Overview
Bone infections, often secondary to hematogenous spread or direct inoculation, can lead to osteomyelitis and significant morbidity, including pain, deformity, and functional impairment. Effective management requires prompt diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies to prevent complications.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 327 indexed papers.
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Stereotactic body radiotherapy for non-spine bone metastases: A meta-analysis and international stereotactic radiosurgery society (ISRS) clinical practice guidelines. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 2025. link 5 Ito K, Nakamura N. Palliative stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal and non-spinal bone metastases: combining tradition and innovation. International journal of clinical oncology 2025. link 6 Saito T, Shikama N, Takahashi T, Harada H, Nakamura N, Notsu A et al.. Influence of Nonindex Pain Before Radiation Therapy for Bone Metastases on Posttreatment Quality of Life: Analyses Based on a Prospective Observational Study of 26 Centers. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2025. link 7 Arsenijević T, Stepanović A, Bogićević S, Gržetić D, Nikitović M. Pain Flare After Single Fraction Radiotherapy for Symptomatic Bone Metastases-Do We Have a Predictive Model?. 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An Update on the Management of Bone Metastases. Current oncology reports 2024. link 13 Kaganda Bomboka V, Galietta E, Donati CM, Cellini F, Rossi R, Buwenge M et al.. Assessing the effectiveness of palliative radiotherapy for painful bone metastases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology 2024. link 14 Rossi R, Medici F, Habberstad R, Klepstad P, Cilla S, Dall'Agata M et al.. Development of a predictive model for patients with bone metastases referred to palliative radiotherapy: Secondary analysis of a multicenter study (the PRAIS trial). Cancer medicine 2024. link 15 Lee SF, Simone CB, Rades D, Wong HCY, Chow E. Re-treatment of bone metastases for pain control: 2023 ASTRO education panel. Annals of palliative medicine 2024. link 16 Yao PF, Hu A, Mansour F, Nadeem I, Jiang Y, Athreya S. Image-Guided Energy Ablation for Palliation of Painful Bony Metastases-A Systematic Review. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2024. link 17 Bindels BJJ, Mercier C, Gal R, Verlaan JJ, Verhoeff JJC, Dirix P et al.. Stereotactic Body and Conventional Radiotherapy for Painful Bone Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA network open 2024. link 18 Bianchi SP, Faccenda V, Pacifico P, Parma G, Saufi S, Ferrario F et al.. Short-term pain control after palliative radiotherapy for uncomplicated bone metastases: a prospective cohort study. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 2023. link 19 Arsenijević T, Stepanović A, Milošević-Maračić B, Poparić-Bandjur B, Mišković I, Gavrilović D et al.. What did COVID-19 pandemics teach us about single-fraction radiotherapy for painful bone metastases-State of the art or undertreatment?. Cancer medicine 2023. link 20 Zenda S, Arai Y, Sugawara S, Inaba Y, Hashimoto K, Yamamoto K et al.. Protocol for a confirmatory trial of the effectiveness and safety of palliative arterial embolization for painful bone metastases. BMC cancer 2023. link 21 Tseng YD. Radiation Therapy for Painful Bone Metastases: Fractionation, Recalcification, and Symptom Control. Seminars in radiation oncology 2023. link 22 Geerling JI, van der Linden YM, Raijmakers NJH, Vermeulen KM, Mul VEM, de Nijs EJM et al.. Randomized controlled study of pain education in patients receiving radiotherapy for painful bone metastases. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 2023. link 23 Napoli A, De Maio A, Alfieri G, Gasperini C, Scipione R, Campanacci L et al.. Focused Ultrasound and External Beam Radiation Therapy for Painful Bone Metastases: A Phase II Clinical Trial. Radiology 2023. link 24 Mascia AE, Daugherty EC, Zhang Y, Lee E, Xiao Z, Sertorio M et al.. Proton FLASH Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Symptomatic Bone Metastases: The FAST-01 Nonrandomized Trial. JAMA oncology 2023. link 25 Imano N, Saito T, Hoskin P, Nakamura N, Ito K, Yorozu A et al.. Pain Response Rates After Conventional Radiation Therapy for Bone Metastases Assessed Using International Consensus Pain Response Endpoints: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Initial Radiation Therapy and Reirradiation. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2023. link 26 Wong HCY, Chan AW, Johnstone P, Simone CB, Navarro-Domenech I, Hoskin P et al.. A critical appraisal of the four systematic reviews and meta-analysis on stereotactic body radiation therapy versus external beam radiotherapy for painful bone metastases and where we go from here. Annals of palliative medicine 2023. link 27 Williams HR, Chin TE, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD et al.. The effect of bone and analytical methods on the assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary phosphorus, phytase, and vitamin D in nursery pigs. Journal of animal science 2023. link 28 Pituskin E, Sneath S, Rabel H, O'Rourke T, Duggleby W, Hunter K et al.. Addressing Pain Associated with Bone Metastases: Oncology Nursing Roles in a Multidisciplinary Rapid-Access Palliative Radiotherapy Clinic. Seminars in oncology nursing 2022. link 29 Rühle A, Nya Yompang VA, Spohn SKB, Stoian R, Zamboglou C, Gkika E et al.. Palliative radiotherapy of bone metastases in octogenarians: How do the oldest olds respond? Results from a tertiary cancer center with 288 treated patients. Radiation oncology (London, England) 2022. link 30 Pielkenrood BJ, Gal R, Kasperts N, Verhoeff JJC, Bartels MMTJ, Seravalli E et al.. Quality of Life After Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Versus Conventional Radiation Therapy in Patients With Bone Metastases. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2022. link 31 Tonev DG, Lalova SA, Petkova-Lungova EP, Timenov NV, Radeva GM, Kundurzhiev TG. Dexamethasone Coanalgesic Administration in Steroid Naïve and Steroid Non-Naïve Patients for the Prevention of Pain Flares after Palliative Radiotherapy for Bone Metastases. Pain research & management 2022. link 32 Cazzato RL, Garnon J, Dalili D, Autrusseau PA, Auloge P, De Marini P et al.. Percutaneous osteoplasty in long bones: Current status and assessment of outcomes. Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology 2022. link 33 Habberstad R, Aass N, Mollnes TE, Damås JK, Brunelli C, Rossi R et al.. Inflammatory Markers and Radiotherapy Response in Patients With Painful Bone Metastases. Journal of pain and symptom management 2022. link 34 Pusceddu C, De Francesco D, Ballicu N, Santucci D, Marsico S, Venturini M et al.. Safety and Feasibility of Steerable Radiofrequency Ablation in Combination with Cementoplasty for the Treatment of Large Extraspinal Bone Metastases. Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) 2022. link 35 Liepe K, Murray I, Flux G. Dosimetry of Bone Seeking Beta Emitters for Bone Pain Palliation Metastases. Seminars in nuclear medicine 2022. link 36 Guinan EM, Devenney K, Quinn C, Sheill G, Eochagáin CM, Kennedy MJ et al.. Associations Among Physical Activity, Skeletal Related Events, and Patient Reported Outcomes in Patients with Bone Metastases. Seminars in oncology nursing 2022. link 37 Bongiovanni A, Foca F, Oboldi D, Diano D, Bazzocchi A, Fabbri L et al.. 3-T magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (3 T-MR-HIFU) for the treatment of pain from bone metastases of solid tumors. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 2022. link 38 Wald-Dickler N, Holtom PD, Phillips MC, Centor RM, Lee RA, Baden R et al.. Oral Is the New IV. Challenging Decades of Blood and Bone Infection Dogma: A Systematic Review. The American journal of medicine 2022. link 39 Kessler J. Ablation Techniques in Cancer Pain. Cancer treatment and research 2021. link 40 Chen-Xu S, Martel-Villagrán J, Bueno-Horcajadas Á. Percutaneous management of bone metastases: State of the art. Radiologia 2021. link 41 Habberstad R, Frøseth TCS, Aass N, Bjerkeset E, Abramova T, Garcia-Alonso E et al.. Clinical Predictors for Analgesic Response to Radiotherapy in Patients with Painful Bone Metastases. Journal of pain and symptom management 2021. link 42 Ito K, Nakajima Y, Onoe T, Ogawa H, Harada H, Saito M et al.. Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Painful Nonspine Bone Metastases. Practical radiation oncology 2021. link 43 Nguyen EK, Quan K, Parpia S, Tran S, Swaminath A. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for osseous low alpha-beta resistant metastases for pain relief-SOLAR-P. Radiation oncology (London, England) 2021. link 44 Zhang X, Ye X, Zhang K, Qiu Y, Fan W, Yuan Q et al.. Computed Tomography‒Guided Microwave Ablation Combined with Osteoplasty for the Treatment of Bone Metastases: A Multicenter Clinical Study. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2021. link 45 Baal JD, Chen WC, Baal U, Wagle S, Baal JH, Link TM et al.. Efficacy and safety of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound for the treatment of painful bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Skeletal radiology 2021. link 46 Heianna J, Makino W, Toguchi M, Iraha T, Ishikawa K, Kusada T et al.. Transarterial Chemoembolization for the Palliation of Painful Bone Metastases Refractory to First-Line Radiotherapy. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2021. link 47 Elboga U, Kilbas B, Sahin E, Cayırlı YB, Eryilmaz K, Begec T et al.. An automated synthesis of 177Lu-EDTMP as an efficient bone-seeking therapeutic radiopharmaceutical. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2021. link 48 Campanacci L, Bianchi G, Cevolani L, Errani C, Ciani G, Facchini G et al.. Operating procedures for electrochemotherapy in bone metastases: Results from a multicenter prospective study on 102 patients. European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology 2021. link 49 Hayek G, Kastler B. Interventional radiology for treatment of bone metastases. Cancer radiotherapie : journal de la Societe francaise de radiotherapie oncologique 2020. link 50 Gaudet M, Linden K, Renaud J, Samant R, Dennis K. Effect of an electronic quality checklist on prescription patterns of prophylactic antiemetic and pain flare medications in the context of palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 2020. link 51 Angileri SA, Granata G, Savoldi AP, Rodà GM, Di Meglio L, Grillo P et al.. Cooled radiofrequency ablation technology for painful bone tumors. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis 2020. link 52 Levy J, Hopkins T, Morris J, Tran ND, David E, Massari F et al.. Radiofrequency Ablation for the Palliative Treatment of Bone Metastases: Outcomes from the Multicenter OsteoCool Tumor Ablation Post-Market Study (OPuS One Study) in 100 Patients. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2020. link 53 Sakr A, Hashem WB, Ebrahim N, Mashhour KN. Randomized Pilot Study of 20 Gy in 5 Fractions versus 27 Gy in 3 Fractions Radiotherapy for Treating Painful Bone Metastases: A Single Institution Experience. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 2020. link 54 Faris A, Expósito J, Martínez-Única A, Arrebola JP, Pérez-Carrascosa FM, Guerrero R et al.. The efficacy of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy on pain and quality of life in patients with painful bone metastases: a prospective study. Croatian medical journal 2020. link 55 van der Linden YM, Westhoff PG, Stellato RK, van Baardwijk A, de Vries K, Ong F et al.. Dexamethasone for the Prevention of a Pain Flare After Palliative Radiation Therapy for Painful Bone Metastases: The Multicenter Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled 3-Armed Randomized Dutch DEXA Study. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2020. link 56 Dash A, Das T, Knapp FFR. Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Painful Bone Metastases: Past Developments, Current Status, Recent Advances and Future Directions. Current medicinal chemistry 2020. link 57 Drost L, Hynynen K, Huang Y, Lucht B, Wong E, Czarnota G et al.. Ultrasound-Guided Focused Ultrasound Treatment for Painful Bone Metastases: A Pilot Study. Ultrasound in medicine & biology 2020. link 58 Muller DA, Wages NA, Wilson DD, Dutta SW, Alonso CE, Handsfield LL et al.. STAT RAD: Prospective Dose Escalation Clinical Trial of Single Fraction Scan-Plan-QA-Treat Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Painful Osseous Metastases. Practical radiation oncology 2020. link 59 Fabregat C, Almendros S, Navarro-Martin A, Gonzalez J. Pain Flare-Effect Prophylaxis With Corticosteroids on Bone Radiotherapy Treatment: A Systematic Review. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain 2020. link 60 Cazzato RL, Arrigoni F, Boatta E, Bruno F, Chiang JB, Garnon J et al.. Percutaneous management of bone metastases: state of the art, interventional strategies and joint position statement of the Italian College of MSK Radiology (ICoMSKR) and the Italian College of Interventional Radiology (ICIR). La Radiologia medica 2019. link 61 Giles SL, Brown MRD, Rivens I, Deppe M, Huisman M, Kim YS et al.. Comparison of Imaging Changes and Pain Responses in Patients with Intra- or Extraosseous Bone Metastases Treated Palliatively with Magnetic Resonance-Guided High-Intensity-Focused Ultrasound. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2019. link 62 Bianchini C, Corazzi V, Malagò M, Bellini T, Stomeo F, Ciorba A et al.. Pain in head and neck cancer patients: the role of gender. Journal of B.U.ON. : official journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology 2019. link 63 Spencer K, Velikova G, Henry A, Westhoff P, Hall PT, van der Linden YM. Net Pain Relief After Palliative Radiation Therapy for Painful Bone Metastases: A Useful Measure to Reflect Response Duration? A Further Analysis of the Dutch Bone Metastasis Study. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2019. link 64 Wilson DD, Alonso CE, Sim AJ, Peck T, Handsfield LL, Chen Q et al.. STAT RT: a prospective pilot clinical trial of Scan-Plan-QA-Treat stereotactic body radiation therapy for painful osseous metastases. Annals of palliative medicine 2019. link 65 Sadremomtaz A, Masoumi M. An assessment of bone-seeking radionuclides for palliation of metastatic bone pain in a vertebral model. Annals of nuclear medicine 2019. link 66 Saito T, Toya R, Oya N. Pain Response Rates After Conventional Radiation Therapy for Bone Metastases in Prospective Nonrandomized Studies: A Systematic Review. Practical radiation oncology 2019. link 67 Silva MF, Marta GN, Lisboa FPC, Watte G, Trippa F, Maranzano E et al.. Hypofractionated radiotherapy for complicated bone metastases in patients with poor performance status: a phase II international trial. Tumori 2019. link 68 Cellini F, Manfrida S, Deodato F, Cilla S, Maranzano E, Pergolizzi S et al.. Pain REduction with bone metastases STereotactic radiotherapy (PREST): A phase III randomized multicentric trial. Trials 2019. link 69 Bongiovanni A, Recine F, Fausti V, Foca F, Casadei R, Falasconi MC et al.. Ten-year experience of the multidisciplinary Osteoncology Center. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 2019. link 70 Habberstad R, Hjermstad MJ, Brunelli C, Kaasa S, Bennett MI, Pardon K et al.. Which factors can aid clinicians to identify a risk of pain during the following month in patients with bone metastases? A longitudinal analyses. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 2019. link 71 . Targeting JAG1 Sensitizes Bone Metastases to Chemotherapy. Cancer discovery 2018. link 72 Arrigoni F, Bruno F, Zugaro L, Natella R, Cappabianca S, Russo U et al.. Developments in the management of bone metastases with interventional radiology. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis 2018. link 73 Chen ZQ, Wang CR, Ma XJ, Sun W, Shen JK, Sun MX et al.. Evaluation of Quality of Life Using EORTC QLQ-BM22 in Patients with Bone Metastases after Treatment with Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound. Orthopaedic surgery 2018. link 74 Laredo JD, Chiras J, Kemel S, Taihi L, Hamze B. Vertebroplasty and interventional radiology procedures for bone metastases. Joint bone spine 2018. link 75 White P, Arnold R, Bull J, Cicero B. The Use of Corticosteroids as Adjuvant Therapy for Painful Bone Metastases: A Large Cross-Sectional Survey of Palliative Care Providers. The American journal of hospice & palliative care 2018. link 76 Skamene S, Agarwal I, Makar M, Krishnan M, Spektor A, Hertan L et al.. Impact of a dedicated palliative radiation oncology service on the use of single fraction and hypofractionated radiation therapy among patients with bone metastases. Annals of palliative medicine 2018. link 77 Walker GV, Shirvani SM, Borghero Y, Callister MD, Chamberlain DD, Grade EJ et al.. Palliation or Prolongation? The Impact of a Peer-Review Intervention on Shortening Radiotherapy Schedules for Bone Metastases. Journal of oncology practice 2018. link 78 Chow S, Ding K, Wan BA, Brundage M, Meyer RM, Nabid A et al.. Patient Reported Outcomes After Radiation Therapy for Bone Metastases as a Function of Age: A Secondary Analysis of the NCIC CTG SC-Twenty-Three Randomized Trial. The American journal of hospice & palliative care 2018. link 79 Rich SE, Chow R, Raman S, Liang Zeng K, Lutz S, Lam H et al.. Update of the systematic review of palliative radiation therapy fractionation for bone metastases. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 2018. link 80 Niglas M, Raman S, Rodin D, Detsky J, DeAngelis C, Soliman H et al.. Should dexamethasone be standard in the prophylaxis of pain flare after palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases?-a debate. Annals of palliative medicine 2018. link 81 Suzuki G, Yamazaki H, Aibe N, Masui K, Sasaki N, Tatekawa K et al.. Palliative Reirradiation for Painful Bone Metastases: Clinical Cases and Literature Review. The Kurume medical journal 2018. link 82 Capuccini J, Macchia G, Farina E, Buwenge M, Genovesi D, Caravatta L et al.. Short-course regimen of palliative radiotherapy in complicated bone metastases: a phase i-ii study (SHARON Project). Clinical & experimental metastasis 2018. link 83 Chow R, Ding K, Ganesh V, Meyer RM, van der Linden YM, Roos D et al.. Gender and age make no difference in the re-irradiation of painful bone metastases: A secondary analysis of the NCIC CTG SC.20 randomized trial. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 2018. link 84 Nakata E, Sugihara S, Kataoka M, Yamashita N, Furumatsu T, Takigawa T et al.. Early response assessment of palliative conventional radiotherapy for painful uncomplicated vertebral bone metastases. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2018. link 85 Harding D, Giles SL, Brown MRD, Ter Haar GR, van den Bosch M, Bartels LW et al.. Evaluation of Quality of Life Outcomes Following Palliative Treatment of Bone Metastases with Magnetic Resonance-guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound: An International Multicentre Study. Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)) 2018. link 86 Baba K, Kaida H, Hattori C, Muraki K, Kugiyama T, Fujita H et al.. Tumoricidal effect and pain relief after concurrent therapy by strontium-89 chloride and zoledronic acid for bone metastases. Hellenic journal of nuclear medicine 2018. link 87 Burgard CA, Dinkel J, Strobl F, Paprottka PM, Schramm N, Reiser M et al.. CT fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous osteoplasty with or without radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of painful extraspinal and spinal bone metastases: technical outcome and complications in 29 patients. Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) 2018. link 88 Mendoza TR, Dueck AC, Shi Q, Ma H, Zhang J, Qian Y et al.. The contribution of pain in determining the health status of cancer patients with bone metastases: A secondary analysis of data from three Phase III registration trials. European journal of pain (London, England) 2018. link 89 Yee AJ, Raje NS. Denosumab for the treatment of bone disease in solid tumors and multiple myeloma. Future oncology (London, England) 2018. link 90 Chiras J, Shotar E, Cormier E, Clarençon F. Interventional radiology in bone metastases. European journal of cancer care 2017. link 91 Berwouts D, De Wolf K, De Neve W, Olteanu LA, Lambert B, Speleers B et al.. Variations in target volume definition and dose to normal tissue using anatomic versus biological imaging (. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology 2017. link 92 Furfari A, Wan BA, Ding K, Wong A, Zhu L, Bezjak A et al.. Genetic biomarkers associated with response to palliative radiotherapy in patients with painful bone metastases. Annals of palliative medicine 2017. link 93 Furfari A, Wan BA, Ding K, Wong A, Zhu L, Bezjak A et al.. Genetic biomarkers associated with changes in quality of life and pain following palliative radiotherapy in patients with bone metastases. Annals of palliative medicine 2017. link 94 Bushehri A, Czarnota G, Zhang L, Hynynen K, Huang Y, Chan M et al.. Urinary cytokines/chemokines after magnetic resonance-guided high intensity focused ultrasound for palliative treatment of painful bone metastases. Annals of palliative medicine 2017. link 95 van der Velden JM, Peters M, Verlaan JJ, Versteeg AL, Zhang L, Tsao M et al.. Development and Internal Validation of a Clinical Risk Score to Predict Pain Response After Palliative Radiation Therapy in Patients With Bone Metastases. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2017. link 96 Furfari A, Wan BA, Ding K, Wong A, Zhu L, Bezjak A et al.. Genetic biomarkers associated with pain flare and dexamethasone response following palliative radiotherapy in patients with painful bone metastases. Annals of palliative medicine 2017. link 97 Mendez LC, Raman S, Wan BA, da Silva JLP, Moraes FY, Lima KMLB et al.. Quality of life in responders after palliative radiation therapy for painful bone metastases using EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BM22: results of a Brazilian cohort. Annals of palliative medicine 2017. link 98 Chow R, Hoskin P, Chan S, Mesci A, Hollenberg D, Lam H et al.. Efficacy of multiple fraction conventional radiation therapy for painful uncomplicated bone metastases: A systematic review. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 2017. link 99 Chow R, Hoskin P, Hollenberg D, Lam M, Dennis K, Lutz S et al.. Efficacy of single fraction conventional radiation therapy for painful uncomplicated bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of palliative medicine 2017. link 100 Zaporowska-Stachowiak I, Łuczak J, Hoffmann K, Stachowiak K, Bryl W, Sopata M. Managing metastatic bone pain: New perspectives, different solutions. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2017. link