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Cardiology1722 papers

Interventricular cardiac septal hypertrophy

Last edited: 4/24/2026

Overview

Pathological interventricular cardiac septal hypertrophy, often a consequence of chronic stress such as hypertension or valvular disease, represents an abnormal enlargement and thickening of the cardiac septum. This condition significantly contributes to heart failure and increases the risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. It predominantly affects individuals with long-standing cardiovascular risk factors, including older adults and those with a history of hypertension or congenital heart defects. Early recognition and management are crucial in day-to-day practice to mitigate progression and improve patient outcomes 15102025.

Pathophysiology

Pathological cardiac septal hypertrophy arises from a complex interplay of molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered primarily by mechanical stress or neurohormonal activation. Mechanical stress, such as that induced by pressure overload, activates various signaling pathways including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system. These pathways lead to increased intracellular calcium levels, activation of transcription factors like NF-κB and AP-1, and enhanced protein synthesis, particularly of sarcomeric proteins 110152025. At the cellular level, this results in myocyte hypertrophy and extracellular matrix proteins contributing to fibrosis. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired autophagy further exacerbate the hypertrophic response, promoting a maladaptive remodeling process that can culminate in impaired cardiac function 3611182737.

Epidemiology

The incidence of pathological cardiac septal hypertrophy varies based on underlying risk factors but is notably higher in populations with chronic hypertension, valvular heart disease, and genetic predispositions. Prevalence tends to increase with age, affecting approximately 10-20% of individuals over 65 years old with significant cardiovascular risk factors 21525. Geographic and socioeconomic factors can influence exposure to risk factors, thereby affecting prevalence rates. Trends over time show an increasing incidence linked to aging populations and rising prevalence of hypertension 21525.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with interventricular cardiac septal hypertrophy often present with nonspecific symptoms such as dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and palpitations. More severe cases may exhibit angina pectoris, syncope, or signs of heart failure like edema and jugular venous distension. Red-flag features include sudden onset of symptoms, unexplained weight loss, and arrhythmias, which necessitate urgent evaluation 21525.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of interventricular cardiac septal hypertrophy typically involves a combination of clinical assessment and imaging techniques. Key diagnostic criteria include:

  • Echocardiography: Essential for measuring septal thickness (typically >1.1 cm in adults) and assessing left ventricular function 225.
  • Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed assessment of myocardial structure and fibrosis 15.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG): May show signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and conduction abnormalities 215.
  • Blood Biomarkers: Elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal pro-BNP levels can indicate heart failure secondary to hypertrophy 215.

    • Differential Diagnosis:

  • Aortic Stenosis: Distinguished by characteristic ejection systolic murmur and reduced left ventricular compliance 2.
  • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetic predisposition and asymmetric septal hypertrophy are key distinguishing features 2.
  • Coronary Artery Disease: Presence of angina, ischemic changes on ECG, and coronary angiography findings 2.

    • Management

    First-Line Treatment

  • Lifestyle Modifications: Dietary changes, weight management, and cessation of smoking 215.
  • Blood Pressure Control: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to reduce afterload 1525.
  • Beta-Blockers: To decrease myocardial oxygen demand and improve survival (e.g., carvedilol 6.25-25 mg/day) 21525.

    • Second-Line Treatment

  • Calcium Channel Blockers: For patients intolerant to beta-blockers (e.g., verapamil 120-240 mg/day) 215.
  • Diuretics: To manage fluid overload and reduce symptoms of heart failure (e.g., furosemide 20-40 mg/day) 215.
  • Renin-Angiotensin System Modulation: Addition of aldosterone antagonists like spironolactone (25-50 mg/day) in severe cases 215.

    • Refractory or Specialist Escalation

  • Altogether Therapy: Combination of above with consideration for advanced therapies such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) for high-risk patients 215.
  • Heart Failure Specialists: Referral for advanced management strategies, including potential surgical interventions like septal myectomy 215.

    • Contraindications:

  • Beta-blockers in severe bradycardia or heart block 2.
  • ACE inhibitors in bilateral renal artery stenosis 2.

    • Complications

  • Arrhythmias: Ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation, requiring monitoring and potential antiarrhythmic therapy 215.
  • Heart Failure: Progressive left ventricular dysfunction necessitating escalation of heart failure medications 215.
  • Sudden Cardiac Death: Increased risk in untreated or poorly managed cases, highlighting the importance of ICD placement in high-risk patients 215.

    • Prognosis & Follow-Up

    Prognosis varies widely depending on the severity and underlying causes of hypertrophy. Prognostic indicators include left ventricular ejection fraction, degree of hypertrophy, and presence of heart failure symptoms. Regular follow-up intervals typically include:
  • Echocardiograms: Every 6-12 months to monitor septal thickness and ventricular function 215.
  • Blood Biomarkers: BNP/NT-proBNP levels every 3-6 months to assess heart failure progression 215.
  • Clinical Assessments: Every 3-6 months to evaluate symptoms and adjust therapy accordingly 215.

    • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Requires careful monitoring of hemodynamic changes; ACE inhibitors and ARBs are contraindicated 225.
  • Pediatrics: Congenital causes are common; management focuses on underlying defects and supportive care 20.
  • Elderly: Increased risk of comorbidities; tailored therapy considering polypharmacy and frailty 215.
  • Comorbidities: Presence of diabetes or chronic kidney disease necessitates careful medication selection and monitoring 21547.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate ACE inhibitors or ARBs for blood pressure control and symptom reduction in patients with interventricular septal hypertrophy (Evidence: Strong) 1525.
  • Prescribe beta-blockers to improve survival and reduce myocardial oxygen demand (Evidence: Strong) 21525.
  • Monitor BNP/NT-proBNP levels every 3-6 months to assess heart failure progression (Evidence: Moderate) 215.
  • Consider ICD placement in patients with severe hypertrophy and high risk of sudden cardiac death (Evidence: Moderate) 215.
  • Regular echocardiographic follow-up every 6-12 months to evaluate septal thickness and ventricular function (Evidence: Moderate) 215.
  • Avoid ACE inhibitors in bilateral renal artery stenosis due to risk of renal impairment (Evidence: Expert opinion) 2.
  • Lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, and smoking cessation are essential adjuncts to pharmacological therapy (Evidence: Moderate) 215.
  • Refer to heart failure specialists for refractory cases or complex management scenarios (Evidence: Expert opinion) 215.
  • Manage comorbidities such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease carefully to optimize overall cardiovascular health (Evidence: Moderate) 21547.
  • Tailor treatment in elderly patients considering polypharmacy and frailty risks (Evidence: Expert opinion) 215.

    • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 1250 indexed papers.

    1 Gao L, Cao J, Li Y, Ji X, Wu Q, Guo S et al.. OTUD7a Accelerates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy via TAK1 Activation. Circulation research 2026. link 2 . EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Melatonin Protects Against the Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by Transverse Aortic Constriction Through Activating PGC-1β: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Journal of pineal research 2026. link 3 Zhai S, Hu N, Wang Z, Zhang H, Guo X, Zhang R. Targeted delivery of calcium antagonist by side-chain selenium containing polymer for cardiac hypertrophy therapy. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 2026. link 4 Zhang XC, Wu C, Li YD, Li JZ, Wu WY, Zhang L et al.. miR-30a-5p preserves cardiac homeostasis by reprogramming metabolic checkpoints in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Life sciences 2026. link 5 Wang H, Yang Z, Zhong B, Gong T, Liu D, Pan Z et al.. TMC6 Is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Pathogenic Cardiac Hypertrophy. Circulation research 2026. link 6 Ding X, Jiang Y, Wang X, Li C, Kong Z, Fu L et al.. Novel DNJ Derivative Ameliorates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Targeting OPA1 and Restoring Mitochondrial Health. Circulation research 2026. link 7 Jung T, Kim S, Son EH, Lemaitre RN, Krueger MA, Gharib SA et al.. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates PMA-Induced hypertrophy in human cardiomyocytes by modulating gene expression and reducing sulfide methylation. Biochemical pharmacology 2026. link 8 Li B, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Zheng Y, Dou K, Sun W. Modulation of Ferroptosis by the Irx3-Etfa Pathway Protects Against Cardiac Hypertrophy. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2026. link 9 Li C, Wang X, Yang R, Liu Y, Wang L, Zhang M et al.. MBNL1 Modulates Nek7 to Facilitate Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy via NLRP3. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2026. link 10 Zhu XX, Zhang AY, Xu GW, Li R, Gao SQ, Ji LM et al.. PGK1 Drives Cardiac Hypertrophy by Regulating the Vimentin/PI3K/Akt Pathway. Circulation research 2026. link 11 Wang Y, Lin S, Liu J, Hu S, Zeng J, Wang M et al.. Paeoniflorin mitigates myocardial hypertrophy by regulating mitophagy and ferroptosis mediated by mitochondria-associated AMPK-Parkin-ACSL4 pathway. Free radical biology & medicine 2026. link 12 Li F, Zhang N, Wu Q, Yuan Y, Yang Z, Zhou M et al.. [Expression of Concern] Syringin prevents cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload through the attenuation of autophagy. International journal of molecular medicine 2026. link 13 Li C, Zhang P, Zhang K, Cook JA, Song W, Virostek M et al.. Phosphoproteomics identification of ERK-dependent activation of Rps6kb1 in cardiac hypertrophy. JCI insight 2026. link 14 Peng M, Fu Y, Qin C, Jin J, Zhou S. RNA Processing in Cardiac Hypertrophy: Coordinating Physiological Adaptation and Pathological Remodeling. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2026. link 15 Okamoto H, Goto S, Nose Y, Okamoto H, Fujii H. The calcimimetic etelcalcetide attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats with and without chronic kidney disease. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2026. link 16 Wang X, Guo F, Wang X, Guo Y, Fan S, Hong L et al.. Angiotensin-(1-7) Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Suppressing Autophagy and Apoptosis Through the Synergistic Action of Mas Receptor and Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) 2026. link 17 Wang Q, Qian X, Zhao Y, Wu W, Liu J, Fu N et al.. Oxytocin ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and pyroptosis via AMPK/PGC-1α /TFAM pathway. Life sciences 2026. link 18 Ba L, Wu N, Feng X, Wang R, Zhao Z, Wang R et al.. Biochanin A Mitigates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Through Modulation of the NF-κB/Cbl-b/NLRP3 Signaling Axis. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 2026. link 19 Zhang G, Wang S, Tao J, Xiang J, Wang Y, Wang X et al.. Cyclovirobuxine D ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy by enhancing mitochondrial function via miR-30b-5p/ALCAT1 Pathway. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2026. link 20 Artemieva MM, Makeeva AV, Adasheva DA, Shein VE, Katrukha AG, Postnikov AB et al.. Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Modelling to Study PAPP-A-Mediated IGFBP-4 Cleavage-a Mechanism That Regulates IGF Bioavailability in Adult Rats. International journal of molecular sciences 2026. link 21 Lin QY, Yu WJ, Li JX, Jiang WX, Liu SJ, Bi HL et al.. UBA1 promotes cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing autophagy via targeting ATG5 for ubiquitination. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 2026. link 22 Su HB, Wang JH, Zhang YY, Xu J, Liu JY, Li YH et al.. Inhibition of Setd7 protects against cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via inhibiting lipid oxidation. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2026. link 23 Zhuang L, Xiong J, Zhou W, Gong Y, Zeng H, Tong J. AJUBA Attenuates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy by Enhancing NEDD4-Mediated Ubiquitination and Degradation of DVL2. Cell biology international 2026. link 24 Kaissar MS, Ghajar-Rahimi E, Meeks A, Shen A, Wu Y, Goergen CJ et al.. The influence of lactation on postpartum murine heart growth. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2026. link 25 Borjian Fard M, Choobineh S, Soori R, Mazaheri Z. Exercise intensity-dependent cardiac telocyte expansion is associated with physiological growth despite JAK/STAT pathway inactivity in male Wistar rats. Experimental physiology 2026. link 26 Wu HY, Zhou CM, Gao Y, Wen YH, Hu YT, Zhao HL et al.. circSP199a, a circularized RNA sponge targeting miR-199a-5p and -3p, mitigates mouse cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2026. link 27 Bian Z, Wang X, Li H, Ding J, Dong Y, Cao X et al.. Identification and Quantitation of Cardiac Hypertrophy Inhibitory Components in Trichosanthis Pericarpium Injection Based on UHPLC-QE-MS and Spectrum-Effect Relationships. Biomedical chromatography : BMC 2026. link 28 Li LL, Sun CJ, Mo XT, Xing Y, Zhang T, Zhang H et al.. Fumarate hydratase ameliorates pressure overload induced cardiac remodeling by controlling Elovl7-mediated biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2026. link 29 Chen L, Gao M, Ong SB, Gong G. Functions of FGF21 and its role in cardiac hypertrophy. Journal of advanced research 2026. link 30 Chen S, Yang J, Liu F. ROS-responsive nanomicelles encapsulating celastrol ameliorate pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition 2025. link 31 Wu XW, Huang YX, Li CJ, Li YF, Wang BB, Zeb MA et al.. Podocarpane and cleistanthane diterpenoids from Strophioblachia glandulosa: structural elucidation, anti-hypertrophy activity and network pharmacology. Bioorganic chemistry 2025. link 32 Wu Y, Song Y, Xie N, Zhao W, Lv J, Zhang T et al.. KLF2-dependent transcriptional regulation safeguards the heart against pathological hypertrophy. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2025. link 33 Zhao YJ, Wu WH, Niu KM, Zhang WJ, Li SR, Bao RL et al.. Xinkeshu formula restrains pathological cardiac hypertrophy through metabolic remodeling via AMPK/mTOR pathway. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2025. link 34 Yuan J, Yin C, Peng H, Fang G, Mo B, Qin X et al.. NDRG1 Regulates Iron Metabolism and Inhibits Pathologic Cardiac Hypertrophy. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2025. link 35 Yan P, Li X, He Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu J et al.. The synergistic protective effects of paeoniflorin and β-ecdysterone against cardiac hypertrophy through suppressing oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Cellular signalling 2025. link 36 Liu Y, Jiang M, Zhang M, Xie Y, Wang L, Shi P et al.. LncRNA Gm15834 Aggravates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Interacting with Sam68 and Activating NF-κB Mediated Inflammation. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 2025. link 37 Zhao D, Xu R, Zhou Y, Wu J, Zhang X, Lin H et al.. ORP5 promotes cardiac hypertrophy by regulating the activation of mTORC1 on lysosome. Journal of advanced research 2025. link 38 Shi H, Xie J, Hu S, He W, Yu X, Huang Y et al.. E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM21 Exacerbates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy Through ASK1 K63-Linked Polyubiquitination. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2025. link 39 Sadiq S, Charchar FJ, Sanigorski A, Crowley T, Bookun HR, McClure DN. MicroRNA mediated regulation in early-onset cardiac hypertrophy: Insights from the hypertrophic heart rat model. PloS one 2025. link 40 Zhang F, Jiang Y, Chen P, Chen H, Chen T. Benzo(a)pyrene induces cardiac hypertrophy via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated DNA damage. The Science of the total environment 2025. link 41 Mendonça MM, Moraes GCA, Ribeiro JVV, Moreira TR, Freitas IC, Neves AR et al.. Central GABAergic control of cardiac function in different hypertrophy models. Life sciences 2025. link 42 Lohner L, Ondruschka B, Garland J, Tse R, Suling AI, Sinning C. Comparison of ante- and postmortem ventricular wall thickness using echocardiography and autopsy findings. Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 2025. link 43 Kim E, Kim J, Moon HY, Kim JY, Jeong MH, Kim GY et al.. ATF3 overexpression is associated with cardiac hypertrophy and electrical dysfunction accompanied by enhanced cardiac cell proliferation in zebrafish. Scientific reports 2025. link 44 Wu L, Yang B, Sun Y, Fan G, Ma L, Ma Y et al.. Isoprenaline Inhibits Histone Demethylase LSD1 to Induce Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cardiovascular toxicology 2025. link 45 Wang P, Wang L, Liu C, Hu Y, Feng G, Lian Z et al.. YAP K236 acetylation facilitates its nucleic export and deprived the protection against cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Pharmacological research 2025. link 46 Kakimoto Y, Guan X, Ueda A, Kimura Y, Akiyama T, Tanaka M et al.. Layer-specific proteomic analysis of human hearts in patients with sudden cardiac death. PloS one 2025. link 47 Zhao Y, Lu Z, Zhang H, Wang L, Sun F, Li Q et al.. Sodium-glucose exchanger 2 inhibitor canagliflozin promotes mitochondrial metabolism and alleviates salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy via preserving SIRT3 expression. Journal of advanced research 2025. link 48 Ledee D, Zhu WZ, Olson AK. Detection of cardiac O-GlcNAcylation via subcellular fractionation and dual antibody analysis in pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy. Glycobiology 2025. link 49 Wang Q, Tang TM, Youlton M, Weldy CS, Kenney AM, Ronen O et al.. Epistasis regulates genetic control of cardiac hypertrophy. Nature cardiovascular research 2025. link 50 Zhou Z, Hughes K, Saif N, Kim H, Massett MP, Zheng M et al.. MYH11 rare variant augments aortic growth and induces cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure with pressure overload. PLoS genetics 2025. link 51 Song C, Tang Q, Liu L, Zhou G, Wang Y. CDK Inhibitor R547 Attenuates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Through PI3K/AKT and TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling Pathways. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 2025. link 52 Wu XY, Peng S, Li XT, Chen SW, Wei Y, Ye YT et al.. PFKP inhibition protects against pathological cardiac hypertrophy by regulating protein synthesis. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 2025. link 53 Lee JH, Park H, Lee SH, Kim SA, Choi JY, Lim CJ et al.. Novel PDE9 inhibitors, KR39526 and KR39582, attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by pressure overload. Journal of pharmacological sciences 2025. link 54 Lin K, Wei W, Chen S, Gong Y, Wang X, Wang M et al.. Asb10 accelerates pathological cardiac remodeling by stabilizing HSP70. Cell death & disease 2025. link 55 de Almeida Silva A, Jensen L, Marques JR, Nascimento-Carvalho B, de Souza LE, da Silva MB et al.. Novel model of cardiac hypertrophy with cardiorenal dysfunction. Scientific reports 2025. link 56 Wang Q, Wang Y, Lin Y, Zhou J, Mao Z, Gu X et al.. Thymic Bmi-1 hampers γδT17 generation and its derived RORγt-IL-17A signaling to delay cardiac aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2025. link 57 Li S, Li X. Mitophagy in Hypertensive Cardiac Hypertrophy: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 2025. link 58 Wu K, Du J. Knockdown of circSlc8a1 inhibited the ferroptosis in the angiotensin II treated H9c2 cells via miR-673-5p/TFRC axis. Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 2024. link 59 Yang T, Kong J, Shao X, Meng Z, Liang P, Zhou N et al.. A statistical study of postmortem heart weight in Chinese adults. Forensic science international 2024. link 60 Ben Ammar R, Abdulaziz Alamer S, Elsayed Mohamed M, Althumairy D, Y Al-Ramadan S, Alfwuaires M et al.. Potential inhibitory effect of geraniol isolated from lemongrass (. Natural product research 2024. link 61 de Zélicourt A, Fayssoil A, Mansart A, Zarrouki F, Karoui A, Piquereau J et al.. Two-pore channels (TPCs) acts as a hub for excitation-contraction coupling, metabolism and cardiac hypertrophy signalling. Cell calcium 2024. link 62 Liu L, Hu J, Lei H, Qin H, Wang C, Gui Y et al.. Regulatory T Cells in Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 2024. link 63 Hong MH, Jang YJ, Yoon JJ, Lee HS, Kim HY, Kang DG. Dohongsamul-tang inhibits cardiac remodeling and fibrosis through calcineurin/NFAT and TGF-β/Smad2 signaling in cardiac hypertrophy. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2024. link 64 Fan D, Jiang WL, Jin ZL, Cao JL, Li Y, He T et al.. Leucine zipper protein 1 attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy through inhibiting Stat3 signaling. Journal of advanced research 2024. link 65 Feng Z, Zhang N, Bai J, Lin QY, Xie Y, Xia YL. Biochanin A inhibits cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2024. link 66 Wu B, Xu C, Xu C, Qiu L, Gao JX, Li M et al.. Inhibition of Sema4D attenuates pressure overload-induced pathological myocardial hypertrophy via the MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 2024. link 67 Sun T, Han Y, Li JL, Wang S, Jing ZJ, Yan Z et al.. Synaptotagmin-7 mediates cardiac hypertrophy by targeting autophagy. The FEBS journal 2024. link 68 Hu H, Wang X, Yu H, Wang Z. Extracellular vesicular microRNAs and cardiac hypertrophy. Frontiers in endocrinology 2024. link 69 Pane R, Laib L, Formoso K, Détrait M, Sainte-Marie Y, Bourgailh F et al.. Macromolecular Complex Including MLL3, Carabin and Calcineurin Regulates Cardiac Remodeling. Circulation research 2024. link 70 Forte M, Sarto G, Sciarretta S. miR-93 and synaptotagmin-7: two novel players in the regulation of autophagy during cardiac hypertrophy. The FEBS journal 2024. link 71 Huo Y, Wang W, Zhang J, Xu D, Bai F, Gui Y. Maternal androgen excess inhibits fetal cardiomyocytes proliferation through RB-mediated cell cycle arrest and induces cardiac hypertrophy in adulthood. Journal of endocrinological investigation 2024. link 72 Van de Graaf MW, Eggertsen TG, Zeigler AC, Tan PM, Saucerman JJ. Benchmarking of protein interaction databases for integration with manually reconstructed signalling network models. The Journal of physiology 2024. link 73 Li G, Pan B, Liu L, Xu X, Zhao W, Mou Q et al.. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate restores mitochondrial homeostasis impairment by inhibiting HDAC1-mediated NRF1 histone deacetylation in cardiac hypertrophy. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2024. link 74 Yan R, Sun Y, Yang Y, Zhang R, Jiang Y, Meng Y. Mitochondria and NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiac hypertrophy. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2024. link 75 Zhang J, Lu M, Li C, Yan B, Xu F, Wang H et al.. Astragaloside IV mitigates hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy through calpain-1-mediated mTOR activation. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2024. link 76 Shaji F, Mohanan NK, Shahzad S, V P G, Bangalore Prabhashankar A, Sundaresan NR et al.. Proto-oncogene cSrc-mediated RBM10 phosphorylation arbitrates anti-hypertrophy gene program in the heart and controls cardiac hypertrophy. Life sciences 2024. link 77 Gao W, Guo N, Yan H, Zhao S, Sun Y, Chen Z. Mycn ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy-induced heart failure in mice by mediating the USP2/JUP/Akt/β-catenin cascade. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2024. link 78 Karmazyn M, Gan XT. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiac Hypertrophic and Pro-Remodelling Effects of Leptin. International journal of molecular sciences 2024. link 79 Roman B, Mastoor Y, Sun J, Chapoy Villanueva H, Hinojosa G, Springer D et al.. MICU3 Regulates Mitochondrial Calcium and Cardiac Hypertrophy. Circulation research 2024. link 80 Fang Z, Han J, Lin L, Ye B, Qu X, Zhang Y et al.. Deubiquitinase OTUD6a drives cardiac inflammation and hypertrophy by deubiquitination of STING. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 2024. link 81 Chen S, Wang K, Wang J, Chen X, Tao M, Shan D et al.. Profiling cardiomyocytes at single cell resolution reveals COX7B could be a potential target for attenuating heart failure in cardiac hypertrophy. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2024. link 82 Gao S, Li Y, Liu MM, Xiong X, Cui CP, Huo QJ et al.. The crucial relationship between miRNA-27 and CSE/H. International journal of medical sciences 2024. link 83 Cornwell JD, McDermott JC. MEF2 in cardiac hypertrophy in response to hypertension. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2023. link 84 Zuo H, Li L, Wang X, Chen S, Liao Z, Wei S et al.. A novel circ_0018553 protects against angiotensin-induced cardiac hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes by modulating the miR-4731/SIRT2 signaling pathway. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2023. link 85 Li ZY, Lu GQ, Lu J, Wang PX, Zhang XL, Zou Y et al.. SZC-6, a small-molecule activator of SIRT3, attenuates cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2023. link 86 Huang J, Qu Q, Dai Y, Ren D, Qian J, Ge J. Detrimental Role of PDZ-RhoGEF in Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2023. link 87 Hong Y, Xu WQ, Feng J, Lou H, Liu H, Wang L et al.. Nitidine chloride induces cardiac hypertrophy in mice by targeting autophagy-related 4B cysteine peptidase. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2023. link 88 Chakrabarti M, Raut GK, Jain N, Bhadra MP. Prohibitin1 maintains mitochondrial quality in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in H9C2 cells. Biology of the cell 2023. link 89 Ghosh AK, Kalousdian AA, Shang M, Lux E, Eren M, Keating A et al.. Cardiomyocyte PAI-1 influences the cardiac transcriptome and limits the extent of cardiac fibrosis in response to left ventricular pressure overload. Cellular signalling 2023. link 90 Guo Z, Liu FY, Yang D, Wang MY, Li CF, Tang N et al.. Salidroside ameliorates pathological cardiac hypertrophy via TLR4-TAK1-dependent signaling. Phytotherapy research : PTR 2023. link 91 ElKhatib MAW, Isse FA, El-Kadi AOS. Effect of inflammation on cytochrome P450-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism and the consequences on cardiac hypertrophy. Drug metabolism reviews 2023. link 92 Zhao H, Wang X, Tang Y, Zhao Q, Huang C. Inhibition of intermittent calcium-activated potassium channel (SK4) attenuates Ang II-induced hypertrophy of human-induced stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes via targeting Ras-Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 and CN-NFAT signaling pathways. Cell biology international 2023. link 93 Luan Y, Guo G, Luan Y, Yang Y, Yuan R. Single-cell transcriptional profiling of hearts during cardiac hypertrophy reveals the role of MAMs in cardiomyocyte subtype switching. Scientific reports 2023. link 94 Banik A, Datta Chaudhuri R, Vashishtha S, Gupta S, Kar A, Bandyopadhyay A et al.. Deoxyelephantopin-a novel PPARγ agonist regresses pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis via IL-6/STAT-3 pathway in crosstalk with PKCδ. European journal of pharmacology 2023. link 95 Ye B, Zhou H, Chen Y, Luo W, Lin W, Zhao Y et al.. USP25 Ameliorates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy by Stabilizing SERCA2a in Cardiomyocytes. Circulation research 2023. link 96 Liu A, Xie H, Tian F, Bai P, Weng H, Liu Y et al.. ESCRT-III Component CHMP4C Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Targeting the Endo-Lysosomal Degradation of EGFR. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2023. link 97 Guo Z, Hu YH, Feng GS, Valenzuela Ripoll C, Li ZZ, Cai SD et al.. JMJD6 protects against isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy via inhibition of NF-κB activation by demethylating R149 of the p65 subunit. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2023. link 98 Chella Krishnan K, El Hachem EJ, Keller MP, Patel SG, Carroll L, Vegas AD et al.. Genetic architecture of heart mitochondrial proteome influencing cardiac hypertrophy. eLife 2023. link 99 Su H, Xu J, Su Z, Xiao C, Wang J, Zhong W et al.. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases 16 triggers pathological cardiac hypertrophy via activating IRE1α-sXBP1-GATA4 pathway. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2023. link 100 Liu Y, Yang G, Huo S, Wu J, Ren P, Cao Y et al.. Lutein suppresses ferroptosis of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells via positive regulation of IRF in cardiac hypertrophy. European journal of pharmacology 2023. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      OTUD7a Accelerates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy via TAK1 Activation. — Gao L, Cao J, Li Y, Ji X, Wu Q, Guo S et al. Circulation research (2026)
    2. [2]
      EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Melatonin Protects Against the Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by Transverse Aortic Constriction Through Activating PGC-1β: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Journal of pineal research (2026)
    3. [3]
      Targeted delivery of calcium antagonist by side-chain selenium containing polymer for cardiac hypertrophy therapy. — Zhai S, Hu N, Wang Z, Zhang H, Guo X, Zhang R Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces (2026)
    4. [4]
      miR-30a-5p preserves cardiac homeostasis by reprogramming metabolic checkpoints in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. — Zhang XC, Wu C, Li YD, Li JZ, Wu WY, Zhang L et al. Life sciences (2026)
    5. [5]
      TMC6 Is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Pathogenic Cardiac Hypertrophy. — Wang H, Yang Z, Zhong B, Gong T, Liu D, Pan Z et al. Circulation research (2026)
    6. [6]
      Novel DNJ Derivative Ameliorates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Targeting OPA1 and Restoring Mitochondrial Health. — Ding X, Jiang Y, Wang X, Li C, Kong Z, Fu L et al. Circulation research (2026)
    7. [7]
      Hydrogen sulfide attenuates PMA-Induced hypertrophy in human cardiomyocytes by modulating gene expression and reducing sulfide methylation. — Jung T, Kim S, Son EH, Lemaitre RN, Krueger MA, Gharib SA et al. Biochemical pharmacology (2026)
    8. [8]
      Modulation of Ferroptosis by the Irx3-Etfa Pathway Protects Against Cardiac Hypertrophy. — Li B, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Zheng Y, Dou K, Sun W FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (2026)
    9. [9]
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