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Cardiology2055 papers

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of hyperglycemia that develops during pregnancy and typically resolves postpartum. It poses risks to both maternal and offspring health, including increased cardiovascular disease risk and adverse pregnancy outcomes. 1 6 10 11 13 20 30 35 50 60

Diagnosis

Screening: Typically performed between 24-28 weeks of gestation using glucose challenge tests followed by OGTT if indicated. 27 34

Diagnostic Criteria: Based on OGTT results (fasting glucose ≥92 mg/dL, 1-hour ≥180 mg/dL, 2-hour ≥153 mg/dL, or HbA1c ≥6.5%). 27 34

Grading: Classification varies by guidelines; some use IADPSG criteria, others use local standards. 18 30

Management

Diet and Exercise: First-line management includes dietary modifications and regular physical activity. 22 40 41 42 43 44

Glycemic Targets: Tight glycemic control to minimize complications; specific targets may vary by institution. 4 13

Medication: Insulin is commonly used when lifestyle modifications are insufficient. Oral hypoglycemics are less frequently recommended due to safety concerns. 4 27

Postpartum Follow-Up: Screen for type 2 diabetes 6-12 weeks postpartum and annually thereafter. 4 60

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Women with prior GDM have increased risk of hypertensive disorders in subsequent pregnancies. 8

Pediatrics: Offspring of mothers with GDM are at higher risk for metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular issues, and developmental concerns. 3 12 17 39 55

Comorbidities: Maternal obesity and vitamin D deficiency are associated with increased GDM risk and adverse outcomes. 19 47 48 65

Key Recommendations

Screen for GDM between 24-28 weeks of gestation using standardized OGTT criteria to ensure early detection and intervention. (Evidence: Moderate 27 34)

Implement lifestyle modifications including diet and exercise as first-line management strategies for GDM. (Evidence: Strong 40 41)

Monitor and manage glycemic control closely during pregnancy to minimize maternal and fetal complications, with insulin therapy as needed. (Evidence: Moderate 4 13)

Provide postpartum screening for type 2 diabetes within 6-12 weeks postpartum and annually thereafter for women with GDM history. (Evidence: Moderate 4 60)

Consider maternal nutritional status, particularly vitamin D levels, in risk assessment and management plans for GDM. (Evidence: Moderate 47 65)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 243 indexed papers.

1 Rosenberg K. Gestational diabetes increases risk of cardiovascular disease. The American journal of nursing 2026. link 2 Payne E, Heaney S, Collins C, Rollo M, Brown LJ. Healthcare for People With Diabetes in Pregnancy: A National Survey Comparing Metropolitan and Rural Care Delivery in Australia. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2026. link 3 Kinnunen J, Nikkinen H, Keikkala E, Mustaniemi S, Gissler M, Laivuori H et al.. Gestational diabetes mellitus and offspring health: A 12-year register-based analysis of specialized health care utilization in Finland. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2026. link 4 Douglas LJ, Gamble GD, Harding JE, Samuel D, Eagleton CL, Alsweiler JM et al.. Mother and child health 4.5 years after gestational diabetes mellitus managed using tight or less tight targets for glycaemic control: Post-hoc follow-up study of the TARGET trial. PLoS medicine 2026. link 5 Robiyanto R, Barrett JW, Sandberg L, Raemaekers BC, Norén GN, Schuiling-Veninga CCM et al.. Exploring the Reliability of Detecting Drug-Drug Interactions that Increase the Risk of Gestational Diabetes in Adverse Event Reporting Systems. Drug safety 2026. link 6 Zeng H, Yin X, Yin L, Chen Q, Yang F, Shi Y et al.. Long-term risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology 2026. link 7 Taskila T, Vääräsmäki M, Mustaniemi S, Leppänen S, Laivuori H, Kajantie E et al.. Gestational diabetes and spousal health: the Finnish gestational diabetes study. European journal of public health 2026. link 8 Liu Y, Zhong S, Zhong K, Su L, Wang M, Wang Y et al.. Analysis of the association between history of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders in a subsequent pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. Frontiers in endocrinology 2026. link 9 de Albuquerque Lemos DE, de Souza EL, de Luna Freire MO, da Silva JYP, da Costa PCT, Cruz JC et al.. Synbiotic Nutraceutical Mitigates Gestational Diabetes Effects and Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Rat Offspring. Molecular nutrition & food research 2026. link 10 Astbury NM, Ripullone K, Ramakrishnan R, Woodwood M, Hirst JE. Associations between gestational diabetes and cardiovascular disease largely operate independently of postpartum causal pathways: A population-based cohort study in England. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2026. link 11 Dunlop K, Callanan S, Philippe K, McNestry C, Douglass A, Segurado R et al.. The Impact of Metabolic Complications in Pregnancy on Later Life Maternal Cardiometabolic Health: Findings From the ROLO Longitudinal Cohort Study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2026. link 12 Zhu M, Yin F, Qiu Y, Liu Y. Mechanism of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus exacerbating myocardial injury in male offspring by upregulating growth differentiation factor 15 to promote mitochondrial dysfunction. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2026. link 13 Osei-Safo EK, Melder A, Taylor F, Slater K, Reddy A, Moran L et al.. Designing a lifestyle intervention to optimise cardiometabolic health in high-risk prenatal and postnatal women: A pre-implementation study. Patient education and counseling 2026. link 14 Schiller T, Gabay L, Barak O, Kirzhner A, Khadija HA, Chodick G et al.. An oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy and its association with future cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2026. link 15 Wang L, Wang Y, Chen H, Liu L, Chen X, Gan Q. Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards gestational diabetes mellitus among obstetric and gynaecological healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study of 68 hospitals in Hubei Province, China. BMJ open 2025. link 16 Mora-Janiszewska O, Bialic K, Faryniak A, Darmochwał-Kolarz D. A Review of Modulation of Gut Microbiota to Mitigate Gestational Diabetes: Implications for Maternal and Child Health. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2025. link 17 Oladimeji OI, Ohene-Agyei P, Liu Q, Lin L, Gamble G, Crowther CA et al.. In Utero Exposure to Gestational Diabetes and Child Health at Age Three to Seven: A Cohort Study. The Journal of pediatrics 2025. link 18 Liu Q, Harding JE, Gamble GD, Samuel D, Oladimeji OI, Ohene-Agyei P et al.. Five-year follow-up of maternal and child health after gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed using different glycaemic criteria: The GEMS follow-up study. Diabetes research and clinical practice 2025. link 19 Qin Y, Song Q, Jiang X, Su Y, Chen H, Ji X et al.. Correlation between serum vitamin levels and gestational diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in endocrinology 2025. link 20 O'Reilly SL, McAuliffe FM, Geraghty AA, Burden C, Davies A. Implementing weight management during and after pregnancy to reduce diabetes and CVD risk in maternal and child populations. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2025. link 21 Chatzakis C, Papavasiliou D, Mansukhani T, Nicolaides KH, Charakida M. Maternal vascular-placental axis in the third trimester in women with gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders, and unaffected pregnancies. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2025. link 22 Chivers S, Ovadia C, Vasavan T, Lucchini M, Hayes-Gill B, Pini N et al.. Fetal Heart Rate Analysis in Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Multicentre Observational Study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2025. link 23 Lovett SM, Woo JMP, O'Brien KM, Parker SE, Sandler DP. Association of Early-life Trauma With Gestational Diabetes and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) 2025. link 24 Lang S, McIntosh JG, Enticott J, Goldstein R, Baker S, McGowan M et al.. Exploring the acceptability of a risk prediction tool for cardiometabolic risk (gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy) for use in early pregnancy: A qualitative study. Midwifery 2025. link 25 Weir TL, Majumder M, Glastras SJ. A systematic review of the effects of maternal obesity on neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2024. link 26 Nabika S, Nakamura T, Ito Y, Nagasawa A, Morimoto T. Incidence of and factors associated with emergency caesarean section in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2024. link 27 Sarker MR, Ramos GA. Routine screening for gestational diabetes: a review. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 2024. link 28 Favara G, Maugeri A, Magnano San Lio R, Barchitta M, Agodi A. Exploring Gene-Diet Interactions for Mother-Child Health: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies. Nutrients 2024. link 29 Azab S, Kandasamy S, Wahi G, Lamri A, Desai D, Williams N et al.. Understanding the impact of maternal and infant nutrition on infant/child health: multiethnic considerations, knowledge translation, and future directions for equitable health research. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme 2024. link 30 Eriksen CB, Minja DT, Christensen DL, Bygbjerg IC, Damm P, Schmiegelow C et al.. Do WHO criteria for gestational diabetes fit a rural population in Tanzania? - A follow-up study assessing mother and child health six years after a pregnancy diagnosed with gestational diabetes. Diabetes research and clinical practice 2024. link 31 Li DY, Wang L, Li L, Zhou S, Tan J, Tang C et al.. Maternal vitamin D status and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in twin pregnancies: a longitudinal twin pregnancies birth cohort study. Nutrition journal 2024. link 32 Greco E, Calanducci M, Nicolaides KH, Barry EVH, Huda MSB, Iliodromiti S. Gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in twin and singleton pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2024. link 33 Liao D, Xiong S, An S, Tao L, Dai L, Tian Y et al.. Association of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites with gestational diabetes mellitus and gestational hypertension among pregnant women in Southwest China: A cross-sectional study. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 2024. link 34 Champion ML, Jauk VC, Biggio JR, Sychowski JM, Tita AT, Harper LM. Early Gestational Diabetes Screening Based on ACOG Guidelines. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 35 Sarkar A, Caughey AB, Cheng YW, Yee LM. Perinatal Outcomes of Twin Gestations with and without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 36 Abu Shqara R, Nakhleh Francis Y, Or S, Lowenstein L, Frank Wolf M. Obstetrical Outcome following Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes in the Third Trimester (>29 Weeks) versus Second Trimester (24-28 Weeks): A Retrospective Comparative Study. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 37 Doğan ME, Erkan Pota Ç. Investigation of the effects of gestational diabetes and hypertension on retinal and choroidal microvascular circulation using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. Microvascular research 2024. link 38 Rose SJ, Nguyen EM, Branda ME, Melo V, Vega B, Kazemi-Butterfield N et al.. Maternal Factors and Placental Pathologies Associated with a Diagnosis of Chronic Villitis. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 39 Huang X, Huang Z, Zhang J, Jiang Y. Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and the childhood asthma in offspring: a meta-analysis. Italian journal of pediatrics 2023. link 40 Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Sanabria-Martínez G, Fernández-Rodríguez R, Cavero-Redondo I, Pascual-Morena C, Álvarez-Bueno C et al.. Exercise during pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders: An umbrella review of randomised controlled trials and an updated meta-analysis. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2023. link 41 Paulsen CP, Bandak E, Edemann-Callesen H, Juhl CB, Händel MN. The Effects of Exercise during Pregnancy on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Preeclampsia, and Spontaneous Abortion among Healthy Women-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health 2023. link 42 Moholdt T. Diet, Exercise and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2023. link 43 Petry CJ. Nutrients as Risk Factors and Treatments for Gestational Diabetes. Nutrients 2023. link 44 Wirawan F, Yudhantari DGA, Gayatri A. Pre-pregnancy Diet to Maternal and Child Health Outcome: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence. Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi 2023. link 45 Ludowici E. Assessing Knowledge on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Child Health. Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare 2023. link 46 Karaçil Ermumcu MŞ, Acar Tek N. Effects of High-dose Folic Acid Supplementation on Maternal/Child Health Outcomes: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy and Insulin Resistance in Offspring. Canadian journal of diabetes 2023. link 47 Milan KL, Jayasuriya R, Harithpriya K, Anuradha M, Ramkumar KM. Impact of vitamin D resistance genes on vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy among the South Indian population. Journal of reproductive immunology 2023. link 48 Cagiran FT, Kali Z. Role of vitamin D on gestational hypertension, diabetes mellitus, timing and mode of delivery. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2023. link 49 Ekici Avci M, Tosun Ö. Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiac functions in children of mothers with gestational diabetes and maternal obesity. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 50 Costantine MM, Rice MM, Landon MB, Varner MW, Casey BM, Reddy UM et al.. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Pregnancy and Subsequent Maternal Hypertension. American journal of perinatology 2023. link 51 Chatzakis C, Koletsos N, Tirta M, Dinas K, Gkaliagkousi E, Sotiriadis A. Decreased flow-mediated dilation in gestational diabetes in pregnancy and post-partum. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 2023. link 52 Sirico A, Raffone A, Maruotti GM, Travaglino A, Paciullo C, Diterlizzi A et al.. Third Trimester Myocardial Performance Index in Fetuses from Women with Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980) 2023. link 53 Tiong P, Kosmider L, Lassi ZS, Arstall MA, Andraweera PH. Asymmetric dimethylarginine and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine 2023. link 54 da Silva OA, Duarte GP, Lahlou S. Maternal Hyperglycemia Induces Autonomic Dysfunction and Heart Failure in Older Adult Offspring. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association 2023. link 55 Xie W, Wang Y, Xiao S, Qiu L, Yu Y, Zhang Z. Association of gestational diabetes mellitus with overall and type specific cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2022. link 56 Román Gálvez MR, Riquelme-Gallego B, Del Carmen Segovia-García M, Gavilán-Cabello D, Khan KS, Bueno-Cavanillas A. Variations in Author Gender in Obstetrics Disease Prevalence Literature: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health 2022. link 57 Gregory EC, Ely DM. Trends and Characteristics in Gestational Diabetes: United States, 2016-2020. National vital statistics reports : from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System 2022. link 58 Ha CL, Shubrook JH, Mason T. Gestational diabetes: Optimizing Dx and management in primary care. The Journal of family practice 2022. link 59 Rosenberg K. QI Intervention Can Improve Diabetes Prevention after Gestational Diabetes. The American journal of nursing 2022. link 60 Dalrymple KV, El-Heis S, Godfrey KM. Maternal weight and gestational diabetes impacts on child health. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 2022. link 61 Chiou YL, Hung CH, Yu CY, Chan TF, Liu MG. Risk factors for women with gestational diabetes mellitus developing type 2 diabetes and the impact on children's health. Journal of clinical nursing 2022. link 62 Weiler HA, Attar A, Farahnak Z, Sotunde OF, Razaghi M, Gharibeh N et al.. Vitamin D Status of Infants of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes: Status at Birth and a Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation across Infancy. The Journal of nutrition 2022. link 63 Mirzaei-Azandaryani Z, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Shaseb E, Abbasalizadeh S, Mirghafourvand M. Effects of vitamin D on insulin resistance and fasting blood glucose in pregnant women with insufficient or deficient vitamin D: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC endocrine disorders 2022. link 64 He J, Jiang D, Cui X, Ji C. Vitamin B12 status and folic acid/vitamin B12 related to the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2022. link 65 Cheng Y, Chen J, Li T, Pei J, Fan Y, He M et al.. Maternal vitamin D status in early pregnancy and its association with gestational diabetes mellitus in Shanghai: a retrospective cohort study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2022. link 66 Tkachuk AS, Vasukova EA, Anopova AD, Karonova TL, Pustozerov EA, Teplova YA et al.. Vitamin D Status and Gestational Diabetes in Russian Pregnant Women in the Period between 2012 and 2021: A Nested Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2022. link 67 Harreiter J, Mendoza LC, Simmons D, Desoye G, Devlieger R, Galjaard S et al.. Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Overweight/Obese Pregnant Women: No Effects on the Maternal or Fetal Lipid Profile and Body Fat Distribution-A Secondary Analysis of the Multicentric, Randomized, Controlled Vitamin D and Lifestyle for Gestational Diabetes Prevention Trial (DALI). Nutrients 2022. link 68 Luo C, Li Z, Lu Y, Wei F, Suo D, Lan S et al.. Association of serum vitamin D status with gestational diabetes mellitus and other laboratory parameters in early pregnant women. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2022. link 69 Cao YM, Ma M, Wang W, Cai NN. The therapeutic effects of attending a one-day outpatient service on patients with gestational diabetes and different pre-pregnancy body mass indices. Frontiers in public health 2022. link 70 Shah NS, Wang MC, Kandula NR, Carnethon MR, Gunderson EP, Grobman WA et al.. Gestational Diabetes and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy by Maternal Birthplace. American journal of preventive medicine 2022. link 71 Chen Y, Chen Q, Wu Y, Wang H, Fan Q, Lei W et al.. Fetal cardiac geometry and function in pregnancies with well-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus using Fetal HQ. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 72 Burlina S, Dalfrà MG, Lapolla A. Long-term cardio-metabolic effects after gestational diabetes: a review. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 73 Bailey C, Skouteris H, Harrison CL, Hill B, Thangaratinam S, Teede H et al.. A Comparison of the Cost-Effectiveness of Lifestyle Interventions in Pregnancy. Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 2022. link 74 Saito Y, Kobayashi S, Ikeda-Araki A, Ito S, Miyashita C, Kimura T et al.. Association between pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus: The Japan Environment and Children's Study. Journal of diabetes investigation 2022. link 75 Pathirana MM, Ali A, Lassi ZS, Arstall MA, Roberts CT, Andraweera PH. Protective Influence of Breastfeeding on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women With Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Their Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 2022. link 76 Mao Y, Hu W, Xia B, Liu L, Han X, Liu Q. Association Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and the Risks of Type-Specific Cardiovascular Diseases. Frontiers in public health 2022. link 77 Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Davis EM et al.. Screening for Gestational Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA 2021. link 78 Jiang YK, Deng HY, Qiao ZY, Gong FX. Visfatin level and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of physiology and biochemistry 2021. link 79 Kauffman RP. 1-step screening approach detected more GDM than 2-step approach but did not improve clinical outcomes. Annals of internal medicine 2021. link 80 Leonco L, Kallel H, Nacher M, Thelusme L, Dueymes M, Mhiri R et al.. Does Universal Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Improve Neonatal Outcomes in a Socially Vulnerable Population: A Prospective Study in French Guiana. Frontiers in endocrinology 2021. link 81 Morlando M, Savoia F, Conte A, Schiattarella A, La Verde M, Petrizzo M et al.. Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Women with Diabetes in Pregnancy Treated before and after the Introduction of a Standardized Multidisciplinary Management Protocol. Journal of diabetes research 2021. link 82 Elfassy L, Lasry A, Gil Y, Balayla J. Prevalence threshold of screening tests in obstetrics and gynecology. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2021. link 83 Coustan DR, Dyer AR, Metzger BE. One-step or 2-step testing for gestational diabetes: which is better?. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2021. link 84 Teotia N, Singh A, Kunwar S, Kumari S, Rathore BS. Comparison of the levels of 25(OH) vitamin D3 in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and normoglycemic pregnant women. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2021. link 85 Sormunen-Harju H, Koivusalo S, Gissler M, Metsälä J. The risk of complications in second pregnancy by maternal BMI: The role of first-pregnancy complications, pregestational diabetes and chronic hypertension. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2021. link 86 Pathirana MM, Lassi Z, Ali A, Arstall M, Roberts CT, Andraweera PH. Cardiovascular risk factors in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2021. link 87 Packer CH, Pilliod RA, Chatroux LR, Caughey AB, Valent AM. Increased rates of adverse perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes and depression. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2021. link 88 Petry CJ. Nutrition for Gestational Diabetes-Progress and Potential. Nutrients 2020. link 89 Potter JM, Hickman PE, Oakman C, Woods C, Nolan CJ. Strict Preanalytical Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Blood Sample Handling Is Essential for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes care 2020. link 90 Thangaratinam S, Cooray SD, Sukumar N, Huda MSB, Devlieger R, Benhalima K et al.. ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: Diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus. European journal of endocrinology 2020. link 91 Nakanishi S, Aoki S, Kasai J, Shindo R, Saigusa Y, Miyagi E. Have pregnancy outcomes improved with the introduction of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria in Japan?. Journal of diabetes investigation 2020. link 92 Todi S, Sagili H, Kamalanathan SK. Comparison of criteria of International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) with National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2020. link 93 Saravanan P. Gestational diabetes: opportunities for improving maternal and child health. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2020. link30161-3) 94 Sadeghian M, Asadi M, Rahmani S, Akhavan Zanjani M, Sadeghi O, Hosseini SA et al.. Circulating vitamin D and the risk of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Endocrine 2020. link 95 Corcoy R, Mendoza LC, Simmons D, Desoye G, Adelantado JM, Chico A et al.. The DALI vitamin D randomized controlled trial for gestational diabetes mellitus prevention: No major benefit shown besides vitamin D sufficiency. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2020. link 96 Rudge MVC, Barbosa AMP, Sobrevia L, Gelaleti RB, Hallur RLS, Marcondes JPC et al.. Altered maternal metabolism during mild gestational hyperglycemia as a predictor of adverse perinatal outcomes: A comprehensive analysis. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 2020. link 97 Brown J, Kapurubandara S, McGee TM. Confounding effect of ethnic diversity on booking-in body mass index and prevalence of gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders in pregnant women in western Sydney 1997-2016. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2020. link 98 Berger H, Gagnon R, Sermer M. Guideline No. 393-Diabetes in Pregnancy. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2019. link 99 Razzaqui SM, Babar N, Memon ZU, Rafiq S. Assessing the adherence of obstetricians towards postpartum diabetes screening guidelines: a pre- and post-intervention study at secondary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2019. link 100 Crawford SB, Monks SM, Mendez M, Quest D, Mulla ZD, Plavsic SK. A Simulation-Based Workshop to Improve Residents' Collaborative Clinical Practice. 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Original source

[1]
Gestational diabetes increases risk of cardiovascular disease. — Rosenberg K The American journal of nursing (2026)
[2]
Healthcare for People With Diabetes in Pregnancy: A National Survey Comparing Metropolitan and Rural Care Delivery in Australia. — Payne E, Heaney S, Collins C, Rollo M, Brown LJ The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology (2026)
[3]
Gestational diabetes mellitus and offspring health: A 12-year register-based analysis of specialized health care utilization in Finland. — Kinnunen J, Nikkinen H, Keikkala E, Mustaniemi S, Gissler M, Laivuori H et al. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica (2026)
[4]
Mother and child health 4.5 years after gestational diabetes mellitus managed using tight or less tight targets for glycaemic control: Post-hoc follow-up study of the TARGET trial. — Douglas LJ, Gamble GD, Harding JE, Samuel D, Eagleton CL, Alsweiler JM et al. PLoS medicine (2026)
[5]
Exploring the Reliability of Detecting Drug-Drug Interactions that Increase the Risk of Gestational Diabetes in Adverse Event Reporting Systems. — Robiyanto R, Barrett JW, Sandberg L, Raemaekers BC, Norén GN, Schuiling-Veninga CCM et al. Drug safety (2026)
[6]
Long-term risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Zeng H, Yin X, Yin L, Chen Q, Yang F, Shi Y et al. Frontiers in endocrinology (2026)
[7]
Gestational diabetes and spousal health: the Finnish gestational diabetes study. — Taskila T, Vääräsmäki M, Mustaniemi S, Leppänen S, Laivuori H, Kajantie E et al. European journal of public health (2026)
[8]
Analysis of the association between history of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders in a subsequent pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. — Liu Y, Zhong S, Zhong K, Su L, Wang M, Wang Y et al. Frontiers in endocrinology (2026)
[9]
Synbiotic Nutraceutical Mitigates Gestational Diabetes Effects and Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Rat Offspring. — de Albuquerque Lemos DE, de Souza EL, de Luna Freire MO, da Silva JYP, da Costa PCT, Cruz JC et al. Molecular nutrition & food research (2026)
[10]
Associations between gestational diabetes and cardiovascular disease largely operate independently of postpartum causal pathways: A population-based cohort study in England. — Astbury NM, Ripullone K, Ramakrishnan R, Woodwood M, Hirst JE Diabetes, obesity & metabolism (2026)
[11]
The Impact of Metabolic Complications in Pregnancy on Later Life Maternal Cardiometabolic Health: Findings From the ROLO Longitudinal Cohort Study. — Dunlop K, Callanan S, Philippe K, McNestry C, Douglass A, Segurado R et al. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2026)
[12]
Mechanism of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus exacerbating myocardial injury in male offspring by upregulating growth differentiation factor 15 to promote mitochondrial dysfunction. — Zhu M, Yin F, Qiu Y, Liu Y Molecular and cellular biochemistry (2026)
[13]
Designing a lifestyle intervention to optimise cardiometabolic health in high-risk prenatal and postnatal women: A pre-implementation study. — Osei-Safo EK, Melder A, Taylor F, Slater K, Reddy A, Moran L et al. Patient education and counseling (2026)
[14]
An oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy and its association with future cardiovascular diseases. — Schiller T, Gabay L, Barak O, Kirzhner A, Khadija HA, Chodick G et al. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism (2026)
[15]
Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards gestational diabetes mellitus among obstetric and gynaecological healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study of 68 hospitals in Hubei Province, China. — Wang L, Wang Y, Chen H, Liu L, Chen X, Gan Q BMJ open (2025)
[16]
A Review of Modulation of Gut Microbiota to Mitigate Gestational Diabetes: Implications for Maternal and Child Health. — Mora-Janiszewska O, Bialic K, Faryniak A, Darmochwał-Kolarz D Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research (2025)
[17]
In Utero Exposure to Gestational Diabetes and Child Health at Age Three to Seven: A Cohort Study. — Oladimeji OI, Ohene-Agyei P, Liu Q, Lin L, Gamble G, Crowther CA et al. The Journal of pediatrics (2025)
[18]
Five-year follow-up of maternal and child health after gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed using different glycaemic criteria: The GEMS follow-up study. — Liu Q, Harding JE, Gamble GD, Samuel D, Oladimeji OI, Ohene-Agyei P et al. Diabetes research and clinical practice (2025)
[19]
Correlation between serum vitamin levels and gestational diabetes mellitus. — Qin Y, Song Q, Jiang X, Su Y, Chen H, Ji X et al. Frontiers in endocrinology (2025)
[20]
Implementing weight management during and after pregnancy to reduce diabetes and CVD risk in maternal and child populations. — O'Reilly SL, McAuliffe FM, Geraghty AA, Burden C, Davies A The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2025)
[21]
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