008. link 47 Smith DR. Bibliometrics, dermatology and contact dermatitis. Contact dermatitis 2008. link 48 Alexandroff AB, Gawkrodger DJ. Update on contact dermatitis 2007: Medical pearls from the annual meeting of the British Contact Dermatitis Society at the annual meeting of the British Association of Dermatologists. Journal of dermatological science 2008. link 49 Verma KK, Mahesh R, Srivastava P, Ramam M, Mukhopadhyaya AK. Azathioprine versus betamethasone for the treatment of parthenium dermatitis: a randomized controlled study. Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 2008. link 50 Dewachter P, Mouton-Faivre C. Anaesthetists should be aware of delayed hypersensitivity to phenylephrine. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2007. link 51 Jacob SE, Steele T. Contact dermatitis and workforce economics. Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery 2006. link 52 Uter W, Ludwig A, Balda BR, Schnuch A, Pfahlberg A, Schäfer T et al.. The prevalence of contact allergy differed between population-based and clinic-based data. Journal of clinical epidemiology 2004. link 53 Goon AT, Goh CL. Relevance of positive patch test reactions in patients attending a dermatology tertiary referral centre. Contact dermatitis 2003. link 54 Warshaw EM, Moore JB, Nelson D. Patch-testing practices of American Contact Dermatitis Society members: a cross-sectional survey. American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society 2003. link 55 High WA, Cruz PD. Contact dermatitis education in dermatology residency programs: can (will) the American Contact Dermatitis Society be a force for improvement?. American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society 2003. link 56 Fonacier L, Charlesworth EM, Mak WY, Bahna SL. American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Patch Testing and Allergic Dermatologic Disease Survey: use of patch testing and effect of education on confidence, attitude, and usage. American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society 2002. link 57 Swerlick R. A review of cellular and molecular events of contact allergic dermatitis. Cutis 2001. link 58 Mianzan H, Sorarrain D, Burnett JW, Lutz LL. Mucocutaneous junctional and flexural paresthesias caused by the holoplanktonic trachymedusa Liriope tetraphylla. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2000. link 59 Rohna R, Ganesapillai T, Salbiah D, Zaiton I. Pattern of occupational allergic dermatitis in the Dermatology Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. The Medical journal of Malaysia 1999. link 60 Bhushan M, Beck MH. An audit to identify the optimum referral rate to a contact dermatitis investigation unit. The British journal of dermatology 1999. link 61 Liesegang TJ, Perniciaro C. Fingertip dermatitis in an ophthalmologist caused by proparacaine. American journal of ophthalmology 1999. link00344-4) 62 Schnuch A, Uter W, Geier J, Frosch PJ, Rustemeyer T. Contact allergies in healthcare workers. Results from the IVDK. Acta dermato-venereologica 1998. link 63 Uter W, Schnuch A, Geier J, Frosch PJ. Epidemiology of contact dermatitis. The information network of departments of dermatology (IVDK) in Germany. European journal of dermatology : EJD 1998. link 64 Rietschel RL. Occupational contact dermatitis. Lancet (London, England) 1997. link07216-9) 65 Rademaker M, Wood B, Greig D. Contact dermatitis from cetostearyl alcohol. The Australasian journal of dermatology 1997. link 66 Rajagopalan R, Anderson RT. The profile of a patient with contact dermatitis and a suspicion of contact allergy (history, physical characteristics, and dermatology-specific quality of life). American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society 1997. link 67 Bangha E, Elsner P. Sensitizations to allergens of the European standard series at the Department of Dermatology in Zurich 1990-1994. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 1996. link 68 Sprince NL, Palmer JA, Popendorf W, Thorne PS, Selim MI, Zwerling C et al.. Dermatitis among automobile production machine operators exposed to metal-working fluids. American journal of industrial medicine 1996. link1097-0274(199610)30:4<421::AID-AJIM7>3.0.CO;2-Y) 69 Brasch J, Geier J, Henseler T. Evaluation of patch test results by use of the reaction index. An analysis of data recorded by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). Contact dermatitis 1995. link 70 Björkner BE. Industrial airborne dermatoses. Dermatologic clinics 1994. link 71 Webster RM. Honeysuckle contact dermatitis. Cutis 1993. link 72 Piu G, Ceccio S, Garau MG, Melis S, Palomba A, Pautasso M et al.. Itchy dermatitis from Gynaikothrips ficorum March in a family group. Allergy 1992. link 73 James WD, Rosenthal LE, Brancaccio RR, Marks JG. American Academy of Dermatology Patch Testing Survey: use and effectiveness of this procedure. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1992. link70145-6) 74 Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Agner T, Serup J. Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact dermatitis 1990. link 75 Vaillant L, Biette S, Machet L, Constans T, Monpère C. Skin acceptance of transcutaneous nitroglycerin patches: a prospective study of 33 patients. Contact dermatitis 1990. link 76 Stransky L. Ecosystemic approach to contact dermatitis. Dermatologische Monatschrift 1989. link 77 Verbov J. Juvenile plantar dermatosis (JPD). Acta dermato-venereologica. Supplementum 1989. link 78 Hjorth N. The development of the patch testing procedure and working for consistency. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1989. link70266-8) 79 Roed-Petersen J, Clemmensen OJ, Menné T, Larsen E. Purpuric contact dermatitis from black rubber chemicals. Contact dermatitis 1988. link 80 Adams RM. Medicolegal aspects of occupational skin diseases. Dermatologic clinics 1988. link 81 Zina AM, Bedello PG, Cane D, Bundino S, Benedetto A. Dermatitis in a rubber tyre factory. Contact dermatitis 1987. link 82 Lindelöf B, Lindberg M. The effect of grenz rays on irritant skin reactions in man. Acta dermato-venereologica 1987. link 83 Vestey JP, Gawkrodger DJ, Wong WK, Buxton PK. An analysis of 501 consecutive contact clinic consultations. Contact dermatitis 1986. link 84 Pevny I, Brennenstuhl M, Razinskas G. Patch testing in children (II). Results and case reports. Contact dermatitis 1984. link 85 Goh CL, Soh SD. Occupational dermatoses in Singapore. Contact dermatitis 1984. link 86 Barber KA. Allergic contact eczema to phenylephrine. Contact dermatitis 1983. link 87 Fisher AA. Fiberglass vs mineral wool (rockwool) dermatitis. Cutis 1982. link 88 Fisher AA. Topical medicaments which are common sensitizers. Annals of allergy 1982. link 89 Zugerman C. Dermatology in the workplace. American family physician 1982. link 90 Osmundsen PE. Contact dermatitis to chlorhexidine. Contact dermatitis 1982. link 91 de Groot AC, Nater JP. Contact allergy to dithranol. Contact dermatitis 1981. link 92 Hughes G, Rosen T. Automeris io (caterpillar) dermatitis. Cutis 1980. link 93 Lahti A, Hannuksela M. Immediate contact allergy to birch leaves and sap. Contact dermatitis 1980. link 94 Reynolds G, Epstein W, Terry D, Rodriguez E. A potent contact allergen of Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae). Contact dermatitis 1980. link 95 Romaguera C, Grimalt F. Statistical and comparative study of 4600 patients tested in Barcelona (1973-1977). Contact dermatitis 1980. link 96 Conde-Salazar L, Garcia Diez A, Rafeensperger F, Hausen BM. Contact allergy to the Brazilian rosewood substitute Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. (Pao ferro). Contact dermatitis 1980. link 97 Nutter AF. Contact urticaria to rubber. The British journal of dermatology 1979. link 98 Imbeau SA, Reed CE. Nylon stocking dermatitis. An unusual example. Contact dermatitis 1979. link 99 Fregert S, Tegner E, Thelin I. Contact allergy to lidocaine. Contact dermatitis 1979. link 100 Wade TR, Jones HE, Artis WA. Irritant and allergic reactions to topically applied Micatin cream. Contact dermatitis 1979. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Contact Dermatitis and Patch Testing Education: A Work Group Report From the Allergic Skin Diseases Committee of the AAAAI.Steele R, Pacheco K, Sher E, Ross J, Tanzer R, Fonacier L et al. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2025)
    2. [2]
    3. [3]
      Aluminium in dermatology - Inside story of an innocuous metal.Baskar Murthy A, Palaniappan V, Karthikeyan K Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology (2024)
    4. [4]
      Shedding a light on the importance of photopatch testing: A 12-year experience in a dermatology unit.Codeço C, Alves PB, Figueiredo AC, Flor D, Gonçalo M Contact dermatitis (2023)
    5. [5]
      Contact sensitization to fragrance allergen: a 5-year review in the Department of Dermatology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur.Tai V, Sharifah Rosniza SNC, Tang MM The Medical journal of Malaysia (2023)
    6. [6]
      Patch test informed consent form: position statement by European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Task Force on Contact Dermatitis.Balato A, Scala E, Ayala F, Bauer A, Crépy MN, Gonçalo M et al. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV (2021)
    7. [7]
    8. [8]
      Mask-induced dermatoses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a questionnaire-based study in 12 Korean hospitals.Choi SY, Hong JY, Kim HJ, Lee GY, Cheong SH, Jung HJ et al. Clinical and experimental dermatology (2021)
    9. [9]
    10. [10]
      Patch Testing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Recommendations of the AEDV's Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC).Carrascosa JM, Pastor-Nieto MA, Ruiz-González I, Silvestre JF, Borrego L, Gatica-Ortega ME et al. Actas dermo-sifiliograficas (2020)
    11. [11]
      Another Candle on the Cake: The American Contact Dermatitis Society Reaches Its 30th Year.Raffi J, Taylor JS, Atwater AR, Jacob SE, Brod BA, Scheman AJ et al. Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug (2019)
    12. [12]
      S3 Guidelines: Epicutaneous patch testing with contact allergens and drugs - Short version, Part 2.Mahler V, Nast A, Bauer A, Becker D, Brasch J, Breuer K et al. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG (2019)
    13. [13]
      S3 guidelines: Epicutaneous patch testing with contact allergens and drugs - Short version, Part 1.Mahler V, Nast A, Bauer A, Becker D, Brasch J, Breuer K et al. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG (2019)
    14. [14]
    15. [15]
    16. [16]
      Utility of Store and Forward Teledermatology for Skin Patch Test Readings.Grey KR, Hagen SL, Hylwa SA, Warshaw EM Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug (2017)
    17. [17]
    18. [18]
      Contact dermatitis: a historical perspective.Enos C, Fioranelli M, França K, Castillo D, Lotti T, Wollina U et al. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) (2017)
    19. [19]
      Contact Dermatitis: Practice Gaps and Challenges.Mowad CM Dermatologic clinics (2016)
    20. [20]
      Contact allergy to chlorhexidine in a tertiary dermatology clinic in Denmark.Opstrup MS, Johansen JD, Zachariae C, Garvey LH Contact dermatitis (2016)
    21. [21]
      S1 guideline on occupational skin products: protective creams, skin cleansers, skin care products (ICD 10: L23, L24)--short version.Fartasch M, Diepgen TL, Drexler H, Elsner P, John SM, Schliemann S Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG (2015)
    22. [22]
      Invasive giant hogweeds in Poland: Risk of burns among forestry workers and plant distribution.Rzymski P, Klimaszyk P, Poniedziałek B Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries (2015)
    23. [23]
      Novel nickel contact dermatitis in a patient taking isotretinoin.Conely J, Polcari I Pediatric dermatology (2014)
    24. [24]
      Making contact for contact dermatitis: a survey of the membership of the American Contact Dermatitis Society.Nezafati KA, Carroll B, Storrs FJ, Cruz PD Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug (2013)
    25. [25]
      Adverse reactions to cosmetic products and the Notification System in Health Surveillance: a survey.Huf G, Rito Pda N, Presgrave Rde F, Boas MH Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology (2013)
    26. [26]
      Progressive rash - a case study.Papandony M, Anderson S Australian family physician (2012)
    27. [27]
      Stubborn hand rash.Crandall ML The Journal of family practice (2012)
    28. [28]
      'Calibration' of our patch test reading technique is necessary.Svedman C, Isaksson M, Björk J, Mowitz M, Bruze M Contact dermatitis (2012)
    29. [29]
      Patch testing with own cosmetics-- prospective study of testing and reporting of adverse effects to the Swedish Medical Products Agency.Tammela M, Lindberg M, Isaksson M, Inerot A, Rudel J, Berne B Contact dermatitis (2012)
    30. [30]
      Pruritic erythematous maculopapular rash.Monckton R, Fagan B, Frayne DJ, Colvin GF The Journal of family practice (2011)
    31. [31]
    32. [32]
      Emergency: Treating poison ivy, oak, and sumac.Boelman DJ The American journal of nursing (2010)
    33. [33]
      Physician-patient agreement in the assessment of allergen relevance.Gipson KA, Carlson SW, Nedorost ST Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug (2010)
    34. [34]
    35. [35]
      Patterns of cosmetic contact allergy.Castanedo-Tardan MP, Zug KA Dermatologic clinics (2009)
    36. [36]
    37. [37]
      Systemic contact dermatitis.Nijhawan RI, Molenda M, Zirwas MJ, Jacob SE Dermatologic clinics (2009)
    38. [38]
    39. [39]
      Relevance and avoidance of skin-care product allergens: pearls and pitfalls.Nelson SA, Yiannias JA Dermatologic clinics (2009)
    40. [40]
      Hand/face/neck localized pattern: sticky problems--resins.Cao LY, Sood A, Taylor JS Dermatologic clinics (2009)
    41. [41]
      Management of occupational dermatitis.Clark SC, Zirwas MJ Dermatologic clinics (2009)
    42. [42]
      Clinical patterns of phytodermatitis.Sasseville D Dermatologic clinics (2009)
    43. [43]
    44. [44]
      Unusual patterns in contact dermatitis: medicaments.Davis MD Dermatologic clinics (2009)
    45. [45]
      Positive patch test reactions to lanolin: cross-sectional data from the north american contact dermatitis group, 1994 to 2006.Warshaw EM, Nelsen DD, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Zug KA, Taylor JS et al. Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug (2009)
    46. [46]
      Management of irritant contact dermatitis: continuously a problem for patients and dermatologists.Andersen F, Andersen KE Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia (2008)
    47. [47]
      Bibliometrics, dermatology and contact dermatitis.Smith DR Contact dermatitis (2008)
    48. [48]
    49. [49]
      Azathioprine versus betamethasone for the treatment of parthenium dermatitis: a randomized controlled study.Verma KK, Mahesh R, Srivastava P, Ramam M, Mukhopadhyaya AK Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology (2008)
    50. [50]
      Anaesthetists should be aware of delayed hypersensitivity to phenylephrine.Dewachter P, Mouton-Faivre C Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica (2007)
    51. [51]
      Contact dermatitis and workforce economics.Jacob SE, Steele T Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery (2006)
    52. [52]
      The prevalence of contact allergy differed between population-based and clinic-based data.Uter W, Ludwig A, Balda BR, Schnuch A, Pfahlberg A, Schäfer T et al. Journal of clinical epidemiology (2004)
    53. [53]
    54. [54]
      Patch-testing practices of American Contact Dermatitis Society members: a cross-sectional survey.Warshaw EM, Moore JB, Nelson D American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society (2003)
    55. [55]
      Contact dermatitis education in dermatology residency programs: can (will) the American Contact Dermatitis Society be a force for improvement?High WA, Cruz PD American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society (2003)
    56. [56]
      American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Patch Testing and Allergic Dermatologic Disease Survey: use of patch testing and effect of education on confidence, attitude, and usage.Fonacier L, Charlesworth EM, Mak WY, Bahna SL American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society (2002)
    57. [57]
    58. [58]
      Mucocutaneous junctional and flexural paresthesias caused by the holoplanktonic trachymedusa Liriope tetraphylla.Mianzan H, Sorarrain D, Burnett JW, Lutz LL Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) (2000)
    59. [59]
      Pattern of occupational allergic dermatitis in the Dermatology Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur.Rohna R, Ganesapillai T, Salbiah D, Zaiton I The Medical journal of Malaysia (1999)
    60. [60]
      An audit to identify the optimum referral rate to a contact dermatitis investigation unit.Bhushan M, Beck MH The British journal of dermatology (1999)
    61. [61]
      Fingertip dermatitis in an ophthalmologist caused by proparacaine.Liesegang TJ, Perniciaro C American journal of ophthalmology (1999)
    62. [62]
      Contact allergies in healthcare workers. Results from the IVDK.Schnuch A, Uter W, Geier J, Frosch PJ, Rustemeyer T Acta dermato-venereologica (1998)
    63. [63]
      Epidemiology of contact dermatitis. The information network of departments of dermatology (IVDK) in Germany.Uter W, Schnuch A, Geier J, Frosch PJ European journal of dermatology : EJD (1998)
    64. [64]
      Occupational contact dermatitis.Rietschel RL Lancet (London, England) (1997)
    65. [65]
      Contact dermatitis from cetostearyl alcohol.Rademaker M, Wood B, Greig D The Australasian journal of dermatology (1997)
    66. [66]
      The profile of a patient with contact dermatitis and a suspicion of contact allergy (history, physical characteristics, and dermatology-specific quality of life).Rajagopalan R, Anderson RT American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society (1997)
    67. [67]
    68. [68]
      Dermatitis among automobile production machine operators exposed to metal-working fluids.Sprince NL, Palmer JA, Popendorf W, Thorne PS, Selim MI, Zwerling C et al. American journal of industrial medicine (1996)
    69. [69]
    70. [70]
      Industrial airborne dermatoses.Björkner BE Dermatologic clinics (1994)
    71. [71]
      Honeysuckle contact dermatitis.Webster RM Cutis (1993)
    72. [72]
      Itchy dermatitis from Gynaikothrips ficorum March in a family group.Piu G, Ceccio S, Garau MG, Melis S, Palomba A, Pautasso M et al. Allergy (1992)
    73. [73]
      American Academy of Dermatology Patch Testing Survey: use and effectiveness of this procedure.James WD, Rosenthal LE, Brancaccio RR, Marks JG Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1992)
    74. [74]
    75. [75]
      Skin acceptance of transcutaneous nitroglycerin patches: a prospective study of 33 patients.Vaillant L, Biette S, Machet L, Constans T, Monpère C Contact dermatitis (1990)
    76. [76]
      Ecosystemic approach to contact dermatitis.Stransky L Dermatologische Monatschrift (1989)
    77. [77]
      Juvenile plantar dermatosis (JPD).Verbov J Acta dermato-venereologica. Supplementum (1989)
    78. [78]
      The development of the patch testing procedure and working for consistency.Hjorth N Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1989)
    79. [79]
      Purpuric contact dermatitis from black rubber chemicals.Roed-Petersen J, Clemmensen OJ, Menné T, Larsen E Contact dermatitis (1988)
    80. [80]
      Medicolegal aspects of occupational skin diseases.Adams RM Dermatologic clinics (1988)
    81. [81]
      Dermatitis in a rubber tyre factory.Zina AM, Bedello PG, Cane D, Bundino S, Benedetto A Contact dermatitis (1987)
    82. [82]
      The effect of grenz rays on irritant skin reactions in man.Lindelöf B, Lindberg M Acta dermato-venereologica (1987)
    83. [83]
      An analysis of 501 consecutive contact clinic consultations.Vestey JP, Gawkrodger DJ, Wong WK, Buxton PK Contact dermatitis (1986)
    84. [84]
      Patch testing in children (II). Results and case reports.Pevny I, Brennenstuhl M, Razinskas G Contact dermatitis (1984)
    85. [85]
      Occupational dermatoses in Singapore.Goh CL, Soh SD Contact dermatitis (1984)
    86. [86]
      Allergic contact eczema to phenylephrine.Barber KA Contact dermatitis (1983)
    87. [87]
    88. [88]
      Topical medicaments which are common sensitizers.Fisher AA Annals of allergy (1982)
    89. [89]
      Dermatology in the workplace.Zugerman C American family physician (1982)
    90. [90]
      Contact dermatitis to chlorhexidine.Osmundsen PE Contact dermatitis (1982)
    91. [91]
      Contact allergy to dithranol.de Groot AC, Nater JP Contact dermatitis (1981)
    92. [92]
      Automeris io (caterpillar) dermatitis.Hughes G, Rosen T Cutis (1980)
    93. [93]
      Immediate contact allergy to birch leaves and sap.Lahti A, Hannuksela M Contact dermatitis (1980)
    94. [94]
      A potent contact allergen of Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae).Reynolds G, Epstein W, Terry D, Rodriguez E Contact dermatitis (1980)
    95. [95]
    96. [96]
      Contact allergy to the Brazilian rosewood substitute Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. (Pao ferro).Conde-Salazar L, Garcia Diez A, Rafeensperger F, Hausen BM Contact dermatitis (1980)
    97. [97]
      Contact urticaria to rubber.Nutter AF The British journal of dermatology (1979)
    98. [98]
      Nylon stocking dermatitis. An unusual example.Imbeau SA, Reed CE Contact dermatitis (1979)
    99. [99]
      Contact allergy to lidocaine.Fregert S, Tegner E, Thelin I Contact dermatitis (1979)
    100. [100]
      Irritant and allergic reactions to topically applied Micatin cream.Wade TR, Jones HE, Artis WA Contact dermatitis (1979)

    HemoChat

    by SPINAI

    Evidence-based clinical decision support powered by SNOMED-CT, Neo4j GraphRAG, and NASS/AO/NICE guidelines.

    ⚕ For clinical reference only. Not a substitute for professional judgment.

    © 2026 HemoChat. All rights reserved.
    Research·Pricing·Privacy & Terms·Refund·SNOMED-CT · NASS · AO Spine · NICE · GraphRAG