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Nephrology209 papers

Rhabdomyolysis caused by virus

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome characterized by muscle breakdown leading to the release of intracellular contents such as myoglobin and creatine kinase (CK) into the bloodstream, often associated with severe muscle injury and potential organ dysfunction 16749.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Muscle pain, weakness, dark urine, and elevated serum CK levels 17.
  • Laboratory Tests: Elevated serum CK, myoglobin, and creatinine levels; electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyperkalemia 17.
  • Imaging and Other Tests: Renal function tests, urinalysis for myoglobinuria, and imaging if indicated for complications 649.

    • Management

  • Fluid Resuscitation: Aggressive intravenous hydration to maintain urine output and prevent acute kidney injury 12 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Electrolyte Management: Monitor and correct electrolyte imbalances, especially hyperkalemia 12 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Fasciotomy: Consider in cases of severe compartment syndrome 12 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Dialysis: Indicated for acute kidney injury unresponsive to supportive care 12 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Drug Withdrawal: Discontinue causative medications when identified (e.g., statins, antipsychotics) 31821 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Supportive Care: Pain management, monitoring for complications like arrhythmias 12 (Evidence: Strong).

    • Special Populations

  • Elderly: Increased risk of complications including acute kidney injury; careful monitoring and management essential 5 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Comorbidities: Patients with pre-existing renal impairment or cardiovascular disease require heightened vigilance 1924 (Evidence: Moderate).

    • Key Recommendations

  • Aggressive Fluid Resuscitation to maintain adequate urine output and prevent acute kidney injury 12 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Monitor and Correct Electrolyte Imbalances, particularly hyperkalemia, to mitigate cardiac risks 12 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Discontinue Identifiable Causative Medications promptly to halt ongoing muscle damage 31821 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Initiate Dialysis for patients with acute kidney injury refractory to supportive care 12 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Evaluate for and Manage Compartment Syndrome with fasciotomy if necessary 12 (Evidence: Moderate).

    • References

    1 Pieri M, Russo G, Francescon C, Fominskiy E, Nardelli P, Calabrò MG et al.. Dual concomitant CytoSorb hemoadsorption therapy in severe rhabdomyolysis: A novel approach to myoglobin clearance and organ preservation. The International journal of artificial organs 2025. link 2 Ohyama K, Okuhara Y, Abe N, Okada K, Hori Y. Time-to-Onset Analysis of Rhabdomyolysis Associated With Selective Serotonin and Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors Using the Japanese Pharmacovigilance Database. In vivo (Athens, Greece) 2025. link 3 Yin Y, Jiang J, Jin Y. Evaluation of atypical antipsychotics associated rhabdomyolysis using the FDA adverse event reporting system database. Scientific reports 2025. link 4 Kobuchi S, Sugiyama D, Iima A, Obuchi A, Osaka A, Doi A et al.. Data Mining of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Animal Experiments for Assessment of Rhabdomyolysis Risk Associated with Lipid-lowering Drugs. International journal of medical sciences 2025. link 5 Lobato CT, Castelo Branco S, Camões J, Molinos E. Rhabdomyolysis secondary to a weight-loss prescription. BMJ case reports 2024. link 6 Zhang Y, Lyu Q, Han X, Wang X, Liu R, Hao J et al.. Proteomic analysis of multiple organ dysfunction induced by rhabdomyolysis. Journal of proteomics 2024. link 7 Tawhari M, Aldalaan A, Alanazi R, Aldharman S, Alnafisah T, Alawad N et al.. Clinical presentation and outcomes of patients with rhabdomyolysis: A tertiary care center experience. Saudi medical journal 2024. link 8 Ohyama K, Iida M, Akiyama S, Yamazaki H, Hori Y. Time-to-onset Analysis of Rhabdomyolysis due to Different Proton Pump Inhibitors Using a Pharmacovigilance Database. In vivo (Athens, Greece) 2024. link 9 Ozdemir S, Ozkan A. Ethanol-Associated Prolonged Immobilisation as a Cause of Rhabdomyolysis. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2023. link 10 Abdelnabi M, Leelaviwat N, Liao ED, Motamedi S, Pangkanon W, Nugent K. Daptomycin-induced rhabdomyolysis complicated with acute gouty arthritis. The American journal of the medical sciences 2023. link 11 Wang Y, Lin Y, Lin Q, Liang H, Cai W, Jiang D. Exploring the association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and rhabdomyolysis risk based on the FDA pharmacovigilance database. Scientific reports 2023. link 12 Sawhney JS, Kasotakis G, Goldenberg A, Abramson S, Dodgion C, Patel N et al.. Management of rhabdomyolysis: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. American journal of surgery 2022. link 13 Lavallee M, Yu T, Evans L, Van Hemelrijck M, Bosco C, Golozar A et al.. Evaluating the performance of temporal pattern discovery: new application using statins and rhabdomyolysis in OMOP databases. BMC medical informatics and decision making 2022. link 14 Thurman JM. Rhabdomyolysis and complement-once again, epithelial cells take center stage. Kidney international 2021. link 15 Marson JW, Baldwin HE. The creatine kinase conundrum: a reappraisal of the association of isotretinoin, creatine kinase, and rhabdomyolysis. International journal of dermatology 2020. link 16 Htet Z. Alcohol-induced Rhabdomyolysis: A Disease With Potential Pitfalls. Acute medicine 2018. link 17 Routman HD, Triplet JJ, Kurowicki J, Singh N. Isolated Rhabdomyolysis of the Infraspinatus Muscle Following the CrossFit "Sissy Test": A Report of Two Cases. JBJS case connector 2018. link 18 Vrkić Kirhmajer M, Macolić Šarinić V, Šimičević L, Ladić I, Putarek K, Banfić L et al.. Rosuvastatin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis - Possible Role of Ticagrelor and Patients' Pharmacogenetic Profile. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology 2018. link 19 Dalugama C, Pathirage M, Kularatne SAM. Delayed presentation of severe rhabdomyolysis leading to acute kidney injury following atorvastatin-gemfibrozil combination therapy: a case report. Journal of medical case reports 2018. link 20 Hashiguchi M, Hakamata J, Shimizu M, Maruyama J, Shiga T, Mochizuki M. Risk factors for rhabdomyolysis with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors identified using a postmarketing surveillance database in Japan
. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2018. link 21 Dybro AM, Damkier P, Rasmussen TB, Hellfritzsch M. Statin-associated rhabdomyolysis triggered by drug-drug interaction with itraconazole. BMJ case reports 2016. link 22 Szczepanik ME, Heled Y, Capacchione J, Campbell W, Deuster P, O'Connor FG. Exertional rhabdomyolysis: identification and evaluation of the athlete at risk for recurrence. Current sports medicine reports 2014. link 23 Feng G, Luo Q, Zhuang P, Guo E, Yao Y, Gao Z. Haff disease complicated by multiple organ failure after crayfish consumption: a case study. Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva 2014. link 24 Vanholder R, Sever M. Risk factors: predicting prognosis in patients with rhabdomyolysis. Nature reviews. Nephrology 2013. link 25 Atias D, Druyan A, Heled Y. Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis: coincidence, syndrome, or acquired myopathy?. Current sports medicine reports 2013. link 26 Gupta A, Guron N, Harris M, Bell R. Levofloxacin-induced rhabdomyolysis in a hemodialysis patient. Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis 2012. link 27 Hartung B, Merk HF, Huckenbeck W, Daldrup T, Neuen-Jacob E, Ritz-Timme S. Severe generalised rhabdomyolysis with fatal outcome associated with isotretinoin. International journal of legal medicine 2012. link 28 Floyd JS, Kaspera R, Marciante KD, Weiss NS, Heckbert SR, Lumley T et al.. A screening study of drug-drug interactions in cerivastatin users: an adverse effect of clopidogrel. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2012. link 29 Gagne JJ, Rassen JA, Walker AM, Glynn RJ, Schneeweiss S. Active safety monitoring of new medical products using electronic healthcare data: selecting alerting rules. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) 2012. link 30 Reis BY, Olson KL, Tian L, Bohn RL, Brownstein JS, Park PJ et al.. A pharmacoepidemiological network model for drug safety surveillance: statins and rhabdomyolysis. Drug safety 2012. link 31 Oshima Y. Characteristics of drug-associated rhabdomyolysis: analysis of 8,610 cases reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2011. link 32 McKinnell J, Tayek JA. Short term treatment with clarithromycin resulting in colchicine-induced rhabdomyolysis. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2009. link 33 Strandell J, Bate A, Hägg S, Edwards IR. Rhabdomyolysis a result of azithromycin and statins: an unrecognized interaction. British journal of clinical pharmacology 2009. link 34 Rowan C, Brinker AD, Nourjah P, Chang J, Mosholder A, Barrett JS et al.. Rhabdomyolysis reports show interaction between simvastatin and CYP3A4 inhibitors. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2009. link 35 McAdams M, Staffa J, Dal Pan G. Estimating the extent of reporting to FDA: a case study of statin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2008. link 36 Altman A, Szyper-Kravitz M, Shoenfeld Y. Colchicine-induced rhabdomyolysis. Clinical rheumatology 2007. link 37 Justiniano M, Dold S, Espinoza LR. Rapid onset of muscle weakness (rhabdomyolysis) associated with the combined use of simvastatin and colchicine. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2007. link 38 Pariente A, Gregoire F, Fourrier-Reglat A, Haramburu F, Moore N. Impact of safety alerts on measures of disproportionality in spontaneous reporting databases: the notoriety bias. Drug safety 2007. link 39 Childs SG. Rhabdomyolysis. Orthopedic nursing 2005. link 40 Melli G, Chaudhry V, Cornblath DR. Rhabdomyolysis: an evaluation of 475 hospitalized patients. Medicine 2005. link 41 Psaty BM, Furberg CD, Ray WA, Weiss NS. Potential for conflict of interest in the evaluation of suspected adverse drug reactions: use of cerivastatin and risk of rhabdomyolysis. JAMA 2004. link 42 Boomershine KH. Colchicine-induced rhabdomyolysis. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 2002. link 43 Schoondyke JW, Ridgeway NA, Hubbs DT. Preventable rhabdomyolysis in prison inmates. Tennessee medicine : journal of the Tennessee Medical Association 2001. link 44 Sandhu JS, Sood A, Midha V, Singh AD, Jain D, Sandhu P. Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure. Renal failure 2000. link 45 Haskins N. Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in intensive care. Nursing in critical care 1998. link 46 Bessa O. Alcoholic rhabdomyolysis: a review. Connecticut medicine 1995. link 47 Dayer-Berenson L. Rhabdomyolysis: a comprehensive guide. ANNA journal 1994. link 48 Palmer SH, Graham G. Tourniquet-induced rhabdomyolysis after total knee replacement. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1994. link 49 Horst E, Bennett RL, Barrett O. Recurrent rhabdomyolysis in association with cocaine use. Southern medical journal 1991. link 50 Towers MJ, Downey DB, Poon PY. Psoas muscle calcification and acute renal failure associated with nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis: CT features. Journal of computer assisted tomography 1990. link 51 Murugasu B, Yap HK, Chiang GS. Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure in a child: a case report. The Journal of the Singapore Paediatric Society 1990. link 52 Harper J. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric renal failure. Critical care nurse 1990. link 53 Greene JT, Anders DL. Exertional rhabdomyolysis in two prison inmates. Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia 1990. link 54 Cornelissen JJ, Haanstra W, Haarman HJ, Derksen RH. Plasma exchange in rhabdomyolysis. Intensive care medicine 1989. link 55 Hurley JK. Severe rhabdomyolysis in well conditioned athletes. Military medicine 1989. link 56 Barloon TJ, Zachar CK, Harkens KL, Honda H. Rhabdomyolysis: computed tomography findings. The Journal of computed tomography 1988. link90006-9) 57 Johnson SB, Alvarez WA, Freinhar JP. Rhabdomyolysis in retrospect: are psychiatric patients predisposed to this little-known syndrome?. International journal of psychiatry in medicine 1987. link 58 Leung A, Robson L. Myoglobinuria from child abuse. Urology 1987. link90596-6) 59 Forwell MA, Hallworth MJ. Nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Scottish medical journal 1986. link 60 Leventhal I, Schiff H, Wulfsohn M. Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure as a complication of urethral surgery. Urology 1985. link90257-2) 61 Sheth KJ, Sty JR, Johnson F, Tisdale P. Myoglobinuria with acute renal failure and hot kidneys seen on bone imaging. Clinical nuclear medicine 1984. link 62 Williams JE, Tucker DB, Read JM. Rhabdomyolysis-myoglobinurea: consequences of prolonged tourniquet. The Journal of foot surgery 1983. link 63 Josselson J, Pula T, Sadler JH. Acute rhabdomyolysis associated with an echovirus 9 infection. Archives of internal medicine 1980. link 64 Schiff HB, MacSearraigh ET, Kallmeyer JC. Myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis and marathon running. The Quarterly journal of medicine 1978. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Dual concomitant CytoSorb hemoadsorption therapy in severe rhabdomyolysis: A novel approach to myoglobin clearance and organ preservation. — Pieri M, Russo G, Francescon C, Fominskiy E, Nardelli P, Calabrò MG et al. The International journal of artificial organs (2025)
    2. [2]
      Time-to-Onset Analysis of Rhabdomyolysis Associated With Selective Serotonin and Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors Using the Japanese Pharmacovigilance Database. — Ohyama K, Okuhara Y, Abe N, Okada K, Hori Y In vivo (Athens, Greece) (2025)
    3. [3]
      Evaluation of atypical antipsychotics associated rhabdomyolysis using the FDA adverse event reporting system database. — Yin Y, Jiang J, Jin Y Scientific reports (2025)
    4. [4]
      Data Mining of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Animal Experiments for Assessment of Rhabdomyolysis Risk Associated with Lipid-lowering Drugs. — Kobuchi S, Sugiyama D, Iima A, Obuchi A, Osaka A, Doi A et al. International journal of medical sciences (2025)
    5. [5]
      Rhabdomyolysis secondary to a weight-loss prescription. — Lobato CT, Castelo Branco S, Camões J, Molinos E BMJ case reports (2024)
    6. [6]
      Proteomic analysis of multiple organ dysfunction induced by rhabdomyolysis. — Zhang Y, Lyu Q, Han X, Wang X, Liu R, Hao J et al. Journal of proteomics (2024)
    7. [7]
      Clinical presentation and outcomes of patients with rhabdomyolysis: A tertiary care center experience. — Tawhari M, Aldalaan A, Alanazi R, Aldharman S, Alnafisah T, Alawad N et al. Saudi medical journal (2024)
    8. [8]
      Time-to-onset Analysis of Rhabdomyolysis due to Different Proton Pump Inhibitors Using a Pharmacovigilance Database. — Ohyama K, Iida M, Akiyama S, Yamazaki H, Hori Y In vivo (Athens, Greece) (2024)
    9. [9]
      Ethanol-Associated Prolonged Immobilisation as a Cause of Rhabdomyolysis. — Ozdemir S, Ozkan A Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP (2023)
    10. [10]
      Daptomycin-induced rhabdomyolysis complicated with acute gouty arthritis. — Abdelnabi M, Leelaviwat N, Liao ED, Motamedi S, Pangkanon W, Nugent K The American journal of the medical sciences (2023)
    11. [11]
      Exploring the association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and rhabdomyolysis risk based on the FDA pharmacovigilance database. — Wang Y, Lin Y, Lin Q, Liang H, Cai W, Jiang D Scientific reports (2023)
    12. [12]
      Management of rhabdomyolysis: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. — Sawhney JS, Kasotakis G, Goldenberg A, Abramson S, Dodgion C, Patel N et al. American journal of surgery (2022)
    13. [13]
      Evaluating the performance of temporal pattern discovery: new application using statins and rhabdomyolysis in OMOP databases. — Lavallee M, Yu T, Evans L, Van Hemelrijck M, Bosco C, Golozar A et al. BMC medical informatics and decision making (2022)
    14. [14]
      Rhabdomyolysis and complement-once again, epithelial cells take center stage. — Thurman JM Kidney international (2021)
    15. [15]
      The creatine kinase conundrum: a reappraisal of the association of isotretinoin, creatine kinase, and rhabdomyolysis. — Marson JW, Baldwin HE International journal of dermatology (2020)
    16. [16]
      Alcohol-induced Rhabdomyolysis: A Disease With Potential Pitfalls. — Htet Z Acute medicine (2018)
    17. [17]
      Isolated Rhabdomyolysis of the Infraspinatus Muscle Following the CrossFit "Sissy Test": A Report of Two Cases. — Routman HD, Triplet JJ, Kurowicki J, Singh N JBJS case connector (2018)
    18. [18]
      Rosuvastatin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis - Possible Role of Ticagrelor and Patients' Pharmacogenetic Profile. — Vrkić Kirhmajer M, Macolić Šarinić V, Šimičević L, Ladić I, Putarek K, Banfić L et al. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology (2018)
    19. [19]
      Delayed presentation of severe rhabdomyolysis leading to acute kidney injury following atorvastatin-gemfibrozil combination therapy: a case report. — Dalugama C, Pathirage M, Kularatne SAM Journal of medical case reports (2018)
    20. [20]
      Risk factors for rhabdomyolysis with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors identified using a postmarketing surveillance database in Japan
. — Hashiguchi M, Hakamata J, Shimizu M, Maruyama J, Shiga T, Mochizuki M International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2018)
    21. [21]
      Statin-associated rhabdomyolysis triggered by drug-drug interaction with itraconazole. — Dybro AM, Damkier P, Rasmussen TB, Hellfritzsch M BMJ case reports (2016)
    22. [22]
      Exertional rhabdomyolysis: identification and evaluation of the athlete at risk for recurrence. — Szczepanik ME, Heled Y, Capacchione J, Campbell W, Deuster P, O'Connor FG Current sports medicine reports (2014)
    23. [23]
      Haff disease complicated by multiple organ failure after crayfish consumption: a case study. — Feng G, Luo Q, Zhuang P, Guo E, Yao Y, Gao Z Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva (2014)
    24. [24]
      Risk factors: predicting prognosis in patients with rhabdomyolysis. — Vanholder R, Sever M Nature reviews. Nephrology (2013)
    25. [25]
      Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis: coincidence, syndrome, or acquired myopathy? — Atias D, Druyan A, Heled Y Current sports medicine reports (2013)
    26. [26]
      Levofloxacin-induced rhabdomyolysis in a hemodialysis patient. — Gupta A, Guron N, Harris M, Bell R Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis (2012)
    27. [27]
      Severe generalised rhabdomyolysis with fatal outcome associated with isotretinoin. — Hartung B, Merk HF, Huckenbeck W, Daldrup T, Neuen-Jacob E, Ritz-Timme S International journal of legal medicine (2012)
    28. [28]
      A screening study of drug-drug interactions in cerivastatin users: an adverse effect of clopidogrel. — Floyd JS, Kaspera R, Marciante KD, Weiss NS, Heckbert SR, Lumley T et al. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2012)
    29. [29]
      Active safety monitoring of new medical products using electronic healthcare data: selecting alerting rules. — Gagne JJ, Rassen JA, Walker AM, Glynn RJ, Schneeweiss S Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) (2012)
    30. [30]
      A pharmacoepidemiological network model for drug safety surveillance: statins and rhabdomyolysis. — Reis BY, Olson KL, Tian L, Bohn RL, Brownstein JS, Park PJ et al. Drug safety (2012)
    31. [31]
      Characteristics of drug-associated rhabdomyolysis: analysis of 8,610 cases reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. — Oshima Y Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (2011)
    32. [32]
      Short term treatment with clarithromycin resulting in colchicine-induced rhabdomyolysis. — McKinnell J, Tayek JA Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases (2009)
    33. [33]
      Rhabdomyolysis a result of azithromycin and statins: an unrecognized interaction. — Strandell J, Bate A, Hägg S, Edwards IR British journal of clinical pharmacology (2009)
    34. [34]
      Rhabdomyolysis reports show interaction between simvastatin and CYP3A4 inhibitors. — Rowan C, Brinker AD, Nourjah P, Chang J, Mosholder A, Barrett JS et al. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety (2009)
    35. [35]
      Estimating the extent of reporting to FDA: a case study of statin-associated rhabdomyolysis. — McAdams M, Staffa J, Dal Pan G Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety (2008)
    36. [36]
      Colchicine-induced rhabdomyolysis. — Altman A, Szyper-Kravitz M, Shoenfeld Y Clinical rheumatology (2007)
    37. [37]
      Rapid onset of muscle weakness (rhabdomyolysis) associated with the combined use of simvastatin and colchicine. — Justiniano M, Dold S, Espinoza LR Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases (2007)
    38. [38]
      Impact of safety alerts on measures of disproportionality in spontaneous reporting databases: the notoriety bias. — Pariente A, Gregoire F, Fourrier-Reglat A, Haramburu F, Moore N Drug safety (2007)
    39. [39]
      Rhabdomyolysis. — Childs SG Orthopedic nursing (2005)
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      Rhabdomyolysis: an evaluation of 475 hospitalized patients. — Melli G, Chaudhry V, Cornblath DR Medicine (2005)
    41. [41]
      Potential for conflict of interest in the evaluation of suspected adverse drug reactions: use of cerivastatin and risk of rhabdomyolysis. — Psaty BM, Furberg CD, Ray WA, Weiss NS JAMA (2004)
    42. [42]
      Colchicine-induced rhabdomyolysis. — Boomershine KH The Annals of pharmacotherapy (2002)
    43. [43]
      Preventable rhabdomyolysis in prison inmates. — Schoondyke JW, Ridgeway NA, Hubbs DT Tennessee medicine : journal of the Tennessee Medical Association (2001)
    44. [44]
      Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure. — Sandhu JS, Sood A, Midha V, Singh AD, Jain D, Sandhu P Renal failure (2000)
    45. [45]
      Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in intensive care. — Haskins N Nursing in critical care (1998)
    46. [46]
      Alcoholic rhabdomyolysis: a review. — Bessa O Connecticut medicine (1995)
    47. [47]
      Rhabdomyolysis: a comprehensive guide. — Dayer-Berenson L ANNA journal (1994)
    48. [48]
      Tourniquet-induced rhabdomyolysis after total knee replacement. — Palmer SH, Graham G Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (1994)
    49. [49]
      Recurrent rhabdomyolysis in association with cocaine use. — Horst E, Bennett RL, Barrett O Southern medical journal (1991)
    50. [50]
      Psoas muscle calcification and acute renal failure associated with nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis: CT features. — Towers MJ, Downey DB, Poon PY Journal of computer assisted tomography (1990)
    51. [51]
      Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure in a child: a case report. — Murugasu B, Yap HK, Chiang GS The Journal of the Singapore Paediatric Society (1990)
    52. [52]
      Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric renal failure. — Harper J Critical care nurse (1990)
    53. [53]
      Exertional rhabdomyolysis in two prison inmates. — Greene JT, Anders DL Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia (1990)
    54. [54]
      Plasma exchange in rhabdomyolysis. — Cornelissen JJ, Haanstra W, Haarman HJ, Derksen RH Intensive care medicine (1989)
    55. [55]
      Severe rhabdomyolysis in well conditioned athletes. — Hurley JK Military medicine (1989)
    56. [56]
      Rhabdomyolysis: computed tomography findings. — Barloon TJ, Zachar CK, Harkens KL, Honda H The Journal of computed tomography (1988)
    57. [57]
      Rhabdomyolysis in retrospect: are psychiatric patients predisposed to this little-known syndrome? — Johnson SB, Alvarez WA, Freinhar JP International journal of psychiatry in medicine (1987)
    58. [58]
      Myoglobinuria from child abuse. — Leung A, Robson L Urology (1987)
    59. [59]
      Nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. — Forwell MA, Hallworth MJ Scottish medical journal (1986)
    60. [60]
      Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure as a complication of urethral surgery. — Leventhal I, Schiff H, Wulfsohn M Urology (1985)
    61. [61]
      Myoglobinuria with acute renal failure and hot kidneys seen on bone imaging. — Sheth KJ, Sty JR, Johnson F, Tisdale P Clinical nuclear medicine (1984)
    62. [62]
      Rhabdomyolysis-myoglobinurea: consequences of prolonged tourniquet. — Williams JE, Tucker DB, Read JM The Journal of foot surgery (1983)
    63. [63]
      Acute rhabdomyolysis associated with an echovirus 9 infection. — Josselson J, Pula T, Sadler JH Archives of internal medicine (1980)
    64. [64]
      Myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis and marathon running. — Schiff HB, MacSearraigh ET, Kallmeyer JC The Quarterly journal of medicine (1978)
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