Overview
Periodontitis in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) is exacerbated due to multiple factors including compromised immune response, anatomical anomalies, and increased systemic inflammation 29. These factors contribute to a higher susceptibility and severity of periodontal disease.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 288 indexed papers.
1 Tyagi SC, Smolenkova I, Zheng Y, Singh M. Epigenetic Control of Hyperuricemia and Gout by Gene Writer DNMT1 and RNA Editor ADAR1: Mechanism of Gout and Amyloid Dissolution in Down Syndrome. Biochemical genetics 2026. link 2 Correia PRB, Freire MLJ, Coêlho JF, Vasconcelos ML, Motta AR, Taveira KVM et al.. Speech-language-hearing interventions in orofacial functions in individuals with Down syndrome: a scoping review. CoDAS 2026. link 3 Toki M, Narumi S, Hanakawa J, Iwano R, Asakura Y, Ueda H et al.. Age-related changes in thyroid hormone profile in pediatric patients with Down syndrome. Endocrine journal 2026. link 4 Kalezi ZE, Mchalange JF, Majani NG, Simbila AN, Mlawi VA, Nkya DA et al.. Clinical profile and hospital outcomes of children with Down syndrome diagnosed with congenital heart disease in a developing country: A retrospective study. PloS one 2026. link 5 Mat Bah MN, Zahari N, Abdullah NA, Sapian MH, Alias EY. Survival and Risk Factor for Mortality of Infants with Trisomy-21 and Pulmonary Hypertension: A Population-Based Study from a Middle-Income Country. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 6 Katsumata K, Shimokaze T, Inagaki Y, Saito T, Toyoshima K. The Timing and Factor of Ductus Arteriosus Closure in Infants with Down Syndrome Born at Term and Late-Preterm. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 7 Clina JG, Helsel BC, White DA, Sherman JR, Rice AM, Forsha DE et al.. Outcomes of an Exercise Intervention in Adults With Down Syndrome and Congenital Heart Disease: A Secondary Analysis. Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR 2026. link 8 Peter B, Finestack L, Loveall S, Thompson L, Bruce L, Scherer N et al.. Babble Boot Camp for Infants With Down Syndrome: Piloting a Proactive, Caregiver-Led Intervention Designed to Boost Earliest Speech and Language Skills. American journal of speech-language pathology 2025. link 9 Darling-White M, McHugh A. The Impact of Clear and Loud Speech Cues on Acoustic and Perceptual Features of Speech Production in Adolescents With Down Syndrome. American journal of speech-language pathology 2025. link 10 Spingler T, Sonek J, Hoopmann M, Prodan N, Jonaityte G, Elger T et al.. Importance of a detailed anomaly scan after a cfDNA test indicating fetal trisomy 21, 18 or 13. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2024. link 11 Ortega MDC, Bullard JP, Del Mar Unceta M, Sánchez-Pedreño FO, Molero P, de Asúa DR. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy secondary to electroconvulsive therapy in a young adult with Down syndrome regression disorder. American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics 2024. link 12 DeBoer EM, Wolter-Warmerdam K, Deterding RR, Marmolejo J, Blumenthal T, Espinosa JM et al.. Cardiopulmonary Phenotypes and Protein Signatures in Children With Down Syndrome. Clinical pediatrics 2024. link 13 Adams AD, Lin J, Bianchi DW, Bishop L, Sato T, Baxter LL et al.. Embryonic statistical analyses reveal 2 growth phenotypes in mouse models of Down syndrome. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2024. link 14 Nguyen TQ, Kerley CI, Key AP, Maxwell-Horn AC, Wells QS, Neul JL et al.. Phenotyping Down syndrome: discovery and predictive modelling with electronic medical records. Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR 2024. link 15 Tancredi V, Licata G, Calabrese G, Buononato D, De Rosa A, Argenziano G et al.. Down syndrome and biological treatments in dermatology: Efficacy and safety in our real-life experience and review of literature. The Australasian journal of dermatology 2023. link 16 Oreskovic NM, Baumer NT, Di Camillo C, Cornachia M, Franklin C, Hart SJ et al.. Cardiometabolic profiles in children and adults with overweight and obesity and down syndrome. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 2023. link 17 Boliek CA, Halpern A, Hernandez K, Fox CM, Ramig L. Intensive Voice Treatment (Lee Silverman Voice Treatment [LSVT LOUD]) for Children With Down Syndrome: Phase I Outcomes. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2022. link 18 Silberberg A, Etchegaray A, Juárez Peñalva S, Villar MJ, Musante G. Attitudes of Argentinean Neonatologists toward Resuscitation of Infants with Trisomies 21, 18, and 13: A Multicenter Survey. American journal of perinatology 2022. link 19 Wentworth AB, Hand JL, Davis DM, Tollefson MM. Skin concerns in patients with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome): A Mayo Clinic 22-year retrospective review. Pediatric dermatology 2021. link 20 Malinzak EB. Perioperative care of adults with Down syndrome: a narrative review. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 2021. link 21 Bingöler Pekcici EB, Özalp Akin E, Akpinar F, Hayran G, Keleş C, Yağbasan B et al.. Family-centeredness of services for young children with Down syndrome: an observational study from Turkey. Turkish journal of medical sciences 2021. link 22 Allen P, Anderson BR, Bacha E, LaPar DJ. Trisomy 21 Patients Undergoing Cavopulmonary Connections Need Improved Preoperative and Postoperative Care. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 23 de Wergifosse S, Bevilacqua E, Mezela I, El Haddad S, Gounongbe C, de Marchin J et al.. Cell-free DNA analysis in maternal blood: comparing genome-wide versus targeted approach as a first-line screening test. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2021. link 24 Swanson SK, Schumacher KR, Ohye RG, Zampi JD. Impact of trisomy 13 and 18 on airway anomalies and pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2021. link 25 Tsou AY, Bulova P, Capone G, Chicoine B, Gelaro B, Harville TO et al.. Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline. JAMA 2020. link 26 Matsuishi Y, Sakuramoto H, Hoshino H, Shimojo N, Enomoto Y, Mathis BJ et al.. Down Syndrome Reduces the Sedative Effect of Midazolam in Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgical Patients. Scientific reports 2020. link 27 Smith E, Hokstad S, Næss KB. Children with Down syndrome can benefit from language interventions; Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of communication disorders 2020. link 28 Benchamanon R, Suwanrath C, Pranpanus S. Fetal tricuspid regurgitation in second trimester of pregnancies at risk for fetal chromosomal defects. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2020. link 29 Huggard D, Kelly L, Ryan E, McGrane F, Lagan N, Roche E et al.. Increased systemic inflammation in children with Down syndrome. Cytokine 2020. link 30 Sarno LA, Walters HL, Bondarenko I, Thomas R, Kobayashi D. Significant Improvements in Mortality After the Fontan Operation in Children With Down Syndrome. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2020. link 31 Ferrary T, Sanchez Ratto N, Martinez D, Alvarez M, Bianchi ML, Benitez MB et al.. Psychoprophylaxis for oral conscious sedation for dental care in Down syndrome adults with behavioral disorder. Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry 2019. link 32 Wood SE, Timmins C, Wishart J, Hardcastle WJ, Cleland J. Use of electropalatography in the treatment of speech disorders in children with Down syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. International journal of language & communication disorders 2019. link 33 Tang Y, Luo H, Mu D, Yang T, Zhu Q, Yang F et al.. Early diagnosis of trisomy 21, trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 using nuchal translucency thickness and ductus venosus blood flow waveform in West China. Molecular medicine reports 2019. link 34 Wasserman D. Fetal Medicine and the Pregnant Woman. The Hastings Center report 2018. link 35 Ngan OMY, Yi H, Ahmed S. Service provision of non-invasive prenatal testing for Down syndrome in public and private healthcare sectors: a qualitative study with obstetric providers. BMC health services research 2018. link 36 Barbosa TMMF, Lima ILB, Alves GÂDS, Delgado IC. Contributions of speech-language therapy to the integration of individuals with Down syndrome in the workplace. CoDAS 2018. link 37 Rvachew S, Folden M. Speech therapy in adolescents with Down syndrome: In pursuit of communication as a fundamental human right. International journal of speech-language pathology 2018. link 38 García-Pérez L, Linertová R, Álvarez-de-la-Rosa M, Bayón JC, Imaz-Iglesia I, Ferrer-Rodríguez J et al.. Cost-effectiveness of cell-free DNA in maternal blood testing for prenatal detection of trisomy 21, 18 and 13: a systematic review. The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care 2018. link 39 Wald NJ, Huttly WJ, Bestwick JP, Old R, Morris JK, Cheng R et al.. Prenatal reflex DNA screening for trisomies 21, 18, and 13. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 2018. link 40 Aoki S, Yamauchi Y, Hashimoto K. Developmental trend of children with Down's syndrome - How do sex and neonatal conditions influence their developmental patterns?. Brain & development 2018. link 41 Martin T, Smith A, Breatnach CR, Kent E, Shanahan I, Boyle M et al.. Infants Born with Down Syndrome: Burden of Disease in the Early Neonatal Period. The Journal of pediatrics 2018. link 42 Filoche SK, Lawton B, Beard A, Stone P. Views of the obstetric profession on non-invasive prenatal testing in Aotearoa New Zealand: A national survey. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2017. link 43 Ngan OMY, Yi H, Wong SYS, Sahota D, Ahmed S. Obstetric professionals' perceptions of non-invasive prenatal testing for Down syndrome: clinical usefulness compared with existing tests and ethical implications. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2017. link 44 Miller J, Ding L, Spaeth J, Lam J, Paquin J, Lin E et al.. Sedation methods for transthoracic echocardiography in children with Trisomy 21-a retrospective study. Paediatric anaesthesia 2017. link 45 Padiyath A, Rettiganti M, Gossett JM, Tadphale SD, Garcia X, Seib PM et al.. Epidemiology and outcomes of cardiac arrest among children with Down Syndrome: a multicenter analysis. Minerva anestesiologica 2017. link 46 Ashworth A, Hill CM, Karmiloff-Smith A, Dimitriou D. A cross-syndrome study of the differential effects of sleep on declarative memory consolidation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Developmental science 2017. link 47 Goldman KJ, Shulman C, Bar-Haim Y, Abend R, Burack JA. Attention allocation to facial expressions of emotion among persons with Williams and Down syndromes. Development and psychopathology 2017. link 48 Gil MM, Brik M, Casanova C, Martin-Alonso R, Verdejo M, Ramírez E et al.. Screening for trisomies 21 and 18 in a Spanish public hospital: from the combined test to the cell-free DNA test. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2017. link 49 Parra P, Costa R, de Asúa DR, Moldenhauer F, Suárez C. Atherosclerotic Surrogate Markers in Adults With Down Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 2017. link 50 Khalid-Raja M, Tzifa K. Current demand of paediatric otolaryngology input for children with Down's syndrome in a tertiary referral centre. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2016. link 51 Yumusakhuylu AC, Binnetoglu A, Demir B, Baglam T, Sari M. Is it safe to perform adenotonsillectomy in children with Down syndrome?. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2016. link 52 McDaniel J, Yoder PJ. Pursuing Precision Speech-Language Therapy Services for Children with Down Syndrome. Seminars in speech and language 2016. link 53 Yoder PJ, Camarata S, Woynaroski T. Treating Speech Comprehensibility in Students With Down Syndrome. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR 2016. link 54 Thankavel PP, Ramaciotti C. Isolated Mitral Cleft in Trisomy 21: An Initially 'Silent' Lesion. Pediatric cardiology 2016. link 55 Hefti E, Quiñones-Lombraña A, Redzematovic A, Hui J, Blanco JG. Analysis of mtDNA, miR-155 and BACH1 expression in hearts from donors with and without Down syndrome. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 2016. link 56 Walia H, Ruda J, Tobias JD. Sevoflurane and bradycardia in infants with trisomy 21: A case report and review of the literature. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2016. link 57 Alexander M, Petri H, Ding Y, Wandel C, Khwaja O, Foskett N. Morbidity and medication in a large population of individuals with Down syndrome compared to the general population. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2016. link 58 Bestwick JP, Wald NJ. Sequential integrated antenatal screening for Down's syndrome, trisomy 18 and trisomy 13. Journal of medical screening 2016. link 59 Papageorghiou AT, Khalil A, Forman M, Hulme R, Mazey R, Mousa HA et al.. Clinical evaluation of the IONA test: a non-invasive prenatal screening test for trisomies 21, 18 and 13. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016. link 60 Visootsak J, Huddleston L, Buterbaugh A, Perkins A, Sherman S, Hunter J. Influence of CHDs on psycho-social and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with Down syndrome. Cardiology in the young 2016. link 61 Knight RA, Kurtz S, Georgiadou I. Speech production in children with Down's syndrome: The effects of reading, naming and imitation. Clinical linguistics & phonetics 2015. link 62 Wong B, Brebner C, McCormack P, Butcher A. Word production inconsistency of Singaporean-English-speaking adolescents with Down Syndrome. International journal of language & communication disorders 2015. link 63 Ramachandran D, Mulle JG, Locke AE, Bean LJ, Rosser TC, Bose P et al.. Contribution of copy-number variation to Down syndrome-associated atrioventricular septal defects. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 2015. link 64 Purser HR, Farran EK, Courbois Y, Lemahieu A, Sockeel P, Mellier D et al.. The development of route learning in Down syndrome, Williams syndrome and typical development: investigations with virtual environments. Developmental science 2015. link 65 Pan M, Han J, Yang X, Zhen L, Liao C, Li DZ. A 1st-trimester combined screening test in pregnant women of advanced maternal age in a Chinese population. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2015. link 66 Mahadevaiah G, Gupta M, Ashwath R. Down Syndrome with Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, and Pulmonary Vein Stenosis. Texas Heart Institute journal 2015. link 67 Abdul Rahim FS, Mohamed AM, Marizan Nor M, Saub R. Dental care access among individuals with Down syndrome: a Malaysian scenario. Acta odontologica Scandinavica 2014. link 68 Fuengfoo A, Sakulnoom K. Clinical abnormalities, early intervention program of Down syndrome children: Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health experience. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 2014. link 69 Park MJ, Sotomatsu M, Ohki K, Arai K, Maruyama K, Kobayashi T et al.. Liver disease is frequently observed in Down syndrome patients with transient abnormal myelopoiesis. International journal of hematology 2014. link 70 Narayanan DL, Yesodharan D, Kappanayil M, Kuthiroly S, Thampi MV, Hamza Z et al.. Cardiac spectrum, cytogenetic analysis and thyroid profile of 418 children with Down syndrome from South India: a cross-sectional study. Indian journal of pediatrics 2014. link 71 Wright D, Syngelaki A, Bradbury I, Akolekar R, Nicolaides KH. First-trimester screening for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 by ultrasound and biochemical testing. Fetal diagnosis and therapy 2014. link 72 Liu C, Morishima M, Jiang X, Yu T, Meng K, Ray D et al.. Engineered chromosome-based genetic mapping establishes a 3.7 Mb critical genomic region for Down syndrome-associated heart defects in mice. Human genetics 2014. link 73 Lahrouchi N, Rammeloo LA, Koolbergen DR, Hruda J. Ruptured aneurysm of the right coronary sinus of Valsalva in a child with Down syndrome. Cardiology in the young 2014. link 74 Chan TK, Hui E, Chung B. A child born with Edward's syndrome: the legal and moral duty to accede to the request for parentage determination. Journal of medical ethics 2014. link 75 Gowda S, Bhat D, Feng Z, Chang CH, Ross RD. Pulmonary vein stenosis with Down syndrome: a rare and frequently fatal cause of pulmonary hypertension in infants and children. Congenital heart disease 2014. link 76 Kor-anantakul O, Awapark P, Suwanrath C, Suntharasaj T, Hanprasertpong T. The knowledge and attitudes of Thai obstetrics and gynaecology residents towards Down syndrome screening. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 2013. link 77 Okuyama T, Yotsumoto J, Funato Y. Survey of second-trimester maternal serum screening in Japan. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2013. link 78 Gersak K, Vesel S. Can prenatal detection of Down syndrome be improved by enhancing obstetricians' skills of performing adequate foetal cardiac examination at the primary level?. Journal of perinatal medicine 2013. link 79 Robinson SJ, Temple CM. Dissociations in mathematical knowledge: case studies in Down's syndrome and Williams syndrome. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior 2013. link 80 Berktold L, von Kaisenberg CS, Hillemanns P, Vaske B, Schmidt P. Analysis of the impact of PAPP-A, free β-hCG and nuchal translucency thickness on the advanced first trimester screening. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2013. link 81 Jensen KM, Davis MM. Health care in adults with Down syndrome: a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR 2013. link 82 Piccoli C, Izzo A, Scrima R, Bonfiglio F, Manco R, Negri R et al.. Chronic pro-oxidative state and mitochondrial dysfunctions are more pronounced in fibroblasts from Down syndrome foeti with congenital heart defects. Human molecular genetics 2013. link 83 Breckenridge K, Braddick O, Anker S, Woodhouse M, Atkinson J. Attention in Williams syndrome and Down's syndrome: performance on the new early childhood attention battery. The British journal of developmental psychology 2013. link 84 Tenenbaum A, Chavkin M, Wexler ID, Korem M, Merrick J. Morbidity and hospitalizations of adults with Down syndrome. Research in developmental disabilities 2012. link 85 Sahota DS, Pooh RK, Choy KW, Leung TY, Lau TK. First trimester serum markers stability during sample transportation from the obstetrical site to the screening laboratory. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2012. link 86 Stirn Kranjc B. Ocular abnormalities and systemic disease in Down syndrome. Strabismus 2012. link 87 Rodman R, Pine HS. The otolaryngologist's approach to the patient with Down syndrome. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2012. link 88 Harasym J, Langevin M. Stuttering treatment for a school-age child with Down syndrome: a descriptive case report. Journal of fluency disorders 2012. link 89 Parrott R, Peters KF, Traeder T. Uncertainty management and communication preferences related to genetic relativism among families affected by down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and neurofibromatosis. Health communication 2012. link 90 Mihailovic T, Stimec BV, Terzic M, Dmitrovic A, Micic J. The absence of the vomer in the first and early second trimester of pregnancy - a new marker of trisomy 21 and trisomy 13. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980) 2012. link 91 Irving CA, Chaudhari MP. Cardiovascular abnormalities in Down's syndrome: spectrum, management and survival over 22 years. Archives of disease in childhood 2012. link 92 Abanto J, Ciamponi AL, Francischini E, Murakami C, de Rezende NP, Gallottini M. Medical problems and oral care of patients with Down syndrome: a literature review. Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry 2011. link 93 Geelhoed EA, Bebbington A, Bower C, Deshpande A, Leonard H. Direct health care costs of children and adolescents with Down syndrome. The Journal of pediatrics 2011. link 94 Cua CL, Rogers LK, Chicoine LG, Augustine M, Jin Y, Nash PL et al.. Down syndrome patients with pulmonary hypertension have elevated plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine. European journal of pediatrics 2011. link 95 Hagen A, Entezami M, Gasiorek-Wiens A, Albig M, Becker R, Knoll U et al.. The impact of first trimester screening and early fetal anomaly scan on invasive testing rates in women with advanced maternal age. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980) 2011. link 96 Goldman SE, Urbano RC, Hodapp RM. Determining the amount, timing and causes of mortality among infants with Down syndrome. Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR 2011. link 97 Dressler A, Perelli V, Bozza M, Bargagna S. The autistic phenotype in Down syndrome: differences in adaptive behaviour versus Down syndrome alone and autistic disorder alone. Functional neurology 2011. link 98 Bagatin E, Kamamoto CS, Guadanhim LR, Sanudo A, Dias MC, Barraviera IM et al.. Prevalence of acne vulgaris in patients with Down syndrome. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2010. link 99 Creavin AL, Brown RD. Ophthalmic assessment of children with down syndrome: is England doing its bit?. Strabismus 2010. link 100 van Bysterveldt AK, Gillon G, Foster-Cohen S. Integrated speech and phonological awareness intervention for pre-school children with Down syndrome. International journal of language & communication disorders 2010. link