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Anesthesiology1343 papers

Late effects of poliomyelitis

Last edited: 4/14/2026

Overview

Late effects of poliomyelitis refer to the long-term consequences experienced by individuals who survived poliomyelitis, often manifesting as musculoskeletal deformities, respiratory issues, and neurological complications. These effects can persist or develop years after the initial infection 15.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical History: Detailed patient history focusing on past poliomyelitis infection and symptoms 15.
  • Physical Examination: Assessment for muscle weakness, atrophy, joint deformities, and respiratory function 15.
  • Imaging Studies: X-rays and MRI to evaluate musculoskeletal deformities and spinal changes 15.
  • Neurological Evaluation: Tests to assess motor function, reflexes, and sensory deficits 15.

    • Management

  • Physical Therapy: Regular exercises to maintain joint mobility and muscle strength 15.
  • Orthopedic Interventions: Braces, corrective surgeries for deformities, and assistive devices 15.
  • Respiratory Support: Pulmonary rehabilitation and, in severe cases, mechanical ventilation 15.
  • Pain Management: Analgesics and possibly neuromodulation techniques for chronic pain 15.

    • Special Populations

  • Elderly: Increased risk of complications due to age-related comorbidities; tailored rehabilitation programs are essential 15.
  • Comorbidities: Management strategies must consider coexisting conditions like arthritis or cardiovascular disease 15.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Comprehensive Rehabilitation Programs: Implement multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs focusing on physical, occupational, and respiratory therapy to address late effects 15 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Regular Monitoring: Schedule periodic evaluations to detect and manage new or worsening symptoms early 15 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Individualized Treatment Plans: Tailor treatment plans to the specific needs and comorbidities of each patient 15 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Pain Management Strategies: Incorporate evidence-based pain management techniques to improve quality of life 15 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Educational Support: Provide education and support for patients and caregivers regarding long-term management strategies 15 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

    • References

    1 Liu Q, Ma W, Hu C, Fang C, Zhong Y, Wen J. Data mining and analysis of adverse drug events of propofol in the general population and the elderly based on the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Medicine 2026. link 2 Pochetti J, Ponczosznik D, López C, Stier V, Valerio R, Guinot M et al.. Health Certificates for Children and Adolescents as a Requirement for Physical Activity in Argentina: Position Statement of the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría 2025. Archivos argentinos de pediatria 2025. link 3 Yoshida Y, Ishizaki T, Hirata T, Masui Y, Inagaki H, Miura Y et al.. Impact of Polypharmacy on Self-Rated Health in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A 3-Year SONIC Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2025. link 4 Roth MF, Chick JFB, McLoughlin D, Shin DS, Chadalavada SC, Monroe EJ et al.. Wellness Among Interventional Radiologists: Results From a Multidimensional Survey. Academic radiology 2024. link 5 Shi Y, Chiang CW, Unroe KT, Oyarzun-Gonzalez X, Sun A, Yang Y et al.. Application of an Innovative Data Mining Approach Towards Safe Polypharmacy Practice in Older Adults. Drug safety 2024. link 6 Villa-Zapata L, Gómez-Lumbreras A, Horn J, Tan MS, Boyce RD, Malone DC. A Disproportionality Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions of Tizanidine and CYP1A2 Inhibitors from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Drug safety 2022. link 7 Mathiarasan S, Hüls A. Impact of Environmental Injustice on Children's Health-Interaction between Air Pollution and Socioeconomic Status. International journal of environmental research and public health 2021. link 8 Eckstein-Madry T, Piskernik B, Ahnert L. Attachment and stress regulation in socioeconomically disadvantaged children: Can public childcare compensate?. Infant mental health journal 2021. link 9 Wu H, Mach J, Gemikonakli G, Tran T, Allore H, Gnjidic D et al.. Polypharmacy Results in Functional Impairment in Mice: Novel Insights Into Age and Sex Interactions. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2021. link 10 Campanini MZ, González AD, de Andrade SM, Girotto E, Cabrera MAS, Cavero-Redondo I et al.. The association of continuous-use medications and sleep parameters in a sample of working adults. Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung 2021. link 11 Eroli F, Johnell K, Latorre Leal M, Adamo C, Hilmer S, Wastesson JW et al.. Chronic polypharmacy impairs explorative behavior and reduces synaptic functions in young adult mice. Aging 2020. link 12 Hanlon P, Quinn TJ, Gallacher KI, Myint PK, Jani BD, Nicholl BI et al.. Assessing Risks of Polypharmacy Involving Medications With Anticholinergic Properties. Annals of family medicine 2020. link 13 Ross MSc Candidate SB, Wu PE, Atique Md Candidate A, Papillon-Ferland L, Tamblyn R, Lee TC et al.. Adverse Drug Events in Older Adults: Review of Adjudication Methods in Deprescribing Studies. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2020. link 14 Schmitz SM, Lopez HL, Marinotti O. Post Marketing Safety of Plus CBD™ Products, a Full Spectrum Hemp Extract: A 2-Year Experience. Journal of dietary supplements 2020. link 15 Wilcox MA, Villasis-Keever A, Sena AG, Knoll C, Fife D. Evaluation of disability in patients exposed to fluoroquinolones. BMC pharmacology & toxicology 2020. link 16 Won DO, Lee BR, Seo KS, Kim HJ, Lee SW. Alteration of coupling between brain and heart induced by sedation with propofol and midazolam. PloS one 2019. link 17 Karapetiantz P, Audeh B, Faille J, Lillo-Le Louët A, Bousquet C. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Web Forums for Adverse Events Detection: "Strontium Ranelate" Case Study. Studies in health technology and informatics 2019. link 18 Shirazibeheshti A, Cooke J, Chennu S, Adapa R, Menon DK, Hojjatoleslami SA et al.. Placing meta-stable states of consciousness within the predictive coding hierarchy: The deceleration of the accelerated prediction error. Consciousness and cognition 2018. link 19 Frölich MA, Banks C, Ness TJ. The Effect of Sedation on Cortical Activation: A Randomized Study Comparing the Effects of Sedation With Midazolam, Propofol, and Dexmedetomidine on Auditory Processing. Anesthesia and analgesia 2017. link 20 Rausch C, Laflamme L, Bültmann U, Möller J. Number of medications and adverse drug events by unintentional poisoning among older adults in consideration of inappropriate drug use: a Swedish population-based matched case-control study. European journal of clinical pharmacology 2017. link 21 Goodwin JA, Kudo K, Shinohe Y, Higuchi S, Uwano I, Yamashita F et al.. Susceptibility-Weighted Phase Imaging and Oxygen Extraction Fraction Measurement during Sedation and Sedation Recovery using 7T MRI. Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging 2015. link 22 Bengtsson SK, Nyberg S, Hedström H, Zingmark E, Jonsson B, Bäckström T et al.. Isoallopregnanolone antagonize allopregnanolone-induced effects on saccadic eye velocity and self-reported sedation in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015. link 23 Chaipichit N, Krska J, Pratipanawatr T, Uchaipichat V, Jarernsiripornkul N. A qualitative study to explore how patients identify and assess symptoms as adverse drug reactions. European journal of clinical pharmacology 2014. link 24 Tomita S, Matsuura N, Ichinohe T. The combined effects of midazolam and propofol sedation on muscle power. Anaesthesia 2013. link 25 Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Fujii H, Katsuyama Y, Ohmori S, Tanaka N. Psychomotor recovery and blood propofol level in colonoscopy when using propofol sedation. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2012. link 26 Smirniotopoulos A. Bad medicine: prescription drugs, preemption, and the potential for a no-fault fix. Review of law and social change. New York University 2012. link 27 Tsai PF, Matsuura N, Kaneko Y, Ichinohe T. Propofol dose-dependently increases bite force during sedation. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 2011. link 28 Tian SY, Zou L, Quan X, Zhang Y, Xue FS, Ye TH. Effect of midazolam on memory: a study of process dissociation procedure and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Anaesthesia 2010. link 29 Settle TL, Rico PJ, Lugo-Roman LA. The effect of daily repeated sedation using ketamine or ketamine combined with medetomidine on physiology and anesthetic characteristics in rhesus macaques. Journal of medical primatology 2010. link 30 Greicius MD, Kiviniemi V, Tervonen O, Vainionpää V, Alahuhta S, Reiss AL et al.. Persistent default-mode network connectivity during light sedation. Human brain mapping 2008. link 31 Cao YJ, Mager DE, Simonsick EM, Hilmer SN, Ling SM, Windham BG et al.. Physical and cognitive performance and burden of anticholinergics, sedatives, and ACE inhibitors in older women. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2008. link 32 Veselis RA. Memory: a guide for anaesthetists. Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology 2007. link 33 Steurer LM, Luhmann J. Adverse effects of pediatric emergency sedation after discharge. Pediatric nursing 2007. link 34 Fujisawa T, Iida A, Takuma S, Koseki H, Kimura K, Fukushima K. Recovery of dynamic balance after additional small divided doses of midazolam given intravenously for sedation. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery 2007. link 35 Vucicevic Z, Degoricija V, Alfirevic Z, Vukicevic-Badouin D. Fatal hyponatremia and other metabolic disturbances associated with psychotropic drug polypharmacy. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2007. link 36 Fujisawa T, Takuma S, Koseki H, Kimura K, Fukushima K. Assessment of the recovery of dynamic balance after intravenous sedation with midazolam. Journal of anesthesia 2005. link 37 Ebert TJ, Hall JE, Barney JA, Uhrich TD, Colinco MD. The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans. Anesthesiology 2000. link 38 Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Prochaska G, Tait AR. Prolonged recovery and delayed side effects of sedation for diagnostic imaging studies in children. Pediatrics 2000. link 39 Dantas F, Rampes H. Do homeopathic medicines provoke adverse effects? A systematic review. The British homoeopathic journal 2000. link 40 Yoshida M, Araki H, Yamaguchi T, Uchida A, Nakajima I. Mandibular-position sensation during sedation by administration of nitrous-oxide (N2O) gas. Journal of oral science 1999. link 41 Galletly DC, Williams TB, Robinson BJ. Periodic cardiovascular and ventilatory activity during midazolam sedation. British journal of anaesthesia 1996. link 42 Sarasin DS, Ghoneim MM, Block RI. Effects of sedation with midazolam or propofol on cognition and psychomotor functions. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 1996. link90348-1) 43 Loslever P, Lepoutre FX, Kebab A, Sayarh H. Descriptive multidimensional statistical methods for analysing signals in a multifactorial biomedical database. Medical & biological engineering & computing 1996. link 44 Reinsel RA, Veselis RA, Wronski M, Marino P. The P300 event-related potential during propofol sedation: a possible marker for amnesia?. British journal of anaesthesia 1995. link 45 Jacobson JI. The influence of electromagnetism on genes. Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hsueh k'o hsueh tsa chih 1993. link 46 Carr GP. Human experience in space. Cutis 1991. link 47 Benke PJ. The isotretinoin teratogen syndrome. JAMA 1984. link 48 Larsson L. Physical training effects on muscle morphology in sedentary males at different ages. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 1982. link 49 Cerretelli P, Pendergast D, Paganelli WC, Rennie DW. Effects of specific muscle training on VO2 on-response and early blood lactate. Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology 1979. link 50 Meretoja T, Järventaus H, Sorsa M, Vainio H. Chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of workers exposed to styrene. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health 1978. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Data mining and analysis of adverse drug events of propofol in the general population and the elderly based on the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. — Liu Q, Ma W, Hu C, Fang C, Zhong Y, Wen J Medicine (2026)
    2. [2]
      Health Certificates for Children and Adolescents as a Requirement for Physical Activity in Argentina: Position Statement of the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría 2025. — Pochetti J, Ponczosznik D, López C, Stier V, Valerio R, Guinot M et al. Archivos argentinos de pediatria (2025)
    3. [3]
      Impact of Polypharmacy on Self-Rated Health in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A 3-Year SONIC Study. — Yoshida Y, Ishizaki T, Hirata T, Masui Y, Inagaki H, Miura Y et al. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (2025)
    4. [4]
      Wellness Among Interventional Radiologists: Results From a Multidimensional Survey. — Roth MF, Chick JFB, McLoughlin D, Shin DS, Chadalavada SC, Monroe EJ et al. Academic radiology (2024)
    5. [5]
      Application of an Innovative Data Mining Approach Towards Safe Polypharmacy Practice in Older Adults. — Shi Y, Chiang CW, Unroe KT, Oyarzun-Gonzalez X, Sun A, Yang Y et al. Drug safety (2024)
    6. [6]
      A Disproportionality Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions of Tizanidine and CYP1A2 Inhibitors from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). — Villa-Zapata L, Gómez-Lumbreras A, Horn J, Tan MS, Boyce RD, Malone DC Drug safety (2022)
    7. [7]
      Impact of Environmental Injustice on Children's Health-Interaction between Air Pollution and Socioeconomic Status. — Mathiarasan S, Hüls A International journal of environmental research and public health (2021)
    8. [8]
      Attachment and stress regulation in socioeconomically disadvantaged children: Can public childcare compensate? — Eckstein-Madry T, Piskernik B, Ahnert L Infant mental health journal (2021)
    9. [9]
      Polypharmacy Results in Functional Impairment in Mice: Novel Insights Into Age and Sex Interactions. — Wu H, Mach J, Gemikonakli G, Tran T, Allore H, Gnjidic D et al. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences (2021)
    10. [10]
      The association of continuous-use medications and sleep parameters in a sample of working adults. — Campanini MZ, González AD, de Andrade SM, Girotto E, Cabrera MAS, Cavero-Redondo I et al. Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung (2021)
    11. [11]
      Chronic polypharmacy impairs explorative behavior and reduces synaptic functions in young adult mice. — Eroli F, Johnell K, Latorre Leal M, Adamo C, Hilmer S, Wastesson JW et al. Aging (2020)
    12. [12]
      Assessing Risks of Polypharmacy Involving Medications With Anticholinergic Properties. — Hanlon P, Quinn TJ, Gallacher KI, Myint PK, Jani BD, Nicholl BI et al. Annals of family medicine (2020)
    13. [13]
      Adverse Drug Events in Older Adults: Review of Adjudication Methods in Deprescribing Studies. — Ross MSc Candidate SB, Wu PE, Atique Md Candidate A, Papillon-Ferland L, Tamblyn R, Lee TC et al. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (2020)
    14. [14]
      Post Marketing Safety of Plus CBD™ Products, a Full Spectrum Hemp Extract: A 2-Year Experience. — Schmitz SM, Lopez HL, Marinotti O Journal of dietary supplements (2020)
    15. [15]
      Evaluation of disability in patients exposed to fluoroquinolones. — Wilcox MA, Villasis-Keever A, Sena AG, Knoll C, Fife D BMC pharmacology & toxicology (2020)
    16. [16]
      Alteration of coupling between brain and heart induced by sedation with propofol and midazolam. — Won DO, Lee BR, Seo KS, Kim HJ, Lee SW PloS one (2019)
    17. [17]
      Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Web Forums for Adverse Events Detection: "Strontium Ranelate" Case Study. — Karapetiantz P, Audeh B, Faille J, Lillo-Le Louët A, Bousquet C Studies in health technology and informatics (2019)
    18. [18]
      Placing meta-stable states of consciousness within the predictive coding hierarchy: The deceleration of the accelerated prediction error. — Shirazibeheshti A, Cooke J, Chennu S, Adapa R, Menon DK, Hojjatoleslami SA et al. Consciousness and cognition (2018)
    19. [19]
      The Effect of Sedation on Cortical Activation: A Randomized Study Comparing the Effects of Sedation With Midazolam, Propofol, and Dexmedetomidine on Auditory Processing. — Frölich MA, Banks C, Ness TJ Anesthesia and analgesia (2017)
    20. [20]
      Number of medications and adverse drug events by unintentional poisoning among older adults in consideration of inappropriate drug use: a Swedish population-based matched case-control study. — Rausch C, Laflamme L, Bültmann U, Möller J European journal of clinical pharmacology (2017)
    21. [21]
      Susceptibility-Weighted Phase Imaging and Oxygen Extraction Fraction Measurement during Sedation and Sedation Recovery using 7T MRI. — Goodwin JA, Kudo K, Shinohe Y, Higuchi S, Uwano I, Yamashita F et al. Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging (2015)
    22. [22]
      Isoallopregnanolone antagonize allopregnanolone-induced effects on saccadic eye velocity and self-reported sedation in humans. — Bengtsson SK, Nyberg S, Hedström H, Zingmark E, Jonsson B, Bäckström T et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2015)
    23. [23]
      A qualitative study to explore how patients identify and assess symptoms as adverse drug reactions. — Chaipichit N, Krska J, Pratipanawatr T, Uchaipichat V, Jarernsiripornkul N European journal of clinical pharmacology (2014)
    24. [24]
      The combined effects of midazolam and propofol sedation on muscle power. — Tomita S, Matsuura N, Ichinohe T Anaesthesia (2013)
    25. [25]
      Psychomotor recovery and blood propofol level in colonoscopy when using propofol sedation. — Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Fujii H, Katsuyama Y, Ohmori S, Tanaka N Gastrointestinal endoscopy (2012)
    26. [26]
      Bad medicine: prescription drugs, preemption, and the potential for a no-fault fix. — Smirniotopoulos A Review of law and social change. New York University (2012)
    27. [27]
      Propofol dose-dependently increases bite force during sedation. — Tsai PF, Matsuura N, Kaneko Y, Ichinohe T Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (2011)
    28. [28]
      Effect of midazolam on memory: a study of process dissociation procedure and functional magnetic resonance imaging. — Tian SY, Zou L, Quan X, Zhang Y, Xue FS, Ye TH Anaesthesia (2010)
    29. [29]
      The effect of daily repeated sedation using ketamine or ketamine combined with medetomidine on physiology and anesthetic characteristics in rhesus macaques. — Settle TL, Rico PJ, Lugo-Roman LA Journal of medical primatology (2010)
    30. [30]
      Persistent default-mode network connectivity during light sedation. — Greicius MD, Kiviniemi V, Tervonen O, Vainionpää V, Alahuhta S, Reiss AL et al. Human brain mapping (2008)
    31. [31]
      Physical and cognitive performance and burden of anticholinergics, sedatives, and ACE inhibitors in older women. — Cao YJ, Mager DE, Simonsick EM, Hilmer SN, Ling SM, Windham BG et al. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2008)
    32. [32]
      Memory: a guide for anaesthetists. — Veselis RA Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology (2007)
    33. [33]
      Adverse effects of pediatric emergency sedation after discharge. — Steurer LM, Luhmann J Pediatric nursing (2007)
    34. [34]
      Recovery of dynamic balance after additional small divided doses of midazolam given intravenously for sedation. — Fujisawa T, Iida A, Takuma S, Koseki H, Kimura K, Fukushima K The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery (2007)
    35. [35]
      Fatal hyponatremia and other metabolic disturbances associated with psychotropic drug polypharmacy. — Vucicevic Z, Degoricija V, Alfirevic Z, Vukicevic-Badouin D International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2007)
    36. [36]
      Assessment of the recovery of dynamic balance after intravenous sedation with midazolam. — Fujisawa T, Takuma S, Koseki H, Kimura K, Fukushima K Journal of anesthesia (2005)
    37. [37]
      The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans. — Ebert TJ, Hall JE, Barney JA, Uhrich TD, Colinco MD Anesthesiology (2000)
    38. [38]
      Prolonged recovery and delayed side effects of sedation for diagnostic imaging studies in children. — Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Prochaska G, Tait AR Pediatrics (2000)
    39. [39]
      Do homeopathic medicines provoke adverse effects? A systematic review. — Dantas F, Rampes H The British homoeopathic journal (2000)
    40. [40]
      Mandibular-position sensation during sedation by administration of nitrous-oxide (N2O) gas. — Yoshida M, Araki H, Yamaguchi T, Uchida A, Nakajima I Journal of oral science (1999)
    41. [41]
      Periodic cardiovascular and ventilatory activity during midazolam sedation. — Galletly DC, Williams TB, Robinson BJ British journal of anaesthesia (1996)
    42. [42]
      Effects of sedation with midazolam or propofol on cognition and psychomotor functions. — Sarasin DS, Ghoneim MM, Block RI Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (1996)
    43. [43]
      Descriptive multidimensional statistical methods for analysing signals in a multifactorial biomedical database. — Loslever P, Lepoutre FX, Kebab A, Sayarh H Medical & biological engineering & computing (1996)
    44. [44]
      The P300 event-related potential during propofol sedation: a possible marker for amnesia? — Reinsel RA, Veselis RA, Wronski M, Marino P British journal of anaesthesia (1995)
    45. [45]
      The influence of electromagnetism on genes. — Jacobson JI Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hsueh k'o hsueh tsa chih (1993)
    46. [46]
      Human experience in space. — Carr GP Cutis (1991)
    47. [47]
      The isotretinoin teratogen syndrome. — Benke PJ JAMA (1984)
    48. [48]
      Physical training effects on muscle morphology in sedentary males at different ages. — Larsson L Medicine and science in sports and exercise (1982)
    49. [49]
      Effects of specific muscle training on VO2 on-response and early blood lactate. — Cerretelli P, Pendergast D, Paganelli WC, Rennie DW Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology (1979)
    50. [50]
      Chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of workers exposed to styrene. — Meretoja T, Järventaus H, Sorsa M, Vainio H Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health (1978)
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