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Cardiology326 papers

Left coronary artery occlusion

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmic emergency characterized by sudden, painless monocular vision loss due to blockage of the central retinal artery, analogous to a stroke in the eye 1 6 25.

Diagnosis

Sudden, painless monocular vision loss

Fundus examination revealing retinal whitening and a cherry-red spot

Fluorescein angiography may show delayed retinal artery filling and "marching arteries"

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can identify retinal thickening and hyper-reflective spots

Multimodal imaging (e.g., OCTA, DWI MRI) aids in assessing ischemia and microvascular changes 1 14 27 37 60 67

Management

First-line treatments:

- Intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase (e.g., 90 mg IV bolus over 30 minutes) 15 22 52 - Local intra-arterial fibrinolysis (LIF) for cases beyond conventional time windows 29

Adjunctive treatments:

- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) for selected patients, though evidence varies 10 33 56 - Monitoring with ocular ultrasound for reperfusion success 14

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Limited data; management similar to non-pregnant patients, with caution due to potential risks of thrombolytics 22

Elderly: Increased risk of comorbidities; careful consideration of thrombolytic risks and benefits 22 49

Comorbidities: Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease may influence prognosis and treatment decisions 24 49

Key Recommendations

Initiate intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase promptly within 90 minutes of symptom onset for eligible patients (Evidence: Strong 15 22 52)

Consider local intra-arterial fibrinolysis for patients presenting beyond the conventional thrombolysis window (Evidence: Moderate 29)

Evaluate visual prognosis using multimodal imaging techniques such as OCT and DWI MRI (Evidence: Moderate 60 67)

Monitor reperfusion success with ocular ultrasound in patients undergoing thrombolysis (Evidence: Moderate 14)

Individualize treatment based on patient comorbidities and risk factors, particularly in elderly patients (Evidence: Expert opinion)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 252 indexed papers.

1 Mac Grory B, Preterre C, Lebranchu P, Ryan SJ, Kalsnes Jørstad Ø, Moe MC et al.. Intravenous thrombolysis for acute central retinal artery occlusion: Protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS one 2026. link 2 Hamam RN, Hassoun MM, Rebeiz AG, El Hadi D, Bashshur ZF. TREATMENT OF VISION-THREATENING BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION AFTER CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY WITH SURGICAL DISPLACEMENT OF EMBOLUS. Retinal cases & brief reports 2026. link 3 Paddock JE, Bakaeva TV. Updates in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society 2026. link 4 Mahdi AAHM, Xiao X. Comparative peripheral inflammatory biomarker profiles in central and branch retinal artery occlusion: a retrospective study. BMC ophthalmology 2026. link 5 Kim YH, Hwangbo L, Ko JK. Endovascular Management of Common Femoral Artery Occlusion Caused by Suture-mediated Vascular Closure Devices: A Single-Center Experience. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2026. link 6 Bénard-Séguin É, Grory BM, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Update on Acute Retinal Arterial Ischemic Disorders. Neurologic clinics 2026. link 7 Chen C, Sastry RM, Wang L, Romano F, Vingopoulos F, Ding X et al.. Correlation between quantitative OCT metrics and contrast sensitivity function in retinal artery occlusion. The British journal of ophthalmology 2026. link 8 Gao J, Pang H, Zhang W, Ge Y, Feng M, Cao J et al.. Retinal microvascular alterations in affected and contralateral eyes of individuals with unilateral central retinal artery occlusion. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2026. link 9 Chen C, Nodecker KN, Sastry RM, Wang L, Ding X, Zhu Y et al.. Longitudinal Evaluation of Microvascular Changes and Imaging Biomarkers Associated with Visual Prognosis in Retinal Artery Occlusion. American journal of ophthalmology 2026. link 10 Gur I, Gur I, Gitzman M, Atal L, Matsliah Y, Zaher E et al.. Comparative effectiveness of varying hyperbaric oxygen protocols in the treatment of acute central retinal artery occlusion. Eye (London, England) 2026. link 11 Maltsev DS, Kulikov AN, Kalinicheva YA. Possible Association Between Retinal Arterial Occlusions and Subretinal Drusenoid Deposits: A Missing Link. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2026. link 12 Knapp AN, Schulgit MJ, Sharma S, Hamdan A, Yuan A, Babiuch A et al.. Risk Factors and Systemic Outcomes in Patients with Retinal Artery Occlusion. Ophthalmology. Retina 2026. link 13 Yi KH, Kim JH, Lee HE, Song JK, Cho B, Kim SB. Anatomical Guideline for Retrobulbar Hyaluronidase Injection. Journal of cosmetic dermatology 2025. link 14 Castilla-Guerra L, Gómez-Escobar A, Gutiérrez Sánchez E, Fernández-Moreno MDC. Usefulness of ocular ultrasound for monitoring acute retinal arterial ischemia. Medicina clinica 2025. link 15 Tanaka S, Hayakawa M, Tasaki K, Ono R, Hirata K, Hosoo H et al.. Successful recovery of vision following intravenous thrombolysis using low-dose alteplase in central retinal artery occlusion. The American journal of emergency medicine 2025. link 16 Hoyek S, Yuan M, Bejjani R, Zacks DN, Miller JW, Vavvas DG et al.. Multimodal Imaging Characteristics and Correlation to Outcomes in Patients With Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Presenting to a Large Academic Center. American journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 17 Dong C, Chen CL, Wang HB. Monocular Vision Loss After Ear Filler Injection. Aesthetic plastic surgery 2025. link 18 Deng Y, Chen W, Zhu Y, Qiao G, Wang S, Cai W. Embolization of Ophthalmic Artery Induced By Ear Hyaluronic Acid Injection. Aesthetic plastic surgery 2025. link 19 Deng Y, Chen W, Zhu Y, Qiao G, Wang S, Cai W. Successful Reversal of Hyaluronic Acid-Induced Retinal Artery Occlusion via Blunt Needle Injection for Frown Lines. Aesthetic plastic surgery 2025. link 20 Abdelmassih Y, Mauget-Faÿsse M, Seners P, Milea D, Hallali G, Guillaume J et al.. Early reperfusion in patients with acute retinal artery occlusion: A multicenter prospective study. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society 2025. link 21 Kadam Y, Das AV, Narayanan R, Balakrishnan N, Telukunta P, Takkar B. Profile and outcomes of retinal artery occlusion: The underrealized need to expedite presentation. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 22 Harahsheh E, Zhang N, Elshaighi O, Parikh P, Gomez D, Weinberg E et al.. Retina and optic nerve diffusion restriction in acute central retinal artery occlusion: A case-control study. The neuroradiology journal 2025. link 23 Olivier-Pascual N, Viéitez-Vázquez J, García-Ben A, Arroyo-Castillo R, Rubio-Cid S, Castro Casal N et al.. Survey on the management of retinal arterial occlusions in Spain. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2025. link 24 Chen T, Li Y, Wang Y, Li X, Wan Y, Xiao X. ApoB, non-HDL-C, and LDL-C Are More Prominent in Retinal Artery Occlusion Compared to Retinal Vein Occlusion. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024. link 25 Venkatesh R, Joshi A, Thadani A, Rubble M, Handa A, Chhablani J. Ink blot leakage in central retinal artery occlusion. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 26 Shah R, Zheng X, Patel AP, Bhatti MT, Gilbert A, Vora RA. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Visual Outcomes from a Large Northern California Cohort. Ophthalmology. Retina 2024. link 27 Wang H, Cui C, Liu H, Zhang B, Tian T, Ye S et al.. Preliminary Study on Retrograde Recanalization of Radial Artery Occlusion Through Distal Radial Artery Access: a Single-Center Experience. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 2024. link 28 Rmili MF, Chebil A, El Matri K, Werda S, Falfoul Y, Matri LE. Central retinal artery occlusion after spinal surgery: Case report and literature review. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 29 Li X, Chen T, Li Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Wan Y et al.. Improved visual outcomes of central retinal artery occlusion with local intra-arterial fibrinolysis beyond the conventional time window. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis 2024. link 30 Kuo CY, Lin PK. The association of aldosterone with papillophlebitis and retinal artery occlusion: A case report. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 31 Wang S, Ouyang W, Zhang Y, Chen H. Branch retinal artery occlusion with congenital common carotid artery and internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 32 Liu Y, Cao S, Zhao Y, Wu T, Wang Q. Network Meta-Analysis of Different Thrombolytic Strategies for the Treatment of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. Seminars in ophthalmology 2024. link 33 Murata K, Nagasato D, Tanaka H, Nakakura S, Nagasawa T, Mitamura Y et al.. Branch retinal artery occlusion with unruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysm post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A case report. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 34 Chua AW, Chua MJ, Harrisberg BP, Kumar CM. Retinal artery occlusion after ophthalmic surgery under regional anaesthesia: A narrative review. Anaesthesia and intensive care 2024. link 35 Mileski KM, Biousse V, Newman NJ, Flowers AM, Chan W, Dattilo M. Optometric Practice Patterns for Acute Central and Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion. Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society 2024. link 36 Moon JY, Garg I, Miller JB, Ludwig CA. SUDDEN MONOCULAR VISION LOSS AFTER SNEEZING AS CAPTURED ON WIDEFIELD SWEPT SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY-ANGIOGRAPHY. Retinal cases & brief reports 2024. link 37 Gbedey W, Favret M, Andry N. Acute unilateral visual disturbance. The Journal of family practice 2023. link 38 Ferreira NS, Oltramari L, Sousa NA, Makarczyk LSQ, Abe RY. Differentiating Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion From Normal Tension Glaucoma With Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Journal of glaucoma 2023. link 39 Samra HS, Severance SE, Gutwein AR, Gupta AK. Osteochondroma as an Unusual Cause of Popliteal Artery Pseudoaneurysm and Occlusion. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2023. link 40 Raber FP, Gmeiner FV, Dreyhaupt J, Wolf A, Ludolph AC, Werner JU et al.. Thrombolysis in central retinal artery occlusion: a retrospective observational study. Journal of neurology 2023. link 41 Venkatesh R, Sharief S, Prashanti CVS, Reddy NG, Mangla R, Parmar Y et al.. Aberrant filling of the retinal vein on fluorescein angiography in branch and hemi-central retinal artery occlusion. Eye (London, England) 2023. link 42 Vujosevic S, Dellavalle A, Romano S, Vitale L, Moretti G, Lizzio RAU et al.. Hyper-reflective vitreous spots in central retinal artery occlusion: An unusual finding in two cases. European journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 43 Hamedani AG, De Lott LB, Willis AW. Nationwide trends in emergency department utilisation for acute retinal ischaemia in the USA, 2011-2018. The British journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 44 Venkatesh R, Mutalik D, Reddy NG, Akkali MC, Yadav NK, Chhablani J. Retinal vessel wall imaging using fluorescein angiography and adaptive optics imaging in acute branch retinal artery occlusion. European journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 45 Smith MJ, Benson MD, Tennant M, Jivraj I. Central retinal artery occlusion: a retrospective study of disease presentation, treatment, and outcomes. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2023. link 46 Koçak N, Erduran B, Subaşı M, Yeter V. PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION DUE TO POLYCYTHEMIA IN A PATIENT WITH TETRALOGY OF FALLOT. Retinal cases & brief reports 2022. link 47 Hwang S, Kang SW, Choi KJ, Son KY, Lim DH, Shin DW et al.. High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk of Future Retinal Artery Occlusion Development: A Nationwide Cohort Study. American journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 48 Schultheiß M, Steinhorst NA, Dippel S, Spitzer MS, Poli S, Feltgen N. Diagnosing Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) without Fundus Examination. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2022. link 49 Scoles D, McGeehan B, VanderBeek BL. The association of stroke with central and branch retinal arterial occlusion. Eye (London, England) 2022. link 50 Kim J, Jung S, Park KH, Woo SJ, Jung C. Cerebral angiographic features of central retinal artery occlusion patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2022. link 51 Elbeyli A, Kurtul BE, Ozcan DO, Ozcan SC, Dogan E. Assessment of Red Cell Distribution Width, Platelet/lymphocyte Ratio, Systemic Immune-inflammation Index, and Neutrophil/lymphocyte Ratio Values in Patients with Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022. link 52 Huang L, Wang Y, Zhang R. Intravenous thrombolysis in patients with central retinal artery occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of neurology 2022. link 53 Rosignoli L, Chu ER, Carter JE, Johnson DA, Sohn JH, Bahadorani S. The Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Patients with Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Retrospective Study, Systematic Review, and Meta-analysis. Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO 2022. link 54 Yousuf SJ, Guiseppi R, Katz DM, Nnorom SO, Akinyemi OA. Emergency Department Presentation of Retinal Artery Occlusion. Ophthalmology. Retina 2022. link 55 Barbarino S, Banker T, Fezza J. Standardized approach to treatment of retinal artery occlusion after intraarterial injection of soft tissue fillers: EYE-CODE. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2022. link 56 Rozenberg A, Hadad A, Peled A, Dubinsky-Pertzov B, Or L, Eting E et al.. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion retrospective comparative analysis from two tertiary medical centres. Eye (London, England) 2022. link 57 Danyel LA, Bohner G, Connolly F, Siebert E. Standard Diffusion-weighted MRI for the Diagnosis of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion : A Case-Control Study. Clinical neuroradiology 2021. link 58 van Hooff M, Schep G, Bender M, Scheltinga M, Savelberg H. Sport-related femoral artery occlusion detected by near-infrared spectroscopy and pedal power measurements: a case report. The Physician and sportsmedicine 2021. link 59 Lee KE, Tschoe C, Coffman SA, Kittel C, Brown PA, Vu Q et al.. Management of Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion, a "Retinal Stroke": An Institutional Series and Literature Review. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2021. link 60 Wenzel DA, Kromer R, Poli S, Steinhorst NA, Casagrande MK, Spitzer MS et al.. Optical coherence tomography-based determination of ischaemia onset - the temporal dynamics of retinal thickness increase in acute central retinal artery occlusion. Acta ophthalmologica 2021. link 61 Meena AK, Ghodke BR, Parmar GS. Central retinal artery occlusion after Descemet membrane reposition by intracameral air: A case report. European journal of ophthalmology 2021. link 62 Gao F, Guo X, Sun X, Liu Y, Wu Y, Miao Z. Dual-roadmap guidance for endovascular recanalization of medically refractory non-acute intracranial arterial occlusions: consecutive multicenter series and technical review. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2021. link 63 Maruyama K, Kawasaki R, Koide Y, Horinouchi H, Sasaki K, Gentsu T et al.. Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for Predicting Thromboembolic Complications during Endovascular Treatment for Iliac Artery Occlusions. Annals of vascular surgery 2021. link 64 Leisser C, Findl O. Rate of strokes 1 year after retinal artery occlusion with analysis of risk groups. European journal of ophthalmology 2020. link 65 Fallico M, Lotery AJ, Longo A, Avitabile T, Bonfiglio V, Russo A et al.. Risk of acute stroke in patients with retinal artery occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (London, England) 2020. link 66 Schmidt I, Walter P, Siekmann U, Plange N, Koutsonas A, Mazinani BE et al.. Development of visual acuity under hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO) in non arteritic retinal branch artery occlusion. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2020. link 67 Pottabatula B, Smith G, Nagaraja N, Albayram MS. Demonstration of acute retinal ischemia on diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical imaging 2020. link 68 Laczynski DJ, Gallop J, Lyden SP, Bena J, Yuan A, Smolock CJ et al.. Retinal artery occlusion does not portend an increased risk of stroke. Journal of vascular surgery 2020. link 69 Hernandez-Da Mota SE, Garcia-Aguirre G, Velez-Montoya R. Cilioretinal Artery Branch Avulsion Secondary to Surgical Embolectomy: Management and Outcome. Middle East African journal of ophthalmology 2019. link 70 Pichi F, Fragiotta S, Freund KB, Au A, Lembo A, Nucci P et al.. Cilioretinal artery hypoperfusion and its association with paracentral acute middle maculopathy. The British journal of ophthalmology 2019. link 71 Youn TS, Lavin P, Patrylo M, Schindler J, Kirshner H, Greer DM et al.. Current treatment of central retinal artery occlusion: a national survey. Journal of neurology 2018. link 72 Vila-Arteaga J, Suriano MM, Martínez-Lajara A. Cilioretinal obstruction during pregnancy. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2017. link 73 Jeon JP, Cho YD, Han MH. Intra-arterial thrombolysis of central retinal artery occlusion following percutaneous atrial septal defect closure. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2016. link 74 Rodríguez Villa S, Salazar Méndez R, Cubillas Martín M, Cuesta García M. Central retinal artery occlusion after phacoemulsification under peribulbar anaesthesia: Pathogenic hypothesis. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2016. link 75 Cho KH, Ahn SJ, Jung C, Han MK, Park KH, Woo SJ. Ischemic Injury of the Papillomacular Bundle Is a Predictive Marker of Poor Vision in Eyes With Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion. American journal of ophthalmology 2016. link 76 Leisser C, Kaufmann TA, Feltgen N, Schumacher M, Schmoor C, Meckel S. Distribution of internal carotid artery plaque locations among patients with central retinal artery occlusion in the Eagle study population. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2015. link 77 Mercier J, Kastler A, Jean B, Souteyrand G, Chabert E, Claise B et al.. Interest of local intra-arterial fibrinolysis in acute central retinal artery occlusion: Clinical experience in 16 patients. Journal of neuroradiology = Journal de neuroradiologie 2015. link 78 Kapoor KG, Barkmeier AJ, Bakri SJ. Optical coherence tomography in retinal arterial occlusions: case series and review of the literature. Seminars in ophthalmology 2015. link 79 Altmann M, Ertl M, Helbig H, Schömig B, Bogdahn U, Gamulescu MA et al.. Low endogenous recanalization in embolic central retinal artery occlusion--the retrobulbar "spot sign". Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging 2015. link 80 Stone P, Mossalllati AS, Schlarb H, Schlarb C. Surgical salvage of acute renal artery occlusion in the setting of a solitary kidney. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2014. link 81 Kilani R, Marshall L, Koch S, Fernandez M, Postel E. DWI findings of optic nerve ischemia in the setting of central retinal artery occlusion. Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging 2013. link 82 Bechara CF, Barshes NR, Lin PH, Kougias P. Recanalization of flush iliac occlusions with the assistance of a contralateral iliac occlusive balloon. Journal of vascular surgery 2012. link 83 Ritter M, Sacu S, Deák GG, Kircher K, Sayegh RG, Pruente C et al.. In vivo identification of alteration of inner neurosensory layers in branch retinal artery occlusion. The British journal of ophthalmology 2012. link 84 Menzel-Severing J, Siekmann U, Weinberger A, Roessler G, Walter P, Mazinani B. Early hyperbaric oxygen treatment for nonarteritic central retinal artery obstruction. American journal of ophthalmology 2012. link 85 Vidal E, Marrone G, Gasparini D, Pecile P. Radiological treatment of renal artery occlusion after blunt abdominal trauma in a pediatric patient: is it never too late?. Urology 2011. link 86 Leng T, Moshfeghi DM. Branch retinal artery occlusion after septoplasty. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging : the official journal of the International Society for Imaging in the Eye 2010. link 87 Suh SH, Kim BM, Roh HG, Lee KY, Park SI, Kim DI et al.. Self-expanding stent for recanalization of acute embolic or dissecting intracranial artery occlusion. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2010. link 88 Rudkin AK, Lee AW, Chen CS. Vascular risk factors for central retinal artery occlusion. Eye (London, England) 2010. link 89 Rudkin AK, Lee AW, Chen CS. Central retinal artery occlusion: timing and mode of presentation. European journal of neurology 2009. link 90 Goldenberg-Cohen N, Cohen Y, Monselise Y, Eldar I, Axer-Siegel R, Weinberger D et al.. C-reactive protein levels do not correlate with retinal artery occlusion but with atherosclerosis. Eye (London, England) 2009. link 91 De Reuck J, Van Maele G. Seizures in patients with symptomatic cervical artery occlusion by dissection and by atherosclerosis. European journal of neurology 2009. link 92 Lu N, Wang NL, Wang GL, Li XW, Wang Y. Vitreous surgery with direct central retinal artery massage for central retinal artery occlusion. Eye (London, England) 2009. link 93 Matsuo T, Fujiwara H, Gobara H, Mimura H, Kanazawa S. Central retinal and posterior ciliary artery occlusion after intralesional injection of sclerosant to glabellar subcutaneous hemangioma. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2009. link 94 Lindblad B, Lindh M, Ivancev K, Petersson U, Montgomery A. Novel technique for treatment of a renal artery occlusion in a child with neurofibromatosis: a combined endovascular and laparoscopic approach. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2009. link 95 Lim JY, Lee JY, Chung HW, Yoon YH, Kim JG. Treatment of branch retinal artery occlusion with transluminal Nd:YAG laser embolysis. Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO 2009. link 96 Schmidt D, Schumacher M, Feltgen N. Circadian incidence of non-inflammatory retinal artery occlusions. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2009. link 97 Asok T, Aziz S, Faisal HA, Tan AK, Mallika PS. Central retinal artery occlusion and ophthalmoplegia following spinal surgery in the prone position. The Medical journal of Malaysia 2009. link 98 McGuire C, Murphy C, O'Malley N, Reidy D. Monocular blindness following elective hip arthroplasty. Acta orthopaedica Belgica 2009. link 99 Inomata K, Shinoda K, Ohde H, Tsunoda K, Hanazono G, Kimura I et al.. Transcorneal electrical stimulation of retina to treat longstanding retinal artery occlusion. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2007. link 100 Dunlap AB, Kosmorsky GS, Kashyap VS. The fate of patients with retinal artery occlusion and Hollenhorst plaque. Journal of vascular surgery 2007. link

Original source

[1]
Intravenous thrombolysis for acute central retinal artery occlusion: Protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. — Mac Grory B, Preterre C, Lebranchu P, Ryan SJ, Kalsnes Jørstad Ø, Moe MC et al. PloS one (2026)
[2]
TREATMENT OF VISION-THREATENING BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION AFTER CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY WITH SURGICAL DISPLACEMENT OF EMBOLUS. — Hamam RN, Hassoun MM, Rebeiz AG, El Hadi D, Bashshur ZF Retinal cases & brief reports (2026)
[3]
Updates in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. — Paddock JE, Bakaeva TV Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society (2026)
[4]
Comparative peripheral inflammatory biomarker profiles in central and branch retinal artery occlusion: a retrospective study. — Mahdi AAHM, Xiao X BMC ophthalmology (2026)
[5]
Endovascular Management of Common Femoral Artery Occlusion Caused by Suture-mediated Vascular Closure Devices: A Single-Center Experience. — Kim YH, Hwangbo L, Ko JK Vascular and endovascular surgery (2026)
[6]
Update on Acute Retinal Arterial Ischemic Disorders. — Bénard-Séguin É, Grory BM, Newman NJ, Biousse V Neurologic clinics (2026)
[7]
Correlation between quantitative OCT metrics and contrast sensitivity function in retinal artery occlusion. — Chen C, Sastry RM, Wang L, Romano F, Vingopoulos F, Ding X et al. The British journal of ophthalmology (2026)
[8]
Retinal microvascular alterations in affected and contralateral eyes of individuals with unilateral central retinal artery occlusion. — Gao J, Pang H, Zhang W, Ge Y, Feng M, Cao J et al. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy (2026)
[9]
Longitudinal Evaluation of Microvascular Changes and Imaging Biomarkers Associated with Visual Prognosis in Retinal Artery Occlusion. — Chen C, Nodecker KN, Sastry RM, Wang L, Ding X, Zhu Y et al. American journal of ophthalmology (2026)
[10]
Comparative effectiveness of varying hyperbaric oxygen protocols in the treatment of acute central retinal artery occlusion. — Gur I, Gur I, Gitzman M, Atal L, Matsliah Y, Zaher E et al. Eye (London, England) (2026)
[11]
Possible Association Between Retinal Arterial Occlusions and Subretinal Drusenoid Deposits: A Missing Link. — Maltsev DS, Kulikov AN, Kalinicheva YA Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina (2026)
[12]
Risk Factors and Systemic Outcomes in Patients with Retinal Artery Occlusion. — Knapp AN, Schulgit MJ, Sharma S, Hamdan A, Yuan A, Babiuch A et al. Ophthalmology. Retina (2026)
[13]
Anatomical Guideline for Retrobulbar Hyaluronidase Injection. — Yi KH, Kim JH, Lee HE, Song JK, Cho B, Kim SB Journal of cosmetic dermatology (2025)
[14]
Usefulness of ocular ultrasound for monitoring acute retinal arterial ischemia. — Castilla-Guerra L, Gómez-Escobar A, Gutiérrez Sánchez E, Fernández-Moreno MDC Medicina clinica (2025)
[15]
Successful recovery of vision following intravenous thrombolysis using low-dose alteplase in central retinal artery occlusion. — Tanaka S, Hayakawa M, Tasaki K, Ono R, Hirata K, Hosoo H et al. The American journal of emergency medicine (2025)
[16]
Multimodal Imaging Characteristics and Correlation to Outcomes in Patients With Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Presenting to a Large Academic Center. — Hoyek S, Yuan M, Bejjani R, Zacks DN, Miller JW, Vavvas DG et al. American journal of ophthalmology (2025)
[17]
Monocular Vision Loss After Ear Filler Injection. — Dong C, Chen CL, Wang HB Aesthetic plastic surgery (2025)
[18]
Embolization of Ophthalmic Artery Induced By Ear Hyaluronic Acid Injection. — Deng Y, Chen W, Zhu Y, Qiao G, Wang S, Cai W Aesthetic plastic surgery (2025)
[19]
Successful Reversal of Hyaluronic Acid-Induced Retinal Artery Occlusion via Blunt Needle Injection for Frown Lines. — Deng Y, Chen W, Zhu Y, Qiao G, Wang S, Cai W Aesthetic plastic surgery (2025)
[20]
Early reperfusion in patients with acute retinal artery occlusion: A multicenter prospective study. — Abdelmassih Y, Mauget-Faÿsse M, Seners P, Milea D, Hallali G, Guillaume J et al. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society (2025)
[21]
Profile and outcomes of retinal artery occlusion: The underrealized need to expedite presentation. — Kadam Y, Das AV, Narayanan R, Balakrishnan N, Telukunta P, Takkar B Indian journal of ophthalmology (2025)
[22]
Retina and optic nerve diffusion restriction in acute central retinal artery occlusion: A case-control study. — Harahsheh E, Zhang N, Elshaighi O, Parikh P, Gomez D, Weinberg E et al. The neuroradiology journal (2025)
[23]
Survey on the management of retinal arterial occlusions in Spain. — Olivier-Pascual N, Viéitez-Vázquez J, García-Ben A, Arroyo-Castillo R, Rubio-Cid S, Castro Casal N et al. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia (2025)
[24]
ApoB, non-HDL-C, and LDL-C Are More Prominent in Retinal Artery Occlusion Compared to Retinal Vein Occlusion. — Chen T, Li Y, Wang Y, Li X, Wan Y, Xiao X Ocular immunology and inflammation (2024)
[25]
Ink blot leakage in central retinal artery occlusion. — Venkatesh R, Joshi A, Thadani A, Rubble M, Handa A, Chhablani J European journal of ophthalmology (2024)
[26]
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Visual Outcomes from a Large Northern California Cohort. — Shah R, Zheng X, Patel AP, Bhatti MT, Gilbert A, Vora RA Ophthalmology. Retina (2024)
[27]
Preliminary Study on Retrograde Recanalization of Radial Artery Occlusion Through Distal Radial Artery Access: a Single-Center Experience. — Wang H, Cui C, Liu H, Zhang B, Tian T, Ye S et al. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy (2024)
[28]
Central retinal artery occlusion after spinal surgery: Case report and literature review. — Rmili MF, Chebil A, El Matri K, Werda S, Falfoul Y, Matri LE European journal of ophthalmology (2024)
[29]
Improved visual outcomes of central retinal artery occlusion with local intra-arterial fibrinolysis beyond the conventional time window. — Li X, Chen T, Li Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Wan Y et al. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis (2024)
[30]
The association of aldosterone with papillophlebitis and retinal artery occlusion: A case report. — Kuo CY, Lin PK European journal of ophthalmology (2024)
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