← Back to guidelines
Pediatrics420 papers

Gastroesophageal reflux in child

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in children refers to the backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus, often causing symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, and feeding difficulties. It is common in infants but can persist or present in older children with varying degrees of severity.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Symptoms: Frequent regurgitation, vomiting, irritability, feeding refusal, and discomfort during feeding 1521.
  • Endoscopy: Not routinely required unless complications are suspected 15.
  • pH Monitoring: Useful in selected cases to confirm diagnosis and assess severity 15.
  • Imaging: Rarely needed unless there are concerns about anatomical abnormalities 15.
  • Management

  • Lifestyle Modifications: Elevating the head of the bed, smaller more frequent feedings, and avoiding caffeine/fatty foods 1521.
  • Thickened Feedings: For infants, thickening formula or breast milk can reduce regurgitation 15.
  • Medications:
  • - Antacids/Alginate Agents: Sucralfate, alginic acid (e.g., Gaviscon) for symptomatic relief 15. - H2 Receptor Antagonists: Rarely indicated unless symptoms are severe 15. - Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Reserved for refractory cases or complications like esophagitis 15.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Infants and young children often respond well to conservative management; older children may require more targeted interventions 1521.
  • Comorbidities: GER may coexist with conditions like asthma or eosinophilic esophagitis, necessitating integrated management 15.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Primary Management with Lifestyle Changes: Focus on modifying feeding practices and positioning to alleviate symptoms (Evidence: Moderate 15).
  • Use of Thickened Feedings for Infants: Effective in reducing regurgitation episodes in infants (Evidence: Moderate 15).
  • Consider Antacids/Alginate Agents for Symptomatic Relief: Particularly useful in managing symptoms without significant complications (Evidence: Moderate 15).
  • Prophylactic Use of PPIs Should Be Reserved for Severe Cases: Indicated only in cases with persistent symptoms or complications like esophagitis (Evidence: Moderate 15).
  • Regular Monitoring and Reassessment: Essential to adjust management strategies based on symptom response and development (Evidence: Expert opinion 15).
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 124 indexed papers.

    1 Champagne SN, Koon AD, Ulitin AR, Valverde HA, Ashraf L, Zarsuelo MM et al.. ". International journal of health policy and management 2025. link 2 Mohamed M, Amin S, Lever E, Montini A, Machida K, Rajagopalan S et al.. Climate change and child wellbeing: a systematic evidence and gap map on impacts, mitigation, and adaptation. The Lancet. Planetary health 2025. link00061-0) 3 Kyanjo JL, Turinawe A, Hörnell A, Lindvall K. Balancing maternal employment and child nutrition and health: a grounded theory study of rural communities in Northeastern Uganda. BMC public health 2025. link 4 Yao Y, Cui Y, Luan W, Liu G. Does the impact of economic inequality on maternal and child health inequality exhibit a threshold effect? Evidence from China. Global public health 2025. link 5 Franco M, Vidal I, Díez J, Ochoa A, Cohen N. Protecting children's health through universal and sustainable school meals: European and US urban policy experiences. Journal of epidemiology and community health 2025. link 6 Okyere J, Hey DZ, Yaya S. Influence of paternal education on maternal and child health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from demographic and health surveys. Reproductive health 2025. link 7 Kamran R, Jackman L, Chan C, Lee AC, Kamran A, Alli J et al.. Pre- and post-COVID-19 gender trends in authorship for paediatric radiology articles worldwide: a systematic review. Pediatric radiology 2024. link 8 Shapiro JP, Preer G, Kistin CJ. Reframing Child Protection in Emergency Medicine. The western journal of emergency medicine 2024. link 9 Moncayo AL, Cavalcanti DM, Ordoñez JA, Almeida C, Perdomo JF, Zuluaga D et al.. Can primary health care mitigate the effects of economic crises on child health in Latin America? An integrated multicountry evaluation and forecasting analysis. The Lancet. Global health 2024. link00094-9) 10 Thompson CM, Collins PA, Frohlich KL. Promoting children's health through community-led street interventions: analyzing sustained voluntarism in Canadian School Streets. BMC public health 2024. link 11 Bloom M, McCoy C, Hendrix-Dicken AD, Elenwo C, Baxter MA, Coffey S et al.. Association and disparities of food insecurity and exposure to violence: analysis of the National Survey of Children's Health. Journal of osteopathic medicine 2024. link 12 Saito A, Kondo M. Continuum of care for maternal and child health and child undernutrition in Angola. BMC public health 2024. link 13 Utumatwishima JN, Mogren I, Umubyeyi A, Mansourian A, Krantz G. How do household living conditions and gender-related decision-making influence child stunting in Rwanda? A population-based study. PloS one 2024. link 14 García PJ, Williams AL, Carcamo MH, VanderZanden A, Binagwaho A. Lessons from Peru to reduce under-5 mortality: understanding program implementation and context. BMC pediatrics 2024. link 15 You W, Donnelly F. A cross-sectional study quantifies the independent contribution of nurses and midwives in child health outcomes. Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing 2024. link 16 Maruta AA, Afoakwah C. Saving children's lives through interventions: a quasi-experimental analysis of GAVI. Health economics, policy, and law 2023. link 17 Fallon B, Joh-Carnella N, Houston E, Livingston E, Trocmé N. The more we change the more we stay the same: Canadian child welfare systems' response to child well-being. Child abuse & neglect 2023. link 18 Or PPL, Fang Y, Sun F, Poon ETC, Chan CKM, Chung LMY. From parental issues of job and finance to child well-being and maltreatment: A systematic review of the pandemic-related spillover effect. Child abuse & neglect 2023. link 19 Li X, Bachwenkizi J, Chen R, Kan H, Meng X. Association between light at night and the risk of child death in sub-saharan Africa: a cross-sectional analysis based on DHS data. BMC public health 2023. link 20 Letourneau N, Anis L, Novick J, Pohl C, Ntanda H, Hart M. Impacts of the Attachment and Child Health (ATTACH. International journal of environmental research and public health 2023. link 21 Díaz-Martínez F, Sánchez-Sauco MF, Cabrera-Rivera LT, Sánchez CO, Hidalgo-Albadalejo MD, Claudio L et al.. Systematic Review: Neurodevelopmental Benefits of Active/Passive School Exposure to Green and/or Blue Spaces in Children and Adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health 2023. link 22 Perry HB, Stollak I, Llanque R, Blanco S, Jordan-Bell E, Shindhelm A et al.. Reducing inequities in maternal and child health in rural Guatemala through the CBIO+ Approach of Curamericas: 4. Nutrition-related activities and changes in childhood stunting, wasting, and underweight. International journal for equity in health 2023. link 23 Wahl B, Nama N, Pandey RR, Garg T, Mishra AM, Srivastava S et al.. Neonatal, Infant, and Child Mortality in India: Progress and Future Directions. Indian journal of pediatrics 2023. link 24 Van der Put CE, Stolwijk IJ, Staal IIE. Early detection of risk for maltreatment within Dutch preventive child health care: A proxy-based evaluation of the long-term predictive validity of the SPARK method. Child abuse & neglect 2023. link 25 Sacoor C, Vitorino P, Nhacolo A, Munguambe K, Mabunda R, Garrine M et al.. Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS): Manhiça site description, Mozambique. Gates open research 2023. link 26 Chen HH, Wang IA, Hsieh TW, Tsay JH, Chen CY. Early predictors for maltreatment-related injuries in infancy and long-term mortality: a population-based study. BMC public health 2023. link 27 Zakari A, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Tawiah V, Alvarado R, Li G. The impact of environmental cleanliness and cultural factors on child health in Africa. Environmental science and pollution research international 2022. link 28 Laupacis M, Acai A, MacMillan HL, Vanstone M, Stewart D, Dimitropoulos G et al.. A Qualitative Description of Resident Physicians' Understanding of Child Maltreatment: Impacts, Recognition, and Response. International journal of environmental research and public health 2022. link 29 Ryan P, Preisz A. Towards a broader concept of wellbeing in evaluating paediatric quality of life. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2022. link 30 Zhang S, Xu Y, Hong JS, Liu M, Liao M. Discrepancies between children's and caregivers' child maltreatment reporting and their associations with child wellbeing. Child abuse & neglect 2022. link 31 Johansson N, Sarkadi A, Feldman I, Price AMH, Goldfeld S, Salonen T et al.. Ameliorating Child poverty through Connecting Economic Services with child health Services (ACCESS): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of the healthier wealthier families model in Sweden. BMC public health 2022. link 32 Ucci M, Ortegon-Sanchez A, Mead NE, Godward C, Rahman A, Islam S et al.. Exploring the Interactions between Housing and Neighbourhood Environments for Enhanced Child Wellbeing: The Lived Experience of Parents Living in Areas of High Child Poverty in England, UK. International journal of environmental research and public health 2022. link 33 Robling M, Lugg-Widger FV, Cannings-John R, Angel L, Channon S, Fitzsimmons D et al.. Nurse-led home-visitation programme for first-time mothers in reducing maltreatment and improving child health and development (BB:2-6): longer-term outcomes from a randomised cohort using data linkage. BMJ open 2022. link 34 Schmidt RD, Armstrong FD, Horigian VE, Swilley-Woods G, Alonso B, Jackson D et al.. Aiming High: Monitoring Population Level Indicators of Child Wellbeing as a Goal of Community-Academic Partnerships. Maternal and child health journal 2022. link 35 Westphaln KK, Lee E, Fry-Bowers EK, Kleinman LC, Ronis SD. Examining child flourishing, family resilience, and adversity in the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health. Journal of pediatric nursing 2022. link 36 Suomi A, Lucas N, Dowling N, Delfabbro P. Parental problem gambling and child wellbeing: Systematic review and synthesis of evidence. Addictive behaviors 2022. link 37 Busse CE, Donney JF, Busse KR, Ghandour RM, Vladutiu CJ. Household food insufficiency and flourishing in a nationally representative sample of young children in the U.S. Annals of epidemiology 2022. link 38 Engström M, Randell E, Lucas S. Child health nurses' experiences of using the Safe Environment for Every Kid (SEEK) model or current standard practice in the Swedish child health services to address psychosocial risk factors in families with young children - A mixed-methods study. Child abuse & neglect 2022. link 39 Kolekang A, Sarfo B, Danso-Appiah A, Dwomoh D, Akweongo P. Contribution of child health interventions to under-five mortality decline in Ghana: A modeling study using lives saved and missed opportunity tools. PloS one 2022. link 40 Karlsson O, Dribe M. Maternal height and child health and schooling in sub-Saharan Africa: Decomposition and heterogeneity. Social science & medicine (1982) 2022. link 41 Weiss W, Piya B, Andrus A, Ahsan KZ, Cohen R. Estimating the impact of donor programs on child mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a synthetic control analysis of child health programs funded by the United States Agency for International Development. Population health metrics 2022. link 42 Schmucker M, Haag M. Towards a Ubiquitous Child Emergency App - Ideas to Simplify and Ensure the Machine-2-Machine Communication. Studies in health technology and informatics 2021. link 43 Singh G, Zhu H, Cheung CR. Public health for paediatricians: Fifteen-minute consultation on addressing child poverty in clinical practice. Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition 2021. link 44 Lépine A, Restuccio M, Strobl E. Can we mitigate the effect of natural disasters on child health? Evidence from the Indian Ocean tsunami in Indonesia. Health economics 2021. link 45 Mandadi AR, Dully K, Brailsford J, Wylie T, Morrissey TK, Hendry P et al.. A national survey of pediatric emergency medicine physicians on improving education in child maltreatment recognition and reporting child abuse & neglect. Child abuse & neglect 2021. link 46 Wallace C, Schein Y, Carabelli G, Patel H, Mehta N, Dowshen N et al.. A Survivor-Derived Approach to Addressing Trafficking in the Pediatric ED. Pediatrics 2021. link 47 Curran MA, Garfinkel I, Wimer C. The Evolution and Impact of Federal Antipoverty Programs for Children. Academic pediatrics 2021. link 48 Hassall A, Janse van Rensburg E, Trew S, Hawes DJ, Pasalich DS. Does Kinship vs. Foster Care Better Promote Connectedness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clinical child and family psychology review 2021. link 49 van Minde MRC, de Kroon MLA, Sijpkens MK, Raat H, Steegers EAP, Bertens LCM. Associations between Socio-Economic Status and Unfavorable Social Indicators of Child Wellbeing; a Neighbourhood Level Data Design. International journal of environmental research and public health 2021. link 50 Marcil LE, Hole MK, Jackson J, Markowitz MA, Rosen L, Sude L et al.. Anti-Poverty Medicine Through Medical-Financial Partnerships: A New Approach to Child Poverty. Academic pediatrics 2021. link 51 Strong KL, Pedersen J, White Johansson E, Cao B, Diaz T, Guthold R et al.. Patterns and trends in causes of child and adolescent mortality 2000-2016: setting the scene for child health redesign. BMJ global health 2021. link 52 Breiman RF, Blau DM, Mutevedzi P, Akelo V, Mandomando I, Ogbuanu IU et al.. Postmortem investigations and identification of multiple causes of child deaths: An analysis of findings from the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network. PLoS medicine 2021. link 53 Lane WG, Dubowitz H. Social determinants of health, personalized medicine, and child maltreatment. Pediatric research 2021. link 54 Batra A, Hamad R. Short-term effects of the earned income tax credit on children's physical and mental health. Annals of epidemiology 2021. link 55 Abdullah A, Cudjoe E, Young S, Choi AWM, Jordan LP, Chiu MYL et al.. Regulating the traditional kinship care practice in Ghana: Reflections from young people with kinship care experience. Child: care, health and development 2021. link 56 Kolekang A, Sarfo B, Danso-Appiah A, Dwomoh D, Akweongo P. Are maternal and child health initiatives helping to reduce under-five mortality in Ghana? Results of a quasi-experimental study using coarsened exact matching. BMC pediatrics 2021. link 57 Rathnayake N, De Silva Weliange S, Guruge GND. Effectiveness of a health promotion intervention to address determinants of child neglect in a disadvantaged community in Sri Lanka. Journal of health, population, and nutrition 2021. link 58 Gonsamo DD, Lo HHM, Chan KL. The Role of Stomach Infrastructures on Children's Work and Child Labour in Africa: Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health 2021. link 59 Hunter AA, Flores G. Social determinants of health and child maltreatment: a systematic review. Pediatric research 2021. link 60 Mahumud RA, Gow J, Sarker AR, Sultana M, Hossain G, Alam K. Distribution of wealth-stratified inequalities on maternal and child health parameters and influences of maternal-related factors on improvements in child health survival rate in Bangladesh. Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community 2021. link 61 Spencer RA, Livingston MD, Komro KA, Sroczynski N, Rentmeester ST, Woods-Jaeger B. Association between Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and child maltreatment among a cohort of fragile families. Child abuse & neglect 2021. link 62 Macharia PM, Joseph NK, Snow RW, Sartorius B, Okiro EA. The impact of child health interventions and risk factors on child survival in Kenya, 1993-2014: a Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis with counterfactual scenarios. BMC medicine 2021. link 63 Jung JH, Kwak YH. Physical health and emotional and behavioral problems in maltreated children according to family economic status: Health problems of maltreated children in Korea. Medicine 2021. link 64 Hackett J, Beresford B. 'Cold bedrooms' and other cooling facilities in UK children's hospices, how they are used and why they are offered: A mixed methods study. Palliative medicine 2021. link 65 Omorogiuwa TBE. Troubling Childhood: The Physical and Health Issues Experienced by Child Labourers. Social work in public health 2020. link 66 Torjesen I. The Muppets bringing child resilience into Middle Eastern humanitarian work. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2020. link 67 Cabieses B, Obach A, Molina X. [The opportunity to incorporate subjective well-being in the protection of children and adolescents in Chile]. Revista chilena de pediatria 2020. link 68 Falster K, Hanly M, Pilkington R, Eades S, Stewart J, Jorm L et al.. Cumulative Incidence of Child Protection Services Involvement Before Age 5 Years in 153 670 Australian Children. JAMA pediatrics 2020. link 69 Rostad WL, Ports KA, Tang S, Klevens J. Reducing the Number of Children Entering Foster Care: Effects of State Earned Income Tax Credits. Child maltreatment 2020. link 70 Hetherington E, Racine N, Madigan S, McDonald S, Tough S. Relative contribution of maternal adverse childhood experiences to understanding children's externalizing and internalizing behaviours at age 5: findings from the All Our Families cohort. CMAJ open 2020. link 71 Hiller RM, Halligan SL, Meiser-Stedman R, Elliott E, Rutter-Eley E. Supporting the emotional needs of young people in care: a qualitative study of foster carer perspectives. BMJ open 2020. link 72 Luo Z, Ma Y, Ke N, Xu S, Hu R, Hu N et al.. The association between the supply and utilization of community-based primary care and child health in a context of hospital-oriented healthcare system in urban districts of Guangdong, China: a panel dataset, 2014-2016. BMC health services research 2020. link 73 Brault MA, Mwinga K, Kipp AM, Kennedy SB, Maimbolwa M, Moyo P et al.. Measuring child survival for the Millennium Development Goals in Africa: what have we learned and what more is needed to evaluate the Sustainable Development Goals?. Global health action 2020. link 74 McDermott H, Vawda H, Harvey KC, Lloyd S, Course CW, Broomfield R et al.. UK trainee-led paediatric governance collaboratives: improving the lives of both trainees and children. Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition 2020. link 75 Marshall C, Semovski V, Stewart SL. Exposure to childhood interpersonal trauma and mental health service urgency. Child abuse & neglect 2020. link 76 Akseer N, Wright J, Tasic H, Everett K, Scudder E, Amsalu R et al.. Women, children and adolescents in conflict countries: an assessment of inequalities in intervention coverage and survival. BMJ global health 2020. link 77 Dowell SF, Zaidi A, Heaton P. Why Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance?. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2019. link 78 Raghunathan PL, Madhi SA, Breiman RF. Illuminating Child Mortality: Discovering Why Children Die. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2019. link 79 Cunningham SA, Shaikh NI, Nhacolo A, Raghunathan PL, Kotloff K, Naser AM et al.. Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems Within the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Network. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2019. link 80 Abraha A, Myléus A, Byass P, Kahsay A, Kinsman J. Social determinants of under-5 child health: A qualitative study in Wolkayit Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. PloS one 2019. link 81 Fernald LCH, Gosliner W. Alternatives to SNAP: Global Approaches to Addressing Childhood Poverty and Food Insecurity. American journal of public health 2019. link 82 Martines RB, Ritter JM, Gary J, Shieh WJ, Ordi J, Hale M et al.. Pathology and Telepathology Methods in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Network. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2019. link 83 Rutherford C, Sharp H, Hill J, Pickles A, Taylor-Robinson D. How does perinatal maternal mental health explain early social inequalities in child behavioural and emotional problems? Findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study. PloS one 2019. link 84 Daoud A, Reinsberg B. Structural adjustment, state capacity and child health: evidence from IMF programmes. International journal of epidemiology 2019. link 85 Haley CA, Brault MA, Mwinga K, Desta T, Ngure K, Kennedy SB et al.. Promoting progress in child survival across four African countries: the role of strong health governance and leadership in maternal, neonatal and child health. Health policy and planning 2019. link 86 Jaramillo-Mejía MC, Chernichovsky D. Impact of desertification and land degradation on Colombian children. International journal of public health 2019. link 87 Blevins J, O'Mara Sage E, Kone A, Maixenchs M, Raghunathan PL, Guilaze RA et al.. Using Participatory Workshops to Assess Alignment or Tension in the Community for Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling Prior to Start of Child Mortality Surveillance: Lessons From 5 Sites Across the CHAMPS Network. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2019. link 88 Blau DM, Caneer JP, Philipsborn RP, Madhi SA, Bassat Q, Varo R et al.. Overview and Development of the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Determination of Cause of Death (DeCoDe) Process and DeCoDe Diagnosis Standards. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2019. link 89 Graça J, Calheiros MM, Patrício JN, Magalhães EV. Emergency residential care settings: A model for service assessment and design. Evaluation and program planning 2018. link 90 Chartier M, Nickel NC, Chateau D, Enns JE, Isaac MR, Katz A et al.. Families First Home Visiting programme reduces population-level child health and social inequities. Journal of epidemiology and community health 2018. link 91 Bermudez LG, Williamson K, Stark L. Setting global research priorities for child protection in humanitarian action: Results from an adapted CHNRI exercise. PloS one 2018. link 92 Lo CK, Ho FK, Chan KL, Wong WH, Wong RS, Chow CB et al.. Linking Healthcare and Social Service Databases to Study the Epidemiology of Child Maltreatment and Associated Health Problems: Hong Kong's Experience. The Journal of pediatrics 2018. link 93 Olney DK, Leroy J, Bliznashka L, Ruel MT. PROCOMIDA, a Food-Assisted Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition Program, Reduces Child Stunting in Guatemala: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Intervention Trial. The Journal of nutrition 2018. link 94 . Neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. International journal of public health 2018. link 95 Shifa GT, Ahmed AA, Yalew AW. Maternal and child characteristics and health practices affecting under-five mortality: A matched case control study in Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. PloS one 2018. link 96 Brault MA, Kennedy SB, Haley CA, Clarke AT, Duworko MC, Habimana P et al.. Factors influencing rapid progress in child health in post-conflict Liberia: a mixed methods country case study on progress in child survival, 2000-2013. BMJ open 2018. link 97 Dwyer-Lindgren L, Squires ER, Teeple S, Ikilezi G, Allen Roberts D, Colombara DV et al.. Small area estimation of under-5 mortality in Bangladesh, Cameroon, Chad, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia using spatially misaligned data. Population health metrics 2018. link 98 Aarthun A, Øymar KA, Akerjordet K. How health professionals facilitate parents' involvement in decision-making at the hospital: A parental perspective. Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community 2018. link 99 Barker ED, Walton E, Cecil CAM. Annual Research Review: DNA methylation as a mediator in the association between risk exposure and child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2018. link 100 Brault MA, Ngure K, Haley CA, Kabaka S, Sergon K, Desta T et al.. The introduction of new policies and strategies to reduce inequities and improve child health in Kenya: A country case study on progress in child survival, 2000-2013. PloS one 2017. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      "Champagne SN, Koon AD, Ulitin AR, Valverde HA, Ashraf L, Zarsuelo MM et al. International journal of health policy and management (2025)
    2. [2]
      Climate change and child wellbeing: a systematic evidence and gap map on impacts, mitigation, and adaptation.Mohamed M, Amin S, Lever E, Montini A, Machida K, Rajagopalan S et al. The Lancet. Planetary health (2025)
    3. [3]
    4. [4]
    5. [5]
      Protecting children's health through universal and sustainable school meals: European and US urban policy experiences.Franco M, Vidal I, Díez J, Ochoa A, Cohen N Journal of epidemiology and community health (2025)
    6. [6]
    7. [7]
      Pre- and post-COVID-19 gender trends in authorship for paediatric radiology articles worldwide: a systematic review.Kamran R, Jackman L, Chan C, Lee AC, Kamran A, Alli J et al. Pediatric radiology (2024)
    8. [8]
      Reframing Child Protection in Emergency Medicine.Shapiro JP, Preer G, Kistin CJ The western journal of emergency medicine (2024)
    9. [9]
      Can primary health care mitigate the effects of economic crises on child health in Latin America? An integrated multicountry evaluation and forecasting analysis.Moncayo AL, Cavalcanti DM, Ordoñez JA, Almeida C, Perdomo JF, Zuluaga D et al. The Lancet. Global health (2024)
    10. [10]
    11. [11]
      Association and disparities of food insecurity and exposure to violence: analysis of the National Survey of Children's Health.Bloom M, McCoy C, Hendrix-Dicken AD, Elenwo C, Baxter MA, Coffey S et al. Journal of osteopathic medicine (2024)
    12. [12]
    13. [13]
    14. [14]
      Lessons from Peru to reduce under-5 mortality: understanding program implementation and context.García PJ, Williams AL, Carcamo MH, VanderZanden A, Binagwaho A BMC pediatrics (2024)
    15. [15]
      A cross-sectional study quantifies the independent contribution of nurses and midwives in child health outcomes.You W, Donnelly F Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing (2024)
    16. [16]
      Saving children's lives through interventions: a quasi-experimental analysis of GAVI.Maruta AA, Afoakwah C Health economics, policy, and law (2023)
    17. [17]
      The more we change the more we stay the same: Canadian child welfare systems' response to child well-being.Fallon B, Joh-Carnella N, Houston E, Livingston E, Trocmé N Child abuse & neglect (2023)
    18. [18]
    19. [19]
    20. [20]
      Impacts of the Attachment and Child Health (ATTACHLetourneau N, Anis L, Novick J, Pohl C, Ntanda H, Hart M International journal of environmental research and public health (2023)
    21. [21]
      Systematic Review: Neurodevelopmental Benefits of Active/Passive School Exposure to Green and/or Blue Spaces in Children and Adolescents.Díaz-Martínez F, Sánchez-Sauco MF, Cabrera-Rivera LT, Sánchez CO, Hidalgo-Albadalejo MD, Claudio L et al. International journal of environmental research and public health (2023)
    22. [22]
    23. [23]
      Neonatal, Infant, and Child Mortality in India: Progress and Future Directions.Wahl B, Nama N, Pandey RR, Garg T, Mishra AM, Srivastava S et al. Indian journal of pediatrics (2023)
    24. [24]
    25. [25]
      Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS): Manhiça site description, Mozambique.Sacoor C, Vitorino P, Nhacolo A, Munguambe K, Mabunda R, Garrine M et al. Gates open research (2023)
    26. [26]
    27. [27]
      The impact of environmental cleanliness and cultural factors on child health in Africa.Zakari A, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Tawiah V, Alvarado R, Li G Environmental science and pollution research international (2022)
    28. [28]
      A Qualitative Description of Resident Physicians' Understanding of Child Maltreatment: Impacts, Recognition, and Response.Laupacis M, Acai A, MacMillan HL, Vanstone M, Stewart D, Dimitropoulos G et al. International journal of environmental research and public health (2022)
    29. [29]
      Towards a broader concept of wellbeing in evaluating paediatric quality of life.Ryan P, Preisz A Journal of paediatrics and child health (2022)
    30. [30]
    31. [31]
    32. [32]
      Exploring the Interactions between Housing and Neighbourhood Environments for Enhanced Child Wellbeing: The Lived Experience of Parents Living in Areas of High Child Poverty in England, UK.Ucci M, Ortegon-Sanchez A, Mead NE, Godward C, Rahman A, Islam S et al. International journal of environmental research and public health (2022)
    33. [33]
    34. [34]
      Aiming High: Monitoring Population Level Indicators of Child Wellbeing as a Goal of Community-Academic Partnerships.Schmidt RD, Armstrong FD, Horigian VE, Swilley-Woods G, Alonso B, Jackson D et al. Maternal and child health journal (2022)
    35. [35]
      Examining child flourishing, family resilience, and adversity in the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health.Westphaln KK, Lee E, Fry-Bowers EK, Kleinman LC, Ronis SD Journal of pediatric nursing (2022)
    36. [36]
      Parental problem gambling and child wellbeing: Systematic review and synthesis of evidence.Suomi A, Lucas N, Dowling N, Delfabbro P Addictive behaviors (2022)
    37. [37]
      Household food insufficiency and flourishing in a nationally representative sample of young children in the U.S.Busse CE, Donney JF, Busse KR, Ghandour RM, Vladutiu CJ Annals of epidemiology (2022)
    38. [38]
    39. [39]
    40. [40]
    41. [41]
    42. [42]
      Towards a Ubiquitous Child Emergency App - Ideas to Simplify and Ensure the Machine-2-Machine Communication.Schmucker M, Haag M Studies in health technology and informatics (2021)
    43. [43]
      Public health for paediatricians: Fifteen-minute consultation on addressing child poverty in clinical practice.Singh G, Zhu H, Cheung CR Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition (2021)
    44. [44]
    45. [45]
      A national survey of pediatric emergency medicine physicians on improving education in child maltreatment recognition and reporting child abuse & neglect.Mandadi AR, Dully K, Brailsford J, Wylie T, Morrissey TK, Hendry P et al. Child abuse & neglect (2021)
    46. [46]
      A Survivor-Derived Approach to Addressing Trafficking in the Pediatric ED.Wallace C, Schein Y, Carabelli G, Patel H, Mehta N, Dowshen N et al. Pediatrics (2021)
    47. [47]
      The Evolution and Impact of Federal Antipoverty Programs for Children.Curran MA, Garfinkel I, Wimer C Academic pediatrics (2021)
    48. [48]
      Does Kinship vs. Foster Care Better Promote Connectedness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Hassall A, Janse van Rensburg E, Trew S, Hawes DJ, Pasalich DS Clinical child and family psychology review (2021)
    49. [49]
      Associations between Socio-Economic Status and Unfavorable Social Indicators of Child Wellbeing; a Neighbourhood Level Data Design.van Minde MRC, de Kroon MLA, Sijpkens MK, Raat H, Steegers EAP, Bertens LCM International journal of environmental research and public health (2021)
    50. [50]
      Anti-Poverty Medicine Through Medical-Financial Partnerships: A New Approach to Child Poverty.Marcil LE, Hole MK, Jackson J, Markowitz MA, Rosen L, Sude L et al. Academic pediatrics (2021)
    51. [51]
      Patterns and trends in causes of child and adolescent mortality 2000-2016: setting the scene for child health redesign.Strong KL, Pedersen J, White Johansson E, Cao B, Diaz T, Guthold R et al. BMJ global health (2021)
    52. [52]
    53. [53]
    54. [54]
    55. [55]
      Regulating the traditional kinship care practice in Ghana: Reflections from young people with kinship care experience.Abdullah A, Cudjoe E, Young S, Choi AWM, Jordan LP, Chiu MYL et al. Child: care, health and development (2021)
    56. [56]
    57. [57]
      Effectiveness of a health promotion intervention to address determinants of child neglect in a disadvantaged community in Sri Lanka.Rathnayake N, De Silva Weliange S, Guruge GND Journal of health, population, and nutrition (2021)
    58. [58]
      The Role of Stomach Infrastructures on Children's Work and Child Labour in Africa: Systematic Review.Gonsamo DD, Lo HHM, Chan KL International journal of environmental research and public health (2021)
    59. [59]
      Social determinants of health and child maltreatment: a systematic review.Hunter AA, Flores G Pediatric research (2021)
    60. [60]
      Distribution of wealth-stratified inequalities on maternal and child health parameters and influences of maternal-related factors on improvements in child health survival rate in Bangladesh.Mahumud RA, Gow J, Sarker AR, Sultana M, Hossain G, Alam K Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community (2021)
    61. [61]
      Association between Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and child maltreatment among a cohort of fragile families.Spencer RA, Livingston MD, Komro KA, Sroczynski N, Rentmeester ST, Woods-Jaeger B Child abuse & neglect (2021)
    62. [62]
    63. [63]
    64. [64]
    65. [65]
    66. [66]
    67. [67]
    68. [68]
      Cumulative Incidence of Child Protection Services Involvement Before Age 5 Years in 153 670 Australian Children.Falster K, Hanly M, Pilkington R, Eades S, Stewart J, Jorm L et al. JAMA pediatrics (2020)
    69. [69]
      Reducing the Number of Children Entering Foster Care: Effects of State Earned Income Tax Credits.Rostad WL, Ports KA, Tang S, Klevens J Child maltreatment (2020)
    70. [70]
    71. [71]
      Supporting the emotional needs of young people in care: a qualitative study of foster carer perspectives.Hiller RM, Halligan SL, Meiser-Stedman R, Elliott E, Rutter-Eley E BMJ open (2020)
    72. [72]
    73. [73]
    74. [74]
      UK trainee-led paediatric governance collaboratives: improving the lives of both trainees and children.McDermott H, Vawda H, Harvey KC, Lloyd S, Course CW, Broomfield R et al. Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition (2020)
    75. [75]
      Exposure to childhood interpersonal trauma and mental health service urgency.Marshall C, Semovski V, Stewart SL Child abuse & neglect (2020)
    76. [76]
      Women, children and adolescents in conflict countries: an assessment of inequalities in intervention coverage and survival.Akseer N, Wright J, Tasic H, Everett K, Scudder E, Amsalu R et al. BMJ global health (2020)
    77. [77]
      Why Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance?Dowell SF, Zaidi A, Heaton P Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2019)
    78. [78]
      Illuminating Child Mortality: Discovering Why Children Die.Raghunathan PL, Madhi SA, Breiman RF Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2019)
    79. [79]
      Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems Within the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Network.Cunningham SA, Shaikh NI, Nhacolo A, Raghunathan PL, Kotloff K, Naser AM et al. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2019)
    80. [80]
    81. [81]
      Alternatives to SNAP: Global Approaches to Addressing Childhood Poverty and Food Insecurity.Fernald LCH, Gosliner W American journal of public health (2019)
    82. [82]
      Pathology and Telepathology Methods in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Network.Martines RB, Ritter JM, Gary J, Shieh WJ, Ordi J, Hale M et al. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2019)
    83. [83]
    84. [84]
      Structural adjustment, state capacity and child health: evidence from IMF programmes.Daoud A, Reinsberg B International journal of epidemiology (2019)
    85. [85]
    86. [86]
      Impact of desertification and land degradation on Colombian children.Jaramillo-Mejía MC, Chernichovsky D International journal of public health (2019)
    87. [87]
      Using Participatory Workshops to Assess Alignment or Tension in the Community for Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling Prior to Start of Child Mortality Surveillance: Lessons From 5 Sites Across the CHAMPS Network.Blevins J, O'Mara Sage E, Kone A, Maixenchs M, Raghunathan PL, Guilaze RA et al. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2019)
    88. [88]
      Overview and Development of the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Determination of Cause of Death (DeCoDe) Process and DeCoDe Diagnosis Standards.Blau DM, Caneer JP, Philipsborn RP, Madhi SA, Bassat Q, Varo R et al. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2019)
    89. [89]
      Emergency residential care settings: A model for service assessment and design.Graça J, Calheiros MM, Patrício JN, Magalhães EV Evaluation and program planning (2018)
    90. [90]
      Families First Home Visiting programme reduces population-level child health and social inequities.Chartier M, Nickel NC, Chateau D, Enns JE, Isaac MR, Katz A et al. Journal of epidemiology and community health (2018)
    91. [91]
    92. [92]
    93. [93]
    94. [94]
    95. [95]
    96. [96]
    97. [97]
      Small area estimation of under-5 mortality in Bangladesh, Cameroon, Chad, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia using spatially misaligned data.Dwyer-Lindgren L, Squires ER, Teeple S, Ikilezi G, Allen Roberts D, Colombara DV et al. Population health metrics (2018)
    98. [98]
      How health professionals facilitate parents' involvement in decision-making at the hospital: A parental perspective.Aarthun A, Øymar KA, Akerjordet K Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community (2018)
    99. [99]
      Annual Research Review: DNA methylation as a mediator in the association between risk exposure and child and adolescent psychopathology.Barker ED, Walton E, Cecil CAM Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines (2018)
    100. [100]

    HemoChat

    by SPINAI

    Evidence-based clinical decision support powered by SNOMED-CT, Neo4j GraphRAG, and NASS/AO/NICE guidelines.

    ⚕ For clinical reference only. Not a substitute for professional judgment.

    © 2026 HemoChat. All rights reserved.
    Research·Pricing·Privacy & Terms·Refund·SNOMED-CT · NASS · AO Spine · NICE · GraphRAG