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Cardiology411 papers

Arterial thrombosis of spinal cord

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Arterial thrombosis of the spinal cord, while not directly addressed in the provided abstracts, can be inferred to involve similar mechanisms as other arterial thromboses, characterized by the formation of a clot within an artery leading to ischemia and potential neurological deficits. 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172

Diagnosis

  • Imaging studies (e.g., MRI, CT angiography) to identify clot and assess extent of ischemia.
  • Doppler ultrasound for lower extremity arterial thrombosis, potentially relevant for peripheral arterial involvement.
  • Laboratory tests to assess coagulation profile and platelet function. 121526364868

    • Management

  • Antiplatelet therapy: Aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitors (e.g., clopidogrel, ticagrelor) to inhibit platelet aggregation. 124222565
  • Anticoagulation: Heparin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for more severe cases or specific patient profiles. 1519263668
  • Thrombolysis: Catheter-directed thrombolysis with agents like tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for acute occlusions. 4068
  • Mechanical thrombectomy: Aspiration or rotational thrombectomy devices for clot removal. 4868
  • Supportive care: Management of complications such as pain, infection, and rehabilitation. 121536

    • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Increased recognition of arterial thrombosis in children, often associated with central venous catheters. 6
  • Elderly: Higher risk due to comorbidities like hypertension and hypercoagulable states; careful consideration of bleeding risk with anticoagulation. 121965
  • Comorbidities: Presence of MTHFR mutations may influence onset age and management strategies. 12
  • Pregnancy: Caution with antiplatelet and anticoagulant use due to potential risks to mother and fetus; individualized treatment plans required. 23

    • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor for acute arterial thrombosis. (Evidence: Strong 1242265)
  • Consider anticoagulation with heparin or DOACs in severe cases or high-risk patients, balancing thrombotic and bleeding risks. (Evidence: Moderate 151968)
  • Employ catheter-directed thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy for acute occlusions, guided by imaging and patient-specific factors. (Evidence: Moderate 4068)
  • Tailor management in special populations, particularly children and elderly patients, considering unique risks and benefits. (Evidence: Expert opinion 61219)

    • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 334 indexed papers.

    1 Waresi M, Zhou H, Jiao C, Hu J, Shi M, Lin X et al.. IL-18 potentiates platelet activation and thrombosis through IL-18Rα-dependent MAPKs and PI3K/Akt signaling. Biochemical pharmacology 2026. link 2 Huang J, Liu S, Wu Q, Huang H, Zhu R, Wu W. Procedural Determinants of Aspiration Thrombectomy Performance in Femoral and Iliac Artery Models: An In Vitro Study. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 3 Bershadsky ES, Nechipurenko DY. Thrombin activity confinement and dense granule release drive the dynamics of arterial thrombus. PLoS computational biology 2026. link 4 Wang W, Li Y, Liu Y, Sun Z, Zhao B, Song F. Quercetin targeted NF-κB to regulate platelet activation and prevent arterial thrombosis. Tissue & cell 2026. link 5 Sridharan K. Antiplatelet-Proton Pump Inhibitor Interactions and Arterial Thrombotic Events: A Pharmacovigilance Assessment using Disproportionality and Interaction Analysis. Current cardiology reviews 2025. link 6 Bosch A, Albisetti M, Goldenberg NA, Van Ommen HC, Rizzi M. Results of a multinational survey on the diagnostic and management practices of catheter-related arterial thrombosis in children and neonates: communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Pediatric and Neonatal Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2025. link 7 Watanabe N, Shinozaki Y, Ogiwara S, Miyagasako R, Sasaki A, Kato J et al.. Diphenyl-tetrazol-propanamide Derivatives Act as Dual-Specific Antagonists of Platelet CLEC-2 and Glycoprotein VI. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2024. link 8 Bresette CA, Ashworth KJ, Di Paola J, Ku DN. N-Acetyl Cysteine Prevents Arterial Thrombosis in a Dose-Dependent Manner In Vitro and in Mice. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2024. link 9 Chen Z, Yuan C, Ye Y, Lu B, Hu E, Lu F et al.. Dual-targeting fucoidan-based microvesicle for arterial thrombolysis and re-occlusion inhibition. Carbohydrate polymers 2024. link 10 Du J, Fogelson AL. A computational investigation of occlusive arterial thrombosis. Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology 2024. link 11 Swan D, Connors JM, Thachil J. Dilemmas in hematology: consults in patients with arterial thrombosis. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2023. link 12 Ames PRJ, D'Andrea G, Marottoli V, Arcaro A, Iannaccone L, Maraglione M et al.. Earlier onset of peripheral arterial thrombosis in homozygous MTHFR C677T carriers than in other MTHFR genotypes: a cohort study. Clinical and experimental medicine 2023. link 13 Li S, Wang W, Lin L, Yang L, Cai Y, Yang X et al.. Oligosaccharide Blocks PAR1 (Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1)-PAR4-Mediated Platelet Activation by Binding to Thrombin Exosite II and Impairs Thrombosis. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2023. link 14 Wang Y, Jian C, Long Y, Xu X, Song Y, Yin Z. H. Acta biomaterialia 2023. link 15 Li Y, Singh SI, Vasarhelyi E, Cubillos J. Perioperative point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of acute lower extremity arterial thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty revision: a case report. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 2022. link 16 Kennedy P, Klass D, Chung J. Non-target digital ischemia in an ulnar artery distribution following transradial access: Case report and review of best practice techniques. The journal of vascular access 2022. link 17 Zhang Y, Li L, Zhou Q, Li W, Li M, Guo G et al.. An inhibitor of myosin II, blebbistatin, suppresses development of arterial thrombosis. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2020. link 18 Chen Y, Ju LA. Biomechanical thrombosis: the dark side of force and dawn of mechano-medicine. Stroke and vascular neurology 2020. link 19 Ogawa H, Souri M, Kanouchi K, Osaki T, Ohkubo R, Kawanishi T et al.. A high titer of acquired factor V inhibitor in a hemodialysis patient who developed arterial thrombosis. International journal of hematology 2019. link 20 Kulkarni PP, Tiwari A, Singh N, Gautam D, Sonkar VK, Agarwal V et al.. Aerobic glycolysis fuels platelet activation: small-molecule modulators of platelet metabolism as anti-thrombotic agents. Haematologica 2019. link 21 Reinhardt C. The Gut Microbiota as an Influencing Factor of Arterial Thrombosis. Hamostaseologie 2019. link 22 Reiner MF, Akhmedov A, Stivala S, Keller S, Gaul DS, Bonetti NR et al.. Ticagrelor, but not clopidogrel, reduces arterial thrombosis via endothelial tissue factor suppression. Cardiovascular research 2017. link 23 Larivée N, Suissa S, Eberg M, Joseph L, Eisenberg MJ, Abenhaim HA et al.. Drospirenone-containing combined oral contraceptives and the risk of arterial thrombosis: a population-based nested case-control study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2017. link 24 Gasecka A, Böing AN, Filipiak KJ, Nieuwland R. Platelet extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for arterial thrombosis. Platelets 2017. link 25 Ambrosi P, Daumas A, Villani P, Giorgi R. Meta-analysis of major bleeding events on aspirin versus vitamin K antagonists in randomized trials. International journal of cardiology 2017. link 26 Vassequi-Silva T, Pereira DS, Nery Diez ACC, Braga GG, Godoy JA, Mendes CB et al.. Losartan and captopril treatment rescue normal thrombus formation in microfibril associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1) deficient mice. Thrombosis research 2016. link 27 Lu WJ, Lin KC, Liu CP, Lin CY, Wu HC, Chou DS et al.. Prevention of arterial thrombosis by nobiletin: in vitro and in vivo studies. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2016. link 28 Alame G, Mangin PH, Freund M, Riehl N, Magnenat S, Petitou M et al.. EP217609, a neutralisable dual-action FIIa/FXa anticoagulant, with antithrombotic effects in arterial thrombosis. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2015. link 29 Prakash P, Kulkarni PP, Chauhan AK. Thrombospondin 1 requires von Willebrand factor to modulate arterial thrombosis in mice. Blood 2015. link 30 Uitte de Willige S, Malfliet JJ, Deckers JW, Dippel DW, Leebeek FW, Rijken DC. Plasma levels of soluble fibroblast activation protein in arterial thrombosis: determinants and cleavage of its substrate alpha-2-antiplasmin. International journal of cardiology 2015. link 31 Hermanowicz JM, Buczko P, Tankiewicz-Kwedlo A, Hermanowicz A, Buczko W. Impact of aliskiren on some hemostatic parameters in experimental arterial thrombosis in rats. Pharmacological reports : PR 2015. link 32 Laurent PA, Séverin S, Hechler B, Vanhaesebroeck B, Payrastre B, Gratacap MP. Platelet PI3Kβ and GSK3 regulate thrombus stability at a high shear rate. Blood 2015. link 33 Musumeci L, Kuijpers MJ, Gilio K, Hego A, Théâtre E, Maurissen L et al.. Dual-specificity phosphatase 3 deficiency or inhibition limits platelet activation and arterial thrombosis. Circulation 2015. link 34 Holy EW, Jakob P, Eickner T, Camici GG, Beer JH, Akhmedov A et al.. PI3K/p110α inhibition selectively interferes with arterial thrombosis and neointima formation, but not re-endothelialization: potential implications for drug-eluting stent design. European heart journal 2014. link 35 Mosawy S, Jackson DE, Woodman OL, Linden MD. Inhibition of platelet-mediated arterial thrombosis and platelet granule exocytosis by 3',4'-dihydroxyflavonol and quercetin. Platelets 2013. link 36 Baker JF, Nazarian LN, Olin JW, Pullman-Mooar S. Case report: acute thrombotic occlusion and pseudoaneurysm of the brachial artery diagnosed by Doppler ultrasound after nondiagnostic angiography. Clinical rheumatology 2013. link 37 Ijiri Y, Ikarugi H, Tamura Y, Ura M, Morishita M, Hamada A et al.. Antithrombotic effect of taurine in healthy Japanese people may be related to an increased endogenous thrombolytic activity. Thrombosis research 2013. link 38 Golder M, Mewburn J, Lillicrap D. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effect of elevated factor VIII on the thrombogenic process. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2013. link 39 Vicente CP, Weiler H, Di Cera E, Tollefsen DM. Thrombomodulin is required for the antithrombotic activity of thrombin mutant W215A/E217A in a mouse model of arterial thrombosis. Thrombosis research 2012. link 40 Schrijver AM, Reijnen MM, van Oostayen JA, Hoksbergen AW, Lely RJ, van Leersum M et al.. Initial results of catheter-directed ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis for thromboembolic obstructions of the aortofemoral arteries: a feasibility study. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2012. link 41 Schrijver EJ, Deenik W, Chon H, Koedam N, Spoelstra-de Man AM. An unusual case of abdominal arterial thrombosis in a young woman using desmopressin. Clinical biochemistry 2012. link 42 Hu G, Liu C, Liao Y, Yang L, Huang R, Wu J et al.. Ultrasound molecular imaging of arterial thrombi with novel microbubbles modified by cyclic RGD in vitro and in vivo. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2012. link 43 De Candia E. Mechanisms of platelet activation by thrombin: a short history. Thrombosis research 2012. link 44 Min SK, Kwon OC, Lee S, Park KH, Kim JK. An antithrombotic fucoidan, unlike heparin, does not prolong bleeding time in a murine arterial thrombosis model: a comparative study of Undaria pinnatifida sporophylls and Fucus vesiculosus. Phytotherapy research : PTR 2012. link 45 Hosokawa K, Ohnishi T, Fukasawa M, Kondo T, Sameshima H, Koide T et al.. A microchip flow-chamber system for quantitative assessment of the platelet thrombus formation process. Microvascular research 2012. link 46 Lee H, Sturgeon SA, Jackson SP, Hamilton JR. The contribution of thrombin-induced platelet activation to thrombus growth is diminished under pathological blood shear conditions. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2012. link 47 Steinhubl SR. Historical observations on the discovery of platelets, platelet function testing and the first antiplatelet agent. Current drug targets 2011. link 48 Laganà D, Carrafiello G, Lumia D, Fontana F, Mangini M, Vizzari FA et al.. Recanalisation of thrombotic arterial occlusions with rotational thrombectomy. La Radiologia medica 2011. link 49 Roussa VD, Stathopoulou EM, Papamichael ND, Englezopoulos CV, Rousouli KI, Trypou P et al.. A highly constrained cyclic (S,S)-CDC- peptide is a potent inhibitor of carotid artery thrombosis in rabbits. Platelets 2011. link 50 Lakota K, Thallinger GG, Cucnik S, Bozic B, Mrak-Poljsak K, Ambrozic A et al.. Could antibodies against serum amyloid A function as physiological regulators in humans?. Autoimmunity 2011. link 51 Breitenstein A, Stein S, Holy EW, Camici GG, Lohmann C, Akhmedov A et al.. Sirt1 inhibition promotes in vivo arterial thrombosis and tissue factor expression in stimulated cells. Cardiovascular research 2011. link 52 Nissinen L, Pentikäinen OT, Jouppila A, Käpylä J, Ojala M, Nieminen J et al.. A small-molecule inhibitor of integrin alpha2 beta1 introduces a new strategy for antithrombotic therapy. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2010. link 53 Hechler B, Nonne C, Eckly A, Magnenat S, Rinckel JY, Denis CV et al.. Arterial thrombosis: relevance of a model with two levels of severity assessed by histologic, ultrastructural and functional characterization. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2010. link 54 Toda E, Ishida H, Aoki T, Urano T, Takahari Y, Tamura N et al.. Possible mechanism of preventive effects of coffee intake on the formation of arterial occlusive thrombosis. The Tokai journal of experimental and clinical medicine 2010. link 55 Camici GG, Steffel J, Amanovic I, Breitenstein A, Baldinger J, Keller S et al.. Rapamycin promotes arterial thrombosis in vivo: implications for everolimus and zotarolimus eluting stents. 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    Original source

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      IL-18 potentiates platelet activation and thrombosis through IL-18Rα-dependent MAPKs and PI3K/Akt signaling. — Waresi M, Zhou H, Jiao C, Hu J, Shi M, Lin X et al. Biochemical pharmacology (2026)
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      Procedural Determinants of Aspiration Thrombectomy Performance in Femoral and Iliac Artery Models: An In Vitro Study. — Huang J, Liu S, Wu Q, Huang H, Zhu R, Wu W Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
    3. [3]
      Thrombin activity confinement and dense granule release drive the dynamics of arterial thrombus. — Bershadsky ES, Nechipurenko DY PLoS computational biology (2026)
    4. [4]
      Quercetin targeted NF-κB to regulate platelet activation and prevent arterial thrombosis. — Wang W, Li Y, Liu Y, Sun Z, Zhao B, Song F Tissue & cell (2026)
    5. [5]
      Antiplatelet-Proton Pump Inhibitor Interactions and Arterial Thrombotic Events: A Pharmacovigilance Assessment using Disproportionality and Interaction Analysis. — Sridharan K Current cardiology reviews (2025)
    6. [6]
      Results of a multinational survey on the diagnostic and management practices of catheter-related arterial thrombosis in children and neonates: communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Pediatric and Neonatal Thrombosis and Hemostasis. — Bosch A, Albisetti M, Goldenberg NA, Van Ommen HC, Rizzi M Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH (2025)
    7. [7]
      Diphenyl-tetrazol-propanamide Derivatives Act as Dual-Specific Antagonists of Platelet CLEC-2 and Glycoprotein VI. — Watanabe N, Shinozaki Y, Ogiwara S, Miyagasako R, Sasaki A, Kato J et al. Thrombosis and haemostasis (2024)
    8. [8]
      N-Acetyl Cysteine Prevents Arterial Thrombosis in a Dose-Dependent Manner In Vitro and in Mice. — Bresette CA, Ashworth KJ, Di Paola J, Ku DN Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology (2024)
    9. [9]
      Dual-targeting fucoidan-based microvesicle for arterial thrombolysis and re-occlusion inhibition. — Chen Z, Yuan C, Ye Y, Lu B, Hu E, Lu F et al. Carbohydrate polymers (2024)
    10. [10]
      A computational investigation of occlusive arterial thrombosis. — Du J, Fogelson AL Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology (2024)
    11. [11]
      Dilemmas in hematology: consults in patients with arterial thrombosis. — Swan D, Connors JM, Thachil J Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH (2023)
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      Earlier onset of peripheral arterial thrombosis in homozygous MTHFR C677T carriers than in other MTHFR genotypes: a cohort study. — Ames PRJ, D'Andrea G, Marottoli V, Arcaro A, Iannaccone L, Maraglione M et al. Clinical and experimental medicine (2023)
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      Oligosaccharide Blocks PAR1 (Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1)-PAR4-Mediated Platelet Activation by Binding to Thrombin Exosite II and Impairs Thrombosis. — Li S, Wang W, Lin L, Yang L, Cai Y, Yang X et al. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology (2023)
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      Perioperative point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of acute lower extremity arterial thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty revision: a case report. — Li Y, Singh SI, Vasarhelyi E, Cubillos J Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie (2022)
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      Non-target digital ischemia in an ulnar artery distribution following transradial access: Case report and review of best practice techniques. — Kennedy P, Klass D, Chung J The journal of vascular access (2022)
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      An inhibitor of myosin II, blebbistatin, suppresses development of arterial thrombosis. — Zhang Y, Li L, Zhou Q, Li W, Li M, Guo G et al. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie (2020)
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      Biomechanical thrombosis: the dark side of force and dawn of mechano-medicine. — Chen Y, Ju LA Stroke and vascular neurology (2020)
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      Aerobic glycolysis fuels platelet activation: small-molecule modulators of platelet metabolism as anti-thrombotic agents. — Kulkarni PP, Tiwari A, Singh N, Gautam D, Sonkar VK, Agarwal V et al. Haematologica (2019)
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      The Gut Microbiota as an Influencing Factor of Arterial Thrombosis. — Reinhardt C Hamostaseologie (2019)
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      Ticagrelor, but not clopidogrel, reduces arterial thrombosis via endothelial tissue factor suppression. — Reiner MF, Akhmedov A, Stivala S, Keller S, Gaul DS, Bonetti NR et al. Cardiovascular research (2017)
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      Drospirenone-containing combined oral contraceptives and the risk of arterial thrombosis: a population-based nested case-control study. — Larivée N, Suissa S, Eberg M, Joseph L, Eisenberg MJ, Abenhaim HA et al. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2017)
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      Losartan and captopril treatment rescue normal thrombus formation in microfibril associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1) deficient mice. — Vassequi-Silva T, Pereira DS, Nery Diez ACC, Braga GG, Godoy JA, Mendes CB et al. Thrombosis research (2016)
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