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Hematology613 papers

Acute myeloid leukemia

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. It significantly impacts survival and quality of life, necessitating tailored treatment approaches based on patient-specific factors. 20

Diagnosis

  • Morphology and Immunophenotyping: Essential for identifying blast cell populations and immunophenotypic markers. 20
  • Cytogenetics and Molecular Markers: Karyotyping, FISH, and mutation analysis (e.g., FLT3, NPM1, TP53) for risk stratification. 21
  • Measurable Residual Disease (MRD): Monitoring MRD levels post-induction therapy to guide further treatment decisions. 123
  • Bone Marrow Biopsy: Evaluation of cellularity and blast percentage crucial for diagnosis and monitoring response. 27
  • Management

  • Induction Therapy: Anthracycline (e.g., daunorubicin 60-90 mg/m2) + cytarabine 613
  • Consolidation Therapy: Based on risk stratification (e.g., high-dose cytarabine, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for high-risk patients). 20
  • Maintenance Therapy: Oral azacitidine for selected patients to improve outcomes and reduce hospitalizations. 57
  • Targeted Therapies: Venetoclax-based combinations, FLT3 inhibitors, and IDH inhibitors for specific genetic mutations. 81464
  • Supportive Care: Management of cardiotoxicity, infection prophylaxis, and hematologic support (e.g., antifungal prophylaxis). 31337
  • Special Populations

  • Elderly Patients: Less intensive regimens recommended; consider fitness and comorbidities. 219
  • Comorbidities: Cardiovascular disease necessitates careful anthracycline dosing and monitoring (e.g., heart failure risk scores). 31133
  • Pediatrics: Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and unique complications like splenic infarction. 5072
  • Key Recommendations

  • Induction Therapy with Anthracycline and Cytarabine: Standard regimen for newly diagnosed AML patients. (Evidence: Strong 613)
  • Risk Stratification Based on Cytogenetics and MRD: Guide consolidation and maintenance therapy decisions. (Evidence: Strong 12123)
  • Consider Maintenance Therapy with Azacitidine for Selected Patients: To improve long-term outcomes and quality of life. (Evidence: Moderate 57)
  • Tailored Approaches for Older Adults: Use less intensive regimens considering patient fitness and comorbidities. (Evidence: Moderate 219)
  • Close Monitoring for Cardiotoxicity: Especially in patients receiving anthracycline-based therapy. (Evidence: Moderate 31133)
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 229 indexed papers.

    1 Cloos J, Valk PJM, Thiede C, Döhner K, Roboz GJ, Wood BL et al.. 2025 update on MRD in acute myeloid leukemia: a consensus document from the ELN-DAVID MRD Working Party. Blood 2026. link 2 Sekeres MA, Mattison R, Artz A, Baer MR, Chua CC, Demichelis-Gómez R et al.. American Society of Hematology 2025 guidelines for treating newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in older adults. Blood advances 2026. link 3 Geels J, van Rhenen A, Gradowska P, Asselbergs FW, Linschoten M. Heart failure in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated with anthracycline agents during remission induction therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Leukemia 2026. link 4 Vydra J, Ferhat AT, Kröger N, Gedde-Dahl T, Eder M, Schroeder T et al.. Posttransplant cyclophosphamide versus antithymocyte globulin in patients with cardiovascular comorbidity undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia in first complete remission from unrelated donors: a retrospective matched-pair analysis from the ALWP of the EBMT. Bone marrow transplantation 2026. link 5 Tominaga R, Fujiwara SI, Honda S, Yokoyama D, Noguchi A, Furuki S et al.. Significance of the tendency for relative bradycardia during induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. International journal of hematology 2026. link 6 Dendorfer SM, Schmidt-Brücken K, Kramer M, Steffen B, Schliemann C, Mikesch JH et al.. Randomized Comparison of Cardiotoxicity With 60 Versus 90 mg Daunorubicin in AML Induction Therapy. American journal of hematology 2026. link 7 Lin Y, Liu P, Zhuang Q, Deng H, Liu X, Wang Y et al.. Prognostic impact of extramedullary disease in acute myeloid leukemia: A meta-analysis. International journal of cancer 2025. link 8 Gil-Sierra MD, Mantopoulos T, Barouma I, Hauch O, Teng Z, Fernandez C et al.. Indirect treatment comparison of ivosidenib and other therapies in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Future oncology (London, England) 2025. link 9 Skok K, Zacharias M, Verheyen N, Hatzl S, Scholz L, Langner C et al.. Myeloid sarcoma of the heart-A clinicopathological correlation. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2025. link 10 Gündoğdu F, Agaimy A, Aytaç S, Hazar V, Üner A, Kösemehmetoğlu K. Myeloid sarcoma with RBM15::MRTFA (MKL1) mimicking vascular neoplasm. Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 2025. link 11 Wu M, Russell K, Shaw CM, Halpern AB, Ghiuzeli C, Appelbaum JS et al.. Predictors of Cardiac Recovery in Adults With AML Who Develop Heart Failure During Treatment. JCO oncology practice 2025. link 12 Jensen RH, Teglgaard C, Jensen JF, Baech J, Marcher CW, Roug AS et al.. Cardiotoxicity in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia following anthracycline-containing chemotherapy: A population-based matched cohort study. British journal of haematology 2025. link 13 He H, Wen X, Zheng H. Efficacy and safety of venetoclax-based combination therapy for previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia: a meta-analysis. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2024. link 14 Mohebbi A, Shahriyary F, Farrokhi V, Bandar B, Saki N. A systematic review of second-generation FLT3 inhibitors for treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia research 2024. link 15 Ng SWK. Characterization of relapse-supportive monocytic cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell reports. Medicine 2024. link 16 Hahn W, Ahmadi N, Hoffmann K, Eckardt JN, Sedlmayr M, Wolfien M. Synthetic Data Generation in Hematology - Paving the Way for OMOP and FHIR Integration. Studies in health technology and informatics 2024. link 17 Dall'Olio D, Sträng E, Turki AT, Tettero JM, Barbus M, Schulze-Rath R et al.. Covering Hierarchical Dirichlet Mixture Models on binary data to enhance genomic stratifications in onco-hematology. PLoS computational biology 2024. link 18 Paim Miranda DL, Orathes Ponte Silva AM, Pereira Ferreira D, Teixeira da Silva L, Lins-Kusterer L, Queiroz Crusoé E et al.. Variability in the perception of palliative care and end-of-life care among hematology professionals from the same reference center in Bahia, Brazil: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina 2024. link 19 Extermann M, Artz A, Rebollo MA, Klepin HD, Krug U, Loh KP et al.. Treating acute myelogenous leukemia in patients aged 70 and above: Recommendations from the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG). Journal of geriatric oncology 2024. link 20 Pollyea DA, Altman JK, Assi R, Bixby D, Fathi AT, Foran JM et al.. Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Version 3.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN 2023. link 21 Bidet A, Quessada J, Cuccuini W, Decamp M, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Luquet I et al.. Cytogenetics in the management of acute myeloid leukemia and histiocytic/dendritic cell neoplasms: Guidelines from the Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique (GFCH). Current research in translational medicine 2023. link 22 Daver NG, Iqbal S, Renard C, Chan RJ, Hasegawa K, Hu H et al.. Treatment outcomes for newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve TP53-mutated acute myeloid leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of hematology & oncology 2023. link 23 Zhang X, Grimes HL. Improved detection of measurable residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. Science advances 2023. link 24 . A Trifunctional Natural Killer Cell Engager Can Target CD123+ Leukemia. Cancer discovery 2023. link 25 Mansour MA, Burns TC, El-Sokkary S, Ayad AA. A 42-Year-Old Man with a Seizure. NEJM evidence 2023. link 26 Atsou KM, Rachet B, Cornet E, Chretien ML, Rossi C, Remontet L et al.. Factors influencing access to specialised haematology units during acute myeloblastic leukaemia patient care: A population-based study in France. Cancer medicine 2023. link 27 Sarkis R, Burri O, Royer-Chardon C, Schyrr F, Blum S, Costanza M et al.. MarrowQuant 2.0: A Digital Pathology Workflow Assisting Bone Marrow Evaluation in Experimental and Clinical Hematology. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 2023. link 28 Marchesi F, Salmanton-García J, Emarah Z, Piukovics K, Nucci M, López-García A et al.. COVID-19 in adult acute myeloid leukemia patients: a long-term follow-up study from the European Hematology Association survey (EPICOVIDEHA). Haematologica 2023. link 29 Gaugler M, Swinger N, Rahrig AL, Skiles J, Rowan CM. Multiple Organ Dysfunction and Critically Ill Children With Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies 2023. link 30 Koets V, Montagnini M. Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Challenges in Delivering End-of-Life Care. The American journal of hospice & palliative care 2023. link 31 Djulejic V, Petrovic B, Jevtic J, Vujacic M, Clarke BL, Cirovic A et al.. The role of cadmium in the pathogenesis of myeloid leukemia in individuals with anemia, deficiencies in vitamin D, zinc, and low calcium dietary intake. Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) 2023. link 32 Ghazaey Zidanloo S, Jahantigh D, Amini N. Vitamin D-Binding Protein and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Genetic Association Analysis in Combination with Vitamin D Levels. Nutrition and cancer 2023. link 33 Doukas PG, Cascino GJ, Meng Z, Baldridge AS, Kang Y, Scherrer-Crosbie M et al.. External validation of a heart failure risk score in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia & lymphoma 2023. link 34 Nader M, Bonde P, Massaro S, Giuliano JS, Shah N. The Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as a Bridge to Bone Marrow Transplantation in a Patient With High-risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 2023. link 35 Faiz AS, Guo S, Sridharan A, Lin Y, Philipp CS. Venous thromboembolism and acute myeloid leukemia: risk factors and mortality in elderly white, black and Asian patients. Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis 2023. link 36 Li L, Han C, Yu X, Shen J, Cao Y. Targeting AraC-Resistant Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Dual Inhibition of CDK9 and Bcl-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of healthcare engineering 2022. link 37 Stemler J, de Jonge N, Skoetz N, Sinkó J, Brüggemann RJ, Busca A et al.. Antifungal prophylaxis in adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia treated with novel targeted therapies: a systematic review and expert consensus recommendation from the European Hematology Association. The Lancet. Haematology 2022. link00073-4) 38 Bewersdorf JP, Prebet T, Gowda L. Azacitidine maintenance in AML post induction and posttransplant. Current opinion in hematology 2022. link 39 Lipilkin PV, Kulaeva ED, Mashkina EV. Prognostic value of ASXL1 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: A meta-analysis. Leukemia research 2022. link 40 Vandersluis S, Reid JC, Orlando L, Bhatia M. Evidence-based support for phenotypic drug discovery in acute myeloid leukemia. Drug discovery today 2022. link 41 Solana-Altabella A, Ballesta-López O, Megías-Vericat JE, Martínez-Cuadrón D, Montesinos P. Emerging FLT3 inhibitors for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Expert opinion on emerging drugs 2022. link 42 Woodard A, Eche IJ, Leak Bryant A. Telehealth Use in Rural North Carolina Counties: Perceptions Among Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clinical journal of oncology nursing 2022. link 43 . Ceramide Accumulation Induces the Integrated Stress Response in AML. Cancer discovery 2022. link 44 Benajiba L, Kiladjian JJ. The challenge of targets and drug discovery using large-scale screening approaches in onco-hematology. Therapie 2022. link 45 . Safety Concerns Prompt Pause of Magrolimab Trials. Cancer discovery 2022. link 46 Jaddaoui S, Bencharef H, Addakiri S, Oukkache B. Aberrant Phenotype in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Hematology Laboratory Experiment of the University Hospital of Casablanca, Morocco. Clinical laboratory 2022. link 47 van Lieshout R, Lize N, Tick LW, van Deursen J, Driessen E, Janssen T et al.. Nutrition-related problems, nutritional support practices and barriers to adherence to nutritional guidelines during intensive treatment for acute myeloid leukemia: Patients' and hematology nurses' perspectives and experiences. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2022. link 48 Šestáková Š, Cerovská E, Šálek C, Kundrát D, Ježíšková I, Folta A et al.. A validation study of potential prognostic DNA methylation biomarkers in patients with acute myeloid leukemia using a custom DNA methylation sequencing panel. Clinical epigenetics 2022. link 49 Cripe LD, Cottingham AH, Martin CE, Hoffmann ML, Sargent K, Baker LB. Bereaved Informal Caregivers Rarely Recall a Relationship Between Transfusions and Hospice in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. The American journal of hospice & palliative care 2022. link 50 Sabet K, Panigrahi A, Chung J, Dayan Y. Pediatric AML patients with acute-onset cardiomyopathy in the setting of Streptococcus viridans bacteremia after anthracyclines. Pediatric blood & cancer 2022. link 51 Koschade SE, Stratmann JA, Miesbach W, Steffen B, Serve H, Finkelmeier F et al.. Intracranial hemorrhage in newly diagnosed non-promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemia patients admitted for intensive induction chemotherapy. European journal of haematology 2022. link 52 Borgstedt-Bendixen SE, Abrahamsson J, Ha SY, Koskenvuo M, Lausen B, Palle J et al.. Abdominal Complications During Treatment for Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 2022. link 53 Pollyea DA, Bixby D, Perl A, Bhatt VR, Altman JK, Appelbaum FR et al.. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Version 2.2021. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN 2021. link 54 Lee D, Omofoye OA, Nuño MA, Riestenberg RA, Shahlaie K. Treatment Outcomes of Intracranial Myeloid Sarcomas: A Meta-Analysis. World neurosurgery 2021. link 55 Chang Y, Guyatt GH, Teich T, Dawdy JL, Shahid S, Altman JK et al.. Intensive versus less-intensive antileukemic therapy in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia: A systematic review. PloS one 2021. link 56 Modarres P, Mohamadi Farsani F, Nekouie AA, Vallian S. Meta-analysis of gene signatures and key pathways indicates suppression of JNK pathway as a regulator of chemo-resistance in AML. Scientific reports 2021. link 57 . Benefits of AML Maintenance Therapy Extend to Quality of Life and Hospitalization. The oncologist 2021. link 58 . Mutations Synergize to Alter Epigenetic and Genomic Landscape of AML. Cancer discovery 2021. link 59 . Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals Clonal Architecture of Myeloid Cancers. Cancer discovery 2021. link 60 . African American Race Predicts Poor Survival in Younger Adults with AML. The oncologist 2021. link 61 . Maintenance Therapy Improves AML Outcomes Regardless of MRD Status or Consolidation Cycles. The oncologist 2021. link 62 Ha C. The Age-Old Conundrum With Thiopurines: Are the Accumulating Risks Greater Than Benefits?. The American journal of gastroenterology 2021. link 63 Sahu KK, E Vogt B, Shanahan L, Cerny J. A Splenic Infarction Related to Parainfluenza Infection in a Patient with AML: Lessons for COVID-19. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis 2021. link 64 . Study Offers Insights on Prognostic Significance of IDH Mutations Across Age Groups in AML. The oncologist 2021. link 65 Corboy G, Othman J, Lee L, Wei A, Ivey A, Blombery P et al.. Laboratory quality assessment of candidate gene panel testing for acute myeloid leukaemia: a joint ALLG / RCPAQAP initiative. Pathology 2021. link 66 Yu S, Fan Z, Ma L, Wang Y, Huang F, Zhang Q et al.. Association Between Measurable Residual Disease in Patients With Intermediate-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia and First Remission, Treatment, and Outcomes. JAMA network open 2021. link 67 Chan KY, Gill H, Li CW, Chan TSY, Au HY, Wong CY et al.. Impact of enhanced haematology palliative care services in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Annals of palliative medicine 2021. link 68 Kattih B, Shirvani A, Klement P, Garrido AM, Gabdoulline R, Liebich A et al.. IDH1/2 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia patients and risk of coronary artery disease and cardiac dysfunction-a retrospective propensity score analysis. Leukemia 2021. link 69 Hosono N, Ookura M, Araie H, Morita M, Itoh K, Matsuda Y et al.. Clinical outcomes of gemtuzumab ozogamicin for relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: single-institution experience. International journal of hematology 2021. link 70 Peña Domingo M, Vives Polo S, Garrido Díaz A, Coll Jordà R, Ribera Santasusana JM, Ferrá Coll C. Low doses of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in adults diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia. Medicina clinica 2021. link 71 Tony S, Mevada R, Joshi N. Anthracycline-related acute cardiotoxicity in a very young Omani patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. Cardiology in the young 2021. link 72 Green K, Tandon S, Ahmed M, Toscano W, O'Connor D, Ancliff P et al.. Congenital acute myeloid leukemia: challenges and lessons. A 15-year experience from the UK. Leukemia & lymphoma 2021. link 73 . Preleukemic Cells Can Be Eliminated in . Cancer discovery 2020. link 74 Marron JM. Informed consent for genetic testing in hematology. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program 2020. link 75 Sekeres MA, Guyatt G, Abel G, Alibhai S, Altman JK, Buckstein R et al.. American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for treating newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in older adults. Blood advances 2020. link 76 Watson EE, Metcalfe JE, Kreher MR, Maxymiw WG, Glogauer M, Schimmer AD. Screening for Dental Infections Achieves 6-Fold Reduction in Dental Emergencies During Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. 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    Original source

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      Indirect treatment comparison of ivosidenib and other therapies in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia.Gil-Sierra MD, Mantopoulos T, Barouma I, Hauch O, Teng Z, Fernandez C et al. Future oncology (London, England) (2025)
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      Variability in the perception of palliative care and end-of-life care among hematology professionals from the same reference center in Bahia, Brazil: A descriptive cross-sectional study.Paim Miranda DL, Orathes Ponte Silva AM, Pereira Ferreira D, Teixeira da Silva L, Lins-Kusterer L, Queiroz Crusoé E et al. Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina (2024)
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