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Cardiology455 papers

Hemichorea

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Hemichorea, often associated with basal ganglia disorders, can also occur secondary to structural lesions such as cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). It manifests as involuntary, irregular movements typically affecting one side of the body. 16 23

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Sudden onset of unilateral choreiform movements.

Imaging Studies: MRI and MRA are crucial for identifying underlying AVMs or other vascular malformations. 1 16 23

Angiography: Digital subtraction angiography can confirm the presence and characteristics of AVMs. 5 16

Grading: Spetzler-Martin grading system may help assess the complexity and surgical risk of AVMs. 33

Management

Endovascular Embolization: Primary treatment for AVMs contributing to hemichorea, often using n-butyl cyanoacrylate or Onyx. 16 21 27 55

Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Effective for residual AVM nidus post-embolization, particularly in larger lesions. 4 40 49 57

Surgical Resection: Considered for surgically accessible AVMs, especially in pediatric cases. 46 64

Medical Management: Symptomatic treatment with dopaminergic agents if chorea is prominent. 16

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Increased risk of AVM rupture; close monitoring and potential intervention advised. 24 41

Pediatrics: AVMs in children may present differently and require tailored management strategies, including radiosurgery. 40 63 64

Elderly: Consider comorbidities and functional status when choosing treatment modalities; radiosurgery may be preferred due to lower invasiveness. 48

Key Recommendations

Imaging with MRI and MRA is essential for diagnosing AVMs associated with hemichorea. (Evidence: Strong 1 23)

Endovascular embolization should be considered as a first-line treatment for AVMs causing hemichorea, with careful selection of embolic agents. (Evidence: Moderate 16 21 27)

Stereotactic radiosurgery is recommended for residual AVM nidus post-embolization, particularly in larger lesions, to reduce hemorrhage risk. (Evidence: Moderate 4 49 57)

Close monitoring during pregnancy for women with AVMs due to elevated rupture risk. (Evidence: Moderate 24 41)

Tailored management for pediatric AVMs, favoring radiosurgery when feasible, to minimize neurological impact. (Evidence: Expert opinion 63 64)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 329 indexed papers.

1 Dunham C, Maxwell C, Bernardo K, Bilimoria F. Ruptured Infantile Meningeal Cerebral Arteriovenous Fistula Mimicking Shaken Baby Syndrome: A Cautionary Case Report. The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology 2026. link 2 Chamba-Vozmediano FD, Abdo-Sarras G, Durán F, Flores-Enderica C, Lemos-Garrido T, González-Andrade F. Does living in the Andes make cerebral arteriovenous malformations more dangerous? high altitude fails to predict hemorrhage in a large Ecuadorian cohort. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2026. link 3 Abou-Mrad T, McGuire LS, Theiss P, Hossa J, Bram R, Pearce C et al.. Feeder Artery Aneurysms in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations: Demographic, Clinical, and Morphological Associations. Neurosurgery 2026. link 4 Mohr L, Lishewski P, Schymalla M, Tas KT, Smalec E, Engenhart-Cabillic R et al.. Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations : Evaluation of long-term outcomes in a single institute cohort. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] 2026. link 5 Das S, Raffalli-Ebezant H, Kasher PR, Parry-Jones A, Patel HC. Can angiogenesis be reliably determined on digital subtraction angiography in cerebral arteriovenous malformations?. British journal of neurosurgery 2026. link 6 Li N, Zhang Y, Wang C, Han H, Ma L, Li R et al.. Long-Term Outcomes and Natural Course of Giant Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations (> 6 cm): Insights From a National Multicenter Propensity Score-Matched Cohort. European journal of neurology 2026. link 7 Maruyama D, Iida H, Koshino K, Nakagawara J, Morita Y, Hashimura N et al.. Comparative analysis of peri-nidal cerebral blood flow and metabolism using a novel quantitative . Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2025. link 8 Shimada K, Yamaguchi I, Miyamoto T, Korai M, Koyama H, Enomoto N et al.. Changes in Expression Profiles of Caspase-8 and Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like Protein/Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 3 Mediated by Inflammation in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Associated With Clinical Condition on Admission. Journal of the American Heart Association 2025. link 9 Kıyak V, Beyhan M, Gökçe E. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of cerebral venous malformations. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2025. link 10 Wang C, Lau TS, Han H, Li R, Li Z, Zhu Q et al.. Development and Validation of an Interpretable Hemodynamics-Based Machine Learning Model for Predicting Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Rupture. Translational stroke research 2025. link 11 Zhao Z, Wang H, Min X, Li Z, Feng F. Controlled hypotension under rapid ventricular pacing technique in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation -a case report. Korean journal of anesthesiology 2025. link 12 McGuire LS, Rizko M, Brunozzi D, Charbel FT, Alaraj A. Vessel wall imaging and quantitative flow assessment in arteriovenous malformations: A feasibility study. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2024. link 13 Nascimento VS, Coelho DS, Chang Mulato JE, Filho JMC, Doria-Netto HL, Ferreira APVN et al.. Cerebral arteriovenous malformation and foreign accent syndrome: a case report. British journal of neurosurgery 2024. link 14 Thomas JT, Hrishi P AP, Praveen R, Sethuraman M, Prathapadas U, Vimala S et al.. Use of near infrared spectroscopy for the prediction of perioperative complications in patients undergoing elective microsurgical resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations- a prospective observational trial (NIRSCAM trial). Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 2024. link 15 Kumar JI, Wasserman J, Heller RS, Agazzi S. Spontaneous resolution of cerebral arteriovenous malformation after liver transplant: illustrative case. British journal of neurosurgery 2024. link 16 Housley SB, Waqas M, Cappuzzo JM, Almayman F, Metcalf-Doetsch W, Siddiqui AH. Transarterial and transvenous pial arteriovenous Fistula embolization: A video case report. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2024. link 17 Świątnicki W, Böcher-Schwarz HG, Standhardt H. Growth of Flow-Related Aneurysms Following Occlusion of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2024. link 18 Luther E, McCarthy DJ, Burks J, Govindarajan V, Lu VM, Silva M et al.. National reduction in cerebral arteriovenous malformation treatment correlated with increased rupture incidence. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2023. link 19 Letchuman V, Mittal AM, Gupta HR, Ampie L, Raper D, Armonda RA et al.. The Era of Onyx Embolization: A Systematic and Literature Review of Preoperative Embolization Before Stereotactic Radiosurgery for the Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations. World neurosurgery 2023. link 20 Das S, Kasher P, Waqar M, Parry-Jones A, Patel H. Reporting of angiographic studies in patients diagnosed with a cerebral arteriovenous malformation: a systematic review. F1000Research 2023. link 21 Vollherbst DF, Chapot R, Bendszus M, Möhlenbruch MA. Glue, Onyx, Squid or PHIL? Liquid Embolic Agents for the Embolization of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations and Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas. Clinical neuroradiology 2022. link 22 Ménissier A, Petit A, Bougaci N, Hamdan N, Lemoine C, Faddoul J et al.. Interest of awake surgery for ruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations close to speech areas - Surgical note. Neuro-Chirurgie 2022. link 23 Cornet MC, Li Y, Simmons RL, Baker A, Fullerton HJ, Hetts SW et al.. Outcome of Neonates Presenting With Severe Cardiac Failure due to Cerebral Arteriovenous Fistula. Pediatric neurology 2022. link 24 Lee S, Kim Y, Navi BB, Abdelkhaleq R, Salazar-Marioni S, Blackburn SL et al.. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage associated with pregnancy in women with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2021. link 25 Tsang ACO, Wong DPH, Cheuk W, Fok KF. Pseudoaneurysm formation and rupture after stereotactic radiotherapy for cerebral arteriovenous malformation: a case report and review of literature. British journal of neurosurgery 2021. link 26 Shimada K, Yamaguchi T, Miyamoto T, Sogabe S, Korai M, Okazaki T et al.. Efficacy of intraarterial superselective indocyanine green videoangiography in cerebral arteriovenous malformation surgery in a hybrid operating room. Journal of neurosurgery 2021. link 27 See AP, Mohammaden MH, Rizko M, Stapleton CJ, Amin-Hanjani S, Charbel FT et al.. Morbidity and mortality associated with sequential flow reduction embolization technique of cerebral arteriovenous malformations using n-butyl cyanoacrylate. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2021. link 28 Appavu B, Foldes S, Burrows BT, Jacobson A, Abruzzo T, Boerwinkle V et al.. Multimodal Assessment of Cerebral Autoregulation and Autonomic Function After Pediatric Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Rupture. Neurocritical care 2021. link 29 Vollherbst DF, Chapot R, Wallocha M, Saatci I, Cekirge S, Rouchaud A et al.. First clinical multicenter experience with the new Scepter Mini microballoon catheter. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2021. link 30 Srinivas S, Retson T, Simon A, Hattangadi-Gluth J, Hsiao A, Farid N. Quantification of hemodynamics of cerebral arteriovenous malformations after stereotactic radiosurgery using 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2021. link 31 Hirschmann D, Goebl P, Witte FH, Gatterbauer B, Wang WT, Dodier P et al.. Evaluation of the radiosurgical treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a retrospective single-center analysis of three decades. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2020. link 32 Deng X, Wei X, Zhang Y, Wang B, Zhang D, Yu S et al.. Impact of AVM location on language cortex right-hemisphere reorganization: A voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2020. link 33 Naik S, Bhoi SK. Association of venous varix and developmental venous anomaly: report of a case and review of literature. BMJ case reports 2019. link 34 Bass DI, Walker M, Ferreira M, Ghodke B. A case report of an unruptured tectal AVM presenting with obstructive hydrocephalus that resolved upon spontaneous obliteration of the venous varix. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2019. link 35 Sirakov SS, Sirakov A, Minkin K, Hristov H, Ninov K, Penkov M et al.. Initial experience with precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2019. link 36 Haryu S, Endo H, Endo T, Sato K, Fujimura M, Tominaga T. Growth of Thrombosed Cerebral Venous Varix Following Resection of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation: Case Report with Pathologic Consideration. World neurosurgery 2018. link 37 Babin D, Pižurica A, Velicki L, Matić V, Galić I, Leventić H et al.. Skeletonization method for vessel delineation of arteriovenous malformation. Computers in biology and medicine 2018. link 38 Mendoza-Elias N, Shakur SF, Charbel FT, Alaraj A. Cerebral arteriovenous malformation draining vein stenosis is associated with atherosclerotic risk factors. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2018. link 39 Duranovic V, Vulin K, Dakovic I, Lenicek Krleza J, Delin S, Galinovic I et al.. The characteristics of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in children with cerebral arteriovenous malformation presenting with headache. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2018. link 40 Stein KP, Huetter BO, Goericke S, Oezkan N, Leyrer R, Sandalcioglu IE et al.. Cerebral arterio-venous malformations in the paediatric population: Angiographic characteristics, multimodal treatment strategies and outcome. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2018. link 41 Zhu D, Zhao P, Lv N, Li Q, Fang Y, Li Z et al.. Rupture Risk of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations During Pregnancy and Puerperium: A Single-Center Experience and Pooled Data Analysis. World neurosurgery 2018. link 42 Feutren T, Huertas A, Salleron J, Anxionnat R, Bracard S, Klein O et al.. Modern robot-assisted radiosurgery of cerebral angiomas-own experiences, system comparisons, and comprehensive literature overview. Neurosurgical review 2018. link 43 Ognard J, Magro E, Caroff J, Ben Salem D, Andouard S, Nonent M et al.. A new time-resolved 3D angiographic technique (4D DSA): Description, and assessment of its reliability in Spetzler-Martin grading of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of neuroradiology = Journal de neuroradiologie 2018. link 44 Shakur SF, Brunozzi D, Hussein AE, Linninger A, Hsu CY, Charbel FT et al.. Validation of cerebral arteriovenous malformation hemodynamics assessed by DSA using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography: preliminary study. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2018. link 45 Elkordy A, Endo H, Sato K, Matsumoto Y, Kondo R, Niizuma K et al.. Embolization of the choroidal artery in the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of neurosurgery 2017. link 46 Schramm J, Schaller K, Esche J, Boström A. Microsurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: subgroup outcomes in a consecutive series of 288 cases. Journal of neurosurgery 2017. link 47 Ditty BJ, Omar NB, Foreman PM, Miller JH, Kicielinski KP, Fisher WS et al.. Seizure outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of neurosurgery 2017. link 48 Fukuda K, Majumdar M, Masoud H, Nguyen T, Honarmand A, Shaibani A et al.. Multicenter assessment of morbidity associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformation hemorrhages. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2017. link 49 Hanakita S, Shin M, Koga T, Igaki H, Saito N. Outcomes of Volume-Staged Radiosurgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Larger Than 20 cm(3) with More Than 3 Years of Follow-Up. World neurosurgery 2016. link 50 Deng X, Xu L, Zhang Y, Wang B, Wang S, Zhao Y et al.. Difference of language cortex reorganization between cerebral arteriovenous malformations, cavernous malformations, and gliomas: a functional MRI study. Neurosurgical review 2016. link 51 Shakur SF, Valyi-Nagy T, Amin-Hanjani S, Ya'qoub L, Aletich VA, Charbel FT et al.. Effects of nidus microarchitecture on cerebral arteriovenous malformation hemodynamics. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2016. link 52 Huo X, Jiang Y, Lv X, Yang H, Zhao Y, Li Y. Gamma Knife surgical treatment for partially embolized cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of neurosurgery 2016. link 53 Wang LJ, Lin FX, Zhao B, Wu J, Cao Y, Wang S. Testing the Reliability of BOLD-fMRI Motor Mapping in Patients with Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations by Electric Cortical Stimulation and Surgery Outcomes. World neurosurgery 2016. link 54 Majumdar M, Tan LA, Chen M. Critical assessment of the morbidity associated with ruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2016. link 55 Perhac J, Spaltenstein J, Pereira VM, Schaller K, Brina O, Cabrilo I et al.. Improving workflows of neuro-interventional procedures with autostereoscopic 3D visualization of multi-modality imaging in hybrid interventional suites. International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery 2016. link 56 Lopes DK, Moftakhar R, Straus D, Munich SA, Chaus F, Kaszuba MC. Arteriovenous malformation embocure score: AVMES. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2016. link 57 Ding D, Starke RM, Kano H, Mathieu D, Huang P, Kondziolka D et al.. Radiosurgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations in A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA)-Eligible Patients: A Multicenter Study. Stroke 2016. link 58 Heit JJ, Faisal AG, Telischak NA, Choudhri O, Do HM. Headway Duo microcatheter for cerebral arteriovenous malformation embolization with n-BCA. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2016. link 59 Lai LF, Chen M, Chen JX, Zheng K, He XY, Li XF et al.. Fistula and Infratentorial Location, Characteristics That Contribute to Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations, Lead to the Formation of Associated Aneurysms in Patients. World neurosurgery 2016. link 60 Settecase F, Hetts SW, Nicholson AD, Amans MR, Cooke DL, Dowd CF et al.. Superselective Intra-Arterial Ethanol Sclerotherapy of Feeding Artery and Nidal Aneurysms in Ruptured Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2016. link 61 Ding D, Xu Z, Starke RM, Yen CP, Shih HH, Buell TJ et al.. Radiosurgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations with Associated Arterial Aneurysms. World neurosurgery 2016. link 62 Thankavel PP, Ramaciotti C. Early echocardiographic predictor of heart failure in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Cardiology in the young 2016. link 63 Ding D, Xu Z, Yen CP, Starke RM, Sheehan JP. Radiosurgery for unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients. Acta neurochirurgica 2015. link 64 Yeo JJ, Low SY, Seow WT, Low DC. Pediatric de novo cerebral AVM: report of two cases and review of literature. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2015. link 65 Spiotta AM, James RF, Lowe SR, Vargas J, Turk AS, Chaudry MI et al.. Balloon-augmented Onyx embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations using a dual-lumen balloon: a multicenter experience. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2015. link 66 Mouchtouris N, Jabbour PM, Starke RM, Hasan DM, Zanaty M, Theofanis T et al.. Biology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with a focus on inflammation. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2015. link 67 Raoult H, Bannier E, Robert B, Barillot C, Schmitt P, Gauvrit JY. Time-resolved spin-labeled MR angiography for the depiction of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a comparison of techniques. Radiology 2014. link 68 Kaspera W, Ładziński P, Larysz P, Majchrzak H, Hebda A, Kopera M et al.. Transcranial color-coded Doppler assessment of cerebral arteriovenous malformation hemodynamics in patients treated surgically or with staged embolization. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2014. link 69 Zacest AC, Caon J, Roos DE, Potter AE, Sullivan T. LINAC radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a single centre prospective analysis and review of the literature. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2014. link 70 Murray AL, Dally M, Jeffreys A, Hwang P, Anderson JF. Neuropsychological outcomes of stereotactic radiotherapy for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2014. link 71 Kondo R, Matsumoto Y, Endo H, Miyachi S, Ezura M, Sakai N. Endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: results of the Japanese Registry of Neuroendovascular Therapy (JR-NET) 1 and 2. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2014. link 72 D'Aliberti G, Talamonti G, Piparo M, Debernardi A, Zella S, Boccardi E et al.. Venous flow rearrangement after treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a novel approach to evaluate the risks of treatment. World neurosurgery 2014. link 73 Luo CB, Guo WY, Chang FC, Wu HM, Teng MM, Lin CJ et al.. Fistula component of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: morphologic change after stereotactic radiosurgery and outcome of embolisation. Acta neurochirurgica 2014. link 74 Martínez-Galdámez M, Saura P, Saura J, Muñiz J, Albisua J, Pérez-Higueras A. Transvenous Onyx embolization of a subependymal deep arteriovenous malformation with a single drainage vein: technical note. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2014. link 75 Nataraj A, Mohamed MB, Gholkar A, Vivar R, Watkins L, Aspoas R et al.. Multimodality treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. World neurosurgery 2014. link 76 Yen CP, Schlesinger D, Sheehan JP. Natural history of cerebral arteriovenous malformations and the risk of hemorrhage after radiosurgery. Progress in neurological surgery 2013. link 77 Huang Y, Jia J. Corpus callosum hematoma secondary to cerebral venous malformation presenting as alien hand syndrome. Neurocase 2013. link 78 Ellis MJ, Armstrong D, Vachhrajani S, Kulkarni AV, Dirks PB, Drake JM et al.. Angioarchitectural features associated with hemorrhagic presentation in pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2013. link 79 Yen CP, Matsumoto JA, Wintermark M, Schwyzer L, Evans AJ, Jensen ME et al.. Radiation-induced imaging changes following Gamma Knife surgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of neurosurgery 2013. link 80 Milker-Zabel S, Kopp-Schneider A, Wiesbauer H, Schlegel W, Huber P, Debus J et al.. Proposal for a new prognostic score for linac-based radiosurgery in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2012. link 81 Skjøth-Rasmussen J, Obbekjær T, Birkeland P, Hauerberg J, Juhler M. Multimodality treatment approach in children with cerebral arteriovenous malformation--a survey in the Danish population. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2012. link 82 Radvany MG, Ehtiati T, Huang J, Mahesh M, Gailloud P. Aortic arch injection with C-arm cone beam CT for radiosurgery treatment planning of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: technical note. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2012. link 83 Chen G, Zheng M, Shu H, Zhan S, Wang H, Zhou D et al.. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor reduces apoptosis in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neuroscience letters 2012. link 84 Aziz MM, Takagi Y, Hashimoto N, Miyamoto S. Expression and activation of STAT family proteins in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. World neurosurgery 2012. link 85 Alexander MD, Hetts SW, Young WL, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Higashida RT et al.. Supernova hemorrhage: obliterative hemorrhage of brain arteriovenous malformations following γ knife radiosurgery. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2012. link 86 Vasudevan K, Spader HS, Grossberg JA, Murphy T, Jayaraman MV. Successful endovascular treatment of a holo-hemispheric cerebral arteriovenous fistula in an infant. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2012. link 87 Hattangadi JA, Chapman PH, Bussière MR, Niemierko A, Ogilvy CS, Rowell A et al.. Planned two-fraction proton beam stereotactic radiosurgery for high-risk inoperable cerebral arteriovenous malformations. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2012. link 88 Jayaraman MV, Meyers PM, Derdeyn CP, Fraser JF, Hirsch JA, Hussain MS et al.. Reporting standards for angiographic evaluation and endovascular treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2012. link 89 Tawk RG, Tummala RP, Memon MZ, Siddiqui AH, Hopkins LN, Levy EI. Utility of pharmacologic provocative neurological testing before embolization of occipital lobe arteriovenous malformations. World neurosurgery 2011. link 90 Couldwell SM, Kraus KL, Couldwell WT. Regression of cerebral arteriovenous malformation in the puerperium. Acta neurochirurgica 2011. link 91 Walcott BP, Gerrard JL, Nogueira RG, Nahed BV, Terry AR, Ogilvy CS. Microsurgical retrieval of an endovascular microcatheter trapped during Onyx embolization of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2011. link 92 Lv X, Wu Z, Jiang C, Li Y, Yang X, Zhang Y et al.. Complication risk of endovascular embolization for cerebral arteriovenous malformation. European journal of radiology 2011. link 93 Spetzler RF, Ponce FA. A 3-tier classification of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Clinical article. Journal of neurosurgery 2011. link 94 Oleaga L, Dalal SS, Weigele JB, Hurst RW, Lee J, Voorhees A et al.. The role of time-resolved 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography in the assessment and grading of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. European journal of radiology 2010. link 95 Feliciano CE, de León-Berra R, Hernández-Gaitán MS, Torres HM, Creagh O, Rodríguez-Mercado R. Provocative test with propofol: experience in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations who underwent neuroendovascular procedures. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2010. link 96 Michael SG, Swarnkar AS, Latorre JG, Ramachandran TS, Lodi YM. Revascularization of Onyx induced intra-operative occlusion of vertebro-basilar artery using the Merci device. Neurocritical care 2010. link 97 Dorfer C, Czech T, Bavinzski G, Kitz K, Mert A, Knosp E et al.. Multimodality treatment of cerebral AVMs in children: a single-centre 20 years experience. 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Original source

[1]
Ruptured Infantile Meningeal Cerebral Arteriovenous Fistula Mimicking Shaken Baby Syndrome: A Cautionary Case Report. — Dunham C, Maxwell C, Bernardo K, Bilimoria F The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology (2026)
[2]
Does living in the Andes make cerebral arteriovenous malformations more dangerous? high altitude fails to predict hemorrhage in a large Ecuadorian cohort. — Chamba-Vozmediano FD, Abdo-Sarras G, Durán F, Flores-Enderica C, Lemos-Garrido T, González-Andrade F Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association (2026)
[3]
Feeder Artery Aneurysms in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations: Demographic, Clinical, and Morphological Associations. — Abou-Mrad T, McGuire LS, Theiss P, Hossa J, Bram R, Pearce C et al. Neurosurgery (2026)
[4]
Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations : Evaluation of long-term outcomes in a single institute cohort. — Mohr L, Lishewski P, Schymalla M, Tas KT, Smalec E, Engenhart-Cabillic R et al. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] (2026)
[5]
Can angiogenesis be reliably determined on digital subtraction angiography in cerebral arteriovenous malformations? — Das S, Raffalli-Ebezant H, Kasher PR, Parry-Jones A, Patel HC British journal of neurosurgery (2026)
[6]
Long-Term Outcomes and Natural Course of Giant Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations (> 6 cm): Insights From a National Multicenter Propensity Score-Matched Cohort. — Li N, Zhang Y, Wang C, Han H, Ma L, Li R et al. European journal of neurology (2026)
[7]
Comparative analysis of peri-nidal cerebral blood flow and metabolism using a novel quantitative — Maruyama D, Iida H, Koshino K, Nakagawara J, Morita Y, Hashimura N et al. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism (2025)
[8]
Changes in Expression Profiles of Caspase-8 and Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like Protein/Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 3 Mediated by Inflammation in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Associated With Clinical Condition on Admission. — Shimada K, Yamaguchi I, Miyamoto T, Korai M, Koyama H, Enomoto N et al. Journal of the American Heart Association (2025)
[9]
Magnetic resonance imaging findings of cerebral venous malformations. — Kıyak V, Beyhan M, Gökçe E Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2025)
[10]
Development and Validation of an Interpretable Hemodynamics-Based Machine Learning Model for Predicting Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Rupture. — Wang C, Lau TS, Han H, Li R, Li Z, Zhu Q et al. Translational stroke research (2025)
[11]
Controlled hypotension under rapid ventricular pacing technique in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation -a case report. — Zhao Z, Wang H, Min X, Li Z, Feng F Korean journal of anesthesiology (2025)
[12]
Vessel wall imaging and quantitative flow assessment in arteriovenous malformations: A feasibility study. — McGuire LS, Rizko M, Brunozzi D, Charbel FT, Alaraj A Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences (2024)
[13]
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation and foreign accent syndrome: a case report. — Nascimento VS, Coelho DS, Chang Mulato JE, Filho JMC, Doria-Netto HL, Ferreira APVN et al. British journal of neurosurgery (2024)
[14]
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