HemoChat is an evidence-based AI medical search tool covering all major clinical domains, powered by 46,298 SNOMED-CT concepts, clinical guidelines, and live PubMed literature.

What medical domains does HemoChat cover?

HemoChat covers all major medical domains including cardiology, oncology, neurology, hematology, pulmonology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, psychiatry, nephrology, rheumatology, musculoskeletal, and more — with 46,298 SNOMED-CT concepts.

Is HemoChat a replacement for clinical judgment?

No. HemoChat is for clinical reference only and is not a substitute for professional medical judgment. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals for medical decisions.

What AI technology does HemoChat use?

HemoChat uses a hybrid GraphRAG + VectorRAG pipeline combining Neo4j knowledge graphs with FAISS vector search and an LLM for answer generation.

← Back to guidelines

Cardiology2067 papers

Cerebral palsy

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by non-progressive disturbances in the developing brain, leading to motor impairments, often accompanied by comorbidities such as cognitive disabilities, pain, and musculoskeletal issues. 1

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Characteristic motor impairments including spasticity, dystonia, or ataxia.

Imaging Studies: MRI to identify brain lesions and assess for perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) or periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). 5 10

Neurodevelopmental Assessment: Tools like the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE) classification for event categorization. 8

Genetic Testing: Considered in cases with atypical presentations or family history to elucidate genetic contributions. 1

Management

Rehabilitation Therapies: Functional strength training (FST) and constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) to improve muscle strength and mobility. 11 31

Pain Management: Utilization of mobile applications like NeuroPAIN for pain assessment and management strategies. 4

Orthopedic Interventions: Addressing neuromuscular scoliosis with surgical and post-operative care, including blood pressure monitoring. 2

Speech and Occupational Therapy: Essential for addressing communication disorders and daily living activities. 60 69

Nutritional Support: Dietary interventions and vitamin D supplementation to manage nutritional deficiencies and musculoskeletal health. 18 55

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Focus on early intervention with FST, CIMT, and comprehensive rehabilitation programs. 11 16

Adults: Ongoing neurologic care, management of comorbidities like cardiovascular disease, and addressing polypharmacy risks. 44 19

Comorbidities: Special attention to epilepsy syndromes, musculoskeletal issues, and cognitive impairments requiring tailored multidisciplinary approaches. 16 49

Key Recommendations

Implement early and intensive rehabilitation therapies, including functional strength training and constraint-induced movement therapy, to enhance motor function. (Evidence: Strong 11 31)

Regularly assess and manage pain using validated tools and mobile applications to improve quality of life. (Evidence: Moderate 4)

Monitor and address musculoskeletal health through orthopedic interventions and nutritional support, particularly vitamin D levels, to prevent complications. (Evidence: Moderate 18 55)

Provide comprehensive care transitioning from pediatric to adult services, focusing on long-term neurologic management and comorbid conditions. (Evidence: Moderate 44)

Utilize advanced imaging techniques such as MRI for diagnostic clarity and to guide targeted interventions based on brain lesion characteristics. (Evidence: Moderate 5 10)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 249 indexed papers.

1 Thys L, Beysen D, Kenis S, Verstraete L, Laroche S, Dekeyzer S et al.. Elucidating the Genetic Landscape of Cerebral Palsy Following Perinatal Cerebrovascular Events. Pediatric neurology 2026. link 2 Pulling G, Rayward LD, Slater A, Izatt MT, Parr AF, Gatehouse SC et al.. Paediatric neuromuscular scoliosis and post-operative blood pressure targets: a retrospective analysis. Spine deformity 2026. link 3 Giorgi F, Sproccati N, Zenesini C, Pulvirenti FR, Battisti N, Sommella N et al.. Reliability and validity of the Italian version of the Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities in children with cerebral palsy. Minerva medica 2025. link 4 Ng KH, Fong CY, Kamarudzaman MFS, Lo WH, Khalid F, Chong LA. NeuroPAIN app: Usefulness of a mobile pain application evaluation system for children with cerebral palsy. Brain & development 2025. link 5 Jalloul M, Venkatakrishna SSB, Alves CAP, Curic J, Andronikou S. Frequency and Distribution of Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke in a Cohort of Patients With Cerebral Palsy Using Delayed MRI. Journal of computer assisted tomography 2025. link 6 Rebello G, Joseph B. Art and Pediatric Orthopaedics: Repin and Inclusiveness. Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2024. link 7 Tonmukayakul U, Willoughby K, Mihalopoulos C, Reddihough D, Mulhern B, Carter R et al.. Development of algorithms for estimating the Child Health Utility 9D from Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disability. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation 2024. link 8 Pudig L, Delobel-Ayoub M, Horridge K, Gergeli AT, Sellier E, Ehlinger V et al.. Classification of events contributing to postneonatal cerebral palsy: Development, reliability, and recommendations for use. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2024. link 9 Xiao QX, Geng MJ, Sun YF, Pi Y, Xiong LL. Stem Cell Therapy in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy: a Bibliometric Analysis and New Strategy. Molecular neurobiology 2024. link 10 Yin Y, Peng Y, Nie L, Li X, Xiao Y, Jiang H et al.. Impaired glymphatic system revealed by DTI-ALPS in cerebral palsy due to periventricular leukomalacia: relation with brain lesion burden and hand dysfunction. Neuroradiology 2024. link 11 Shilesh K, Karthikbabu S, Rao PT. The Impact of Functional Strength Training on Muscle Strength and Mobility in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Developmental neurorehabilitation 2023. link 12 Rebello G, Joseph B. Art and Pediatric Orthopaedics: Cot and the Crutch. Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2023. link 13 Alagar JN, Rebello G, Joseph B. Art and Pediatric Orthopaedics: "Arm-twisting" by Wyspianski, the Poet, Actor, and Artist. Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2023. link 14 Politi S, Mastroroberto L, Ghi T. The time has come for a paradigm shift in obstetrics' medico-legal litigations. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2023. link 15 Molnár-Hevér D, Bejek Z, Domos G, Firnigel B, Horváth N, Kiss S et al.. [Hungarian adaptation of the Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities questionnaire]. Orvosi hetilap 2023. link 16 Cooper MS, Mackay MT, Dagia C, Fahey MC, Howell KB, Reddihough D et al.. Epilepsy syndromes in cerebral palsy: varied, evolving and mostly self-limited. Brain : a journal of neurology 2023. link 17 Smith SE, Chowdhury MK, Doherty M, Morgan DD. Serious health-related suffering experienced by children with disability and their families living in Bangladesh: A scoping review. Palliative medicine 2023. link 18 Langley CK, Onambélé-Pearson GL, Sims DT, Hussain A, Mohindra RK, Kershaw BL et al.. Seasonal variations in vitamin D do not change the musculoskeletal health of physically active ambulatory men with cerebral palsy: a longitudinal cross-sectional comparison study. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) 2023. link 19 Kivlehan E, Gaebler-Spira D, Chen L, Garrett A, Wysocki N, Marciniak C. Relationship of anthropometric measurements and percent body fat mass to cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with cerebral palsy. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation 2023. link 20 Kim YJ, Kim EK, Cheon JE, Song H, Bang MS, Shin HI et al.. Impact of Cerebellar Injury on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants With Cerebral Palsy. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 2023. link 21 Yamaguchi-Goto T, Ohashi M, Kodama Y, Sameshima H. Fetal heart rate patterns complicated by chorioamnionitis and subsequent cerebral palsy in Japan. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2023. link 22 Nakao M, Nanba Y, Okumura A, Hasegawa J, Toyokawa S, Ichizuka K et al.. Fetal heart rate evolution and brain imaging findings in preterm infants with severe cerebral palsy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2023. link 23 Jensen A. Cerebral palsy - brain repair with stem cells. Journal of perinatal medicine 2023. link 24 Jackman M, Sakzewski L, Morgan C, Boyd RN, Brennan SE, Langdon K et al.. Interventions to improve physical function for children and young people with cerebral palsy: international clinical practice guideline. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2022. link 25 Demont A, Gedda M, Lager C, de Lattre C, Gary Y, Keroulle E et al.. Evidence-Based, Implementable Motor Rehabilitation Guidelines for Individuals With Cerebral Palsy. Neurology 2022. link 26 Liu W, Hu Y, Li J, Chang J. Effect of Virtual Reality on Balance Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Frontiers in public health 2022. link 27 Rebelo F, Mansur IR, Miglioli TC, Meio MDB, Junior SCG. Dietary and nutritional interventions in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic literature review. PloS one 2022. link 28 Mladoneczki-Leszkó D, Surányi R, Kelemen A. Exploring the quality of life of adolescents with Cerebral Palsy participating in conductive education around the Pannonian Basin. PloS one 2022. link 29 Lima VLCC, Cosmo C, Lima KB, Martins MA, Rossi SG, Collange Grecco LA et al.. Neuromodulation: A combined-therapy protocol for speech rehabilitation in a child with cerebral palsy. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies 2022. link 30 Kulkarni VA, Kephart DT, Ball MA, Tumber S, Davidson LT, Davids JR. Neuraxial anesthesia for post-operative pain control after hip surgery in children with cerebral palsy and pre-existing intrathecal baclofen pumps. Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine 2022. link 31 Kuo HC, Litzenberger J, Nettel-Aguirre A, Zewdie E, Kirton A. Exploring Clinical and Neurophysiological Factors Associated with Response to Constraint Therapy and Brain Stimulation in Children with Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy. Developmental neurorehabilitation 2022. link 32 Stevens JD, Turk MA, Landes SD. Cause of death trends among adults with and without cerebral palsy in the United States, 2013-2017. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2022. link 33 Shi Z, Luo K, Jani S, February M, Fernandes N, Venkatesh N et al.. Mimicking partial to total placental insufficiency in a rabbit model of cerebral palsy. Journal of neuroscience research 2022. link 34 Smith SE, Gannotti M, Hurvitz EA, Jensen FE, Krach LE, Kruer MC et al.. Adults with Cerebral Palsy Require Ongoing Neurologic Care: A Systematic Review. Annals of neurology 2021. link 35 Karagiannis A, Nisiotou J, Challa A, Moulas AN. Use of Vitamin D Bolus in Fortified Juice for Improving Vitamin D Status in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 2021. link 36 Chintalapati K, Miao H, Mathur A, Neil J, Aravamuthan BR. Objective and Clinically Feasible Analysis of Diffusion MRI Data can Help Predict Dystonia After Neonatal Brain Injury. Pediatric neurology 2021. link 37 Christopher A, Kraft E, Olenick H, Kiesling R, Doty A. The reliability and validity of the Timed Up and Go as a clinical tool in individuals with and without disabilities across a lifespan: a systematic review. Disability and rehabilitation 2021. link 38 Myers LL, Nerminathan A, Fitzgerald DA, Chien J, Middleton A, Waugh MC et al.. Transition to adult care for young people with cerebral palsy. Paediatric respiratory reviews 2020. link 39 Ryan JM, McKay E, Anokye N, Noorkoiv M, Theis N, Lavelle G. Comparison of the CHU-9D and the EQ-5D-Y instruments in children and young people with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open 2020. link 40 Pennington L, Dave M, Rudd J, Hidecker MJC, Caynes K, Pearce MS. Communication disorders in young children with cerebral palsy. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2020. link 41 McCoy SW, Palisano R, Avery L, Jeffries L, Laforme Fiss A, Chiarello L et al.. Physical, occupational, and speech therapy for children with cerebral palsy. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2020. link 42 Whitney DG, Schmidt M, Peterson MD, Haapala H. Polypharmacy Among Privately Insured Adults with Cerebral Palsy: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy 2020. link 43 Suzuki S. Case Report: Peripartum periventricular leukomalacia resulting in cerebral palsy associated with placenta previa in Japan. F1000Research 2020. link 44 Vasquez-Vivar J, Shi Z, Jeong JW, Luo K, Sharma A, Thirugnanam K et al.. Neuronal vulnerability to fetal hypoxia-reoxygenation injury and motor deficit development relies on regional brain tetrahydrobiopterin levels. Redox biology 2020. link 45 Whitney DG, Whitney RT, Prisby RD, Jepsen KJ. Low-Trauma Fracture Increases 12-Month Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease for Adults With Cerebral Palsy. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2020. link 46 Mlodawski J, Mlodawska M, Pazera G, Michalski W, Domanski T, Dolecka-Slusarczyk M et al.. Cerebral palsy and obstetric-neonatological interventions. Ginekologia polska 2019. link 47 Ross MG. Threshold of metabolic acidosis associated with newborn cerebral palsy: medical legal implications. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2019. link 48 Ushiro S, Suzuki H, Ueda S. Japan Obstetric Compensation System for Cerebral Palsy: Strategic system of data aggregation, investigation, amelioration and no-fault compensation. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2019. link 49 Pettersson K, Bjerke KM, Jahnsen R, Öhrvik J, Rodby-Bousquet E. Psychometric evaluation of the Scandinavian version of the caregiver priorities and child health index of life with disabilities. Disability and rehabilitation 2019. link 50 Rabach I, Peri F, Minute M, Aru E, Lucafò M, Di Mascio A et al.. Sedation and analgesia in children with cerebral palsy: a narrative review. World journal of pediatrics : WJP 2019. link 51 Onal P, Oztas N, Kip G. Comparison of bispectral index values and depth of sedation during deep sedation using sevoflurane anesthesia in healthy children versus children with cerebral palsy. Nigerian journal of clinical practice 2019. link 52 Louer R, McKinney RC, Abu-Sultaneh S, Lutfi R, Abulebda K. Safety and Efficacy of a Propofol and Ketamine Based Procedural Sedation Protocol in Children with Cerebral Palsy Undergoing Botulinum Toxin A Injections. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation 2019. link 53 Jung SM, Lee E, Park SJ. Validity of bispectral index monitoring during deep sedation in children with spastic cerebral palsy undergoing injection of botulinum toxin. Korean journal of anesthesiology 2019. link 54 Cadwgan J, Goodwin J, Fairhurst C. Fifteen-minute consultation: Modern-day art and science of managing cerebral palsy. Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition 2019. link 55 Pennington L, Stamp E, Smith J, Kelly H, Parker N, Stockwell K et al.. Internet delivery of intensive speech and language therapy for children with cerebral palsy: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMJ open 2019. link 56 Myrhaug HT, Odgaard-Jensen J, Jahnsen R. The long-term effects of conductive education courses in young children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Developmental neurorehabilitation 2019. link 57 Fox MA, Ayyangar R, Parten R, Haapala HJ, Schilling SG, Kalpakjian CZ. Self-report of pain in young people and adults with spastic cerebral palsy: interrater reliability of the revised Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (r-FLACC) scale ratings. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2019. link 58 Zhou L, Li H, Li C, Li G. Risk management and provider liabilities in infantile cerebral palsy based on malpractice litigation cases. Journal of forensic and legal medicine 2019. link 59 Peterson MD, Kamdar N, Hurvitz EA. Age-related trends in cardiometabolic disease among adults with cerebral palsy. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2019. link 60 Sherman V, Greco E, Moharir M, Beal D, Thorpe K, Martino R. Feeding and swallowing impairment in children with stroke and unilateral cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2019. link 61 Sun L, Xia L, Wang M, Zhu D, Wang Y, Bi D et al.. Variants of the OLIG2 Gene are Associated with Cerebral Palsy in Chinese Han Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Neuromolecular medicine 2019. link 62 Mcphee PG, Claridge EA, Noorduyn SG, Gorter JW. Cardiovascular disease and related risk factors in adults with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2019. link 63 Mlinda SJ, Leyna GH, Massawe A. The effect of a practical nutrition education programme on feeding skills of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy at Muhimbili National Hospital, in Tanzania. Child: care, health and development 2018. link 64 Pennington L, Lombardo E, Steen N, Miller N. Acoustic changes in the speech of children with cerebral palsy following an intensive program of dysarthria therapy. International journal of language & communication disorders 2018. link 65 Kerr C, Shields N, Quarmby L, Roberts K, Imms C. Supports and barriers to implementation of routine clinical assessment for children with cerebral palsy: A mixed-methods study. Disability and rehabilitation 2018. link 66 Blankenburg M, Junker J, Hirschfeld G, Michel E, Aksu F, Wager J et al.. Quantitative sensory testing profiles in children, adolescents and young adults (6-20 years) with cerebral palsy: Hints for a neuropathic genesis of pain syndromes. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society 2018. link 67 Kuczynski AM, Dukelow SP, Hodge JA, Carlson HL, Lebel C, Semrau JA et al.. Corticospinal tract diffusion properties and robotic visually guided reaching in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Human brain mapping 2018. link 68 Pak ME, Jung DH, Lee HJ, Shin MJ, Kim SY, Shin YB et al.. Combined therapy involving electroacupuncture and treadmill exercise attenuates demyelination in the corpus callosum by stimulating oligodendrogenesis in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Experimental neurology 2018. link 69 Chorna O, Hamm E, Cummings C, Fetters A, Maitre NL. Speech and language interventions for infants aged 0 to 2 years at high risk for cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2017. link 70 Kuschmann A, Miller N, Lowit A, Pennington L. Intonation patterns in older children with cerebral palsy before and after speech intervention. International journal of speech-language pathology 2017. link 71 Kapitanović Vidak H, Catela Ivković T, Vidak Z, Kapitanović S. COX-1 and COX-2 polymorphisms in susceptibility to cerebral palsy in very preterm infants. Molecular neurobiology 2017. link 72 Tramontano M, Morone G, Curcio A, Temperoni G, Medici A, Morelli D et al.. Maintaining gait stability during dual walking task: effects of age and neurological disorders. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2017. link 73 Frank R, Garfinkle J, Oskoui M, Shevell MI. Clinical profile of children with cerebral palsy born term compared with late- and post-term: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2017. link 74 Drobyshevsky A. Concurrent decrease of brain white matter tracts' thicknesses and fractional anisotropy after antenatal hypoxia-ischemia detected with tract-based spatial statistics analysis. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2017. link 75 Zewdie E, Damji O, Ciechanski P, Seeger T, Kirton A. Contralesional Corticomotor Neurophysiology in Hemiparetic Children With Perinatal Stroke. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair 2017. link 76 Carlson HL, MacMaster FP, Harris AD, Kirton A. Spectroscopic biomarkers of motor cortex developmental plasticity in hemiparetic children after perinatal stroke. Human brain mapping 2017. link 77 . Improving transition for young people with cerebral palsy. Nursing children and young people 2016. link 78 Chow C, Choong CT. Ketamine-based procedural sedation and analgesia for botulinum toxin A injections in children with cerebral palsy. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society 2016. link 79 Carvalho Lima VL, Collange Grecco LA, Marques VC, Fregni F, Brandão de Ávila CR. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with integrative speech therapy in a child with cerebral palsy: A case report. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies 2016. link 80 Meehan E, Harvey A, Reid SM, Reddihough DS, Williams K, Crompton KE et al.. Therapy service use in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: An Australian perspective. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2016. link 81 Montgomery J, McCusker S, Lang K, Grosse S, Mace A, Lumley R et al.. Managing children with sialorrhoea (drooling): Experience from the first 301 children in our saliva control clinic. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2016. link 82 Kitai Y, Haginoya K, Hirai S, Ohmura K, Ogura K, Inui T et al.. Outcome of hemiplegic cerebral palsy born at term depends on its etiology. Brain & development 2016. link 83 Kassim PNJ, Ushiro S, Najid KM. COMPENSATING CEREBRAL PALSY CASES: PROBLEMS IN COURT LITIGATION AND THE NO-FAULT ALTERNATIVE. Medicine and law 2015. link 84 Watson RM, Pennington L. Assessment and management of the communication difficulties of children with cerebral palsy: a UK survey of SLT practice. International journal of language & communication disorders 2015. link 85 Smith AL, Hustad KC. AAC and Early Intervention for Children with Cerebral Palsy: Parent Perceptions and Child Risk Factors. Augmentative and alternative communication (Baltimore, Md. : 1985) 2015. link 86 Freire G, Shevell M, Oskoui M. Cerebral palsy: phenotypes and risk factors in term singletons born small for gestational age. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society 2015. link 87 Majnemer A, Shikako-Thomas K, Lach L, Shevell M, Law M, Schmitz N et al.. Rehabilitation service utilization in children and youth with cerebral palsy. Child: care, health and development 2014. link 88 Boliek CA, Fox CM. Individual and environmental contributions to treatment outcomes following a neuroplasticity-principled speech treatment (LSVT LOUD) in children with dysarthria secondary to cerebral palsy: a case study review. International journal of speech-language pathology 2014. link 89 Cockerill H, Elbourne D, Allen E, Scrutton D, Will E, McNee A et al.. Speech, communication and use of augmentative communication in young people with cerebral palsy: the SH&PE population study. Child: care, health and development 2014. link 90 Levy ES. Implementing two treatment approaches to childhood dysarthria. International journal of speech-language pathology 2014. link 91 Ward R, Leitão S, Strauss G. An evaluation of the effectiveness of PROMPT therapy in improving speech production accuracy in six children with cerebral palsy. International journal of speech-language pathology 2014. link 92 Min K, Yu SJ, Lee JH, Song J, Shim JS, Lee HS et al.. Reliability of fractional anisotropy measurement for children with cerebral palsy. Neuropediatrics 2014. link 93 Rickards T, Sterling C, Taub E, Perkins-Hu C, Gauthier L, Graham M et al.. Diffusion tensor imaging study of the response to constraint-induced movement therapy of children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy and adults with chronic stroke. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2014. link 94 Duruflé-Tapin A, Colin A, Nicolas B, Lebreton C, Dauvergne F, Gallien P. Analysis of the medical causes of death in cerebral palsy. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2014. link 95 Pennington L, Roelant E, Thompson V, Robson S, Steen N, Miller N. Intensive dysarthria therapy for younger children with cerebral palsy. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2013. link 96 Pennington L, Virella D, Mjøen T, da Graça Andrada M, Murray J, Colver A et al.. Development of The Viking Speech Scale to classify the speech of children with cerebral palsy. Research in developmental disabilities 2013. link 97 Miller N, Pennington L, Robson S, Roelant E, Steen N, Lombardo E. Changes in voice quality after speech-language therapy intervention in older children with cerebral palsy. Folia phoniatrica et logopaedica : official organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP) 2013. link 98 Remijn L, Speyer R, Groen BE, Holtus PC, van Limbeek J, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW. Assessment of mastication in healthy children and children with cerebral palsy: a validity and consistency study. Journal of oral rehabilitation 2013. link 99 Poirot I, Laudy V, Rabilloud M, Roche S, Ginhoux T, Joubrel I et al.. Rehabilitation of 190 non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy in structures of care or in liberal sector. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2013. link 100 Ward R, Strauss G, Leitão S. Kinematic changes in jaw and lip control of children with cerebral palsy following participation in a motor-speech (PROMPT) intervention. International journal of speech-language pathology 2013. link

Original source

[1]
Elucidating the Genetic Landscape of Cerebral Palsy Following Perinatal Cerebrovascular Events. — Thys L, Beysen D, Kenis S, Verstraete L, Laroche S, Dekeyzer S et al. Pediatric neurology (2026)
[2]
Paediatric neuromuscular scoliosis and post-operative blood pressure targets: a retrospective analysis. — Pulling G, Rayward LD, Slater A, Izatt MT, Parr AF, Gatehouse SC et al. Spine deformity (2026)
[3]
Reliability and validity of the Italian version of the Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities in children with cerebral palsy. — Giorgi F, Sproccati N, Zenesini C, Pulvirenti FR, Battisti N, Sommella N et al. Minerva medica (2025)
[4]
NeuroPAIN app: Usefulness of a mobile pain application evaluation system for children with cerebral palsy. — Ng KH, Fong CY, Kamarudzaman MFS, Lo WH, Khalid F, Chong LA Brain & development (2025)
[5]
Frequency and Distribution of Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke in a Cohort of Patients With Cerebral Palsy Using Delayed MRI. — Jalloul M, Venkatakrishna SSB, Alves CAP, Curic J, Andronikou S Journal of computer assisted tomography (2025)
[6]
Art and Pediatric Orthopaedics: Repin and Inclusiveness. — Rebello G, Joseph B Journal of pediatric orthopedics (2024)
[7]
Development of algorithms for estimating the Child Health Utility 9D from Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disability. — Tonmukayakul U, Willoughby K, Mihalopoulos C, Reddihough D, Mulhern B, Carter R et al. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation (2024)
[8]
Classification of events contributing to postneonatal cerebral palsy: Development, reliability, and recommendations for use. — Pudig L, Delobel-Ayoub M, Horridge K, Gergeli AT, Sellier E, Ehlinger V et al. Developmental medicine and child neurology (2024)
[9]
Stem Cell Therapy in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy: a Bibliometric Analysis and New Strategy. — Xiao QX, Geng MJ, Sun YF, Pi Y, Xiong LL Molecular neurobiology (2024)
[10]
Impaired glymphatic system revealed by DTI-ALPS in cerebral palsy due to periventricular leukomalacia: relation with brain lesion burden and hand dysfunction. — Yin Y, Peng Y, Nie L, Li X, Xiao Y, Jiang H et al. Neuroradiology (2024)
[11]
The Impact of Functional Strength Training on Muscle Strength and Mobility in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Shilesh K, Karthikbabu S, Rao PT Developmental neurorehabilitation (2023)
[12]
Art and Pediatric Orthopaedics: Cot and the Crutch. — Rebello G, Joseph B Journal of pediatric orthopedics (2023)
[13]
Art and Pediatric Orthopaedics: "Arm-twisting" by Wyspianski, the Poet, Actor, and Artist. — Alagar JN, Rebello G, Joseph B Journal of pediatric orthopedics (2023)
[14]
The time has come for a paradigm shift in obstetrics' medico-legal litigations. — Politi S, Mastroroberto L, Ghi T European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology (2023)
[15]
[Hungarian adaptation of the Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities questionnaire]. — Molnár-Hevér D, Bejek Z, Domos G, Firnigel B, Horváth N, Kiss S et al. Orvosi hetilap (2023)
[16]
Epilepsy syndromes in cerebral palsy: varied, evolving and mostly self-limited. — Cooper MS, Mackay MT, Dagia C, Fahey MC, Howell KB, Reddihough D et al. Brain : a journal of neurology (2023)
[17]
Serious health-related suffering experienced by children with disability and their families living in Bangladesh: A scoping review. — Smith SE, Chowdhury MK, Doherty M, Morgan DD Palliative medicine (2023)
[18]
Seasonal variations in vitamin D do not change the musculoskeletal health of physically active ambulatory men with cerebral palsy: a longitudinal cross-sectional comparison study. — Langley CK, Onambélé-Pearson GL, Sims DT, Hussain A, Mohindra RK, Kershaw BL et al. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) (2023)
[19]
Relationship of anthropometric measurements and percent body fat mass to cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with cerebral palsy. — Kivlehan E, Gaebler-Spira D, Chen L, Garrett A, Wysocki N, Marciniak C PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation (2023)
[20]
Impact of Cerebellar Injury on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants With Cerebral Palsy. — Kim YJ, Kim EK, Cheon JE, Song H, Bang MS, Shin HI et al. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation (2023)
[21]
Fetal heart rate patterns complicated by chorioamnionitis and subsequent cerebral palsy in Japan. — Yamaguchi-Goto T, Ohashi M, Kodama Y, Sameshima H The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (2023)
[22]
Fetal heart rate evolution and brain imaging findings in preterm infants with severe cerebral palsy. — Nakao M, Nanba Y, Okumura A, Hasegawa J, Toyokawa S, Ichizuka K et al. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2023)
[23]
Cerebral palsy - brain repair with stem cells. — Jensen A Journal of perinatal medicine (2023)
[24]
Interventions to improve physical function for children and young people with cerebral palsy: international clinical practice guideline. — Jackman M, Sakzewski L, Morgan C, Boyd RN, Brennan SE, Langdon K et al. Developmental medicine and child neurology (2022)
[25]
Evidence-Based, Implementable Motor Rehabilitation Guidelines for Individuals With Cerebral Palsy. — Demont A, Gedda M, Lager C, de Lattre C, Gary Y, Keroulle E et al. Neurology (2022)
[26]
Effect of Virtual Reality on Balance Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Liu W, Hu Y, Li J, Chang J Frontiers in public health (2022)
[27]
Dietary and nutritional interventions in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic literature review. — Rebelo F, Mansur IR, Miglioli TC, Meio MDB, Junior SCG PloS one (2022)
[28]
Exploring the quality of life of adolescents with Cerebral Palsy participating in conductive education around the Pannonian Basin. — Mladoneczki-Leszkó D, Surányi R, Kelemen A PloS one (2022)
[29]
Neuromodulation: A combined-therapy protocol for speech rehabilitation in a child with cerebral palsy. — Lima VLCC, Cosmo C, Lima KB, Martins MA, Rossi SG, Collange Grecco LA et al. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies (2022)
[30]
Neuraxial anesthesia for post-operative pain control after hip surgery in children with cerebral palsy and pre-existing intrathecal baclofen pumps. — Kulkarni VA, Kephart DT, Ball MA, Tumber S, Davidson LT, Davids JR Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine (2022)
[31]
Exploring Clinical and Neurophysiological Factors Associated with Response to Constraint Therapy and Brain Stimulation in Children with Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy. — Kuo HC, Litzenberger J, Nettel-Aguirre A, Zewdie E, Kirton A Developmental neurorehabilitation (2022)
[32]
Cause of death trends among adults with and without cerebral palsy in the United States, 2013-2017. — Stevens JD, Turk MA, Landes SD Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine (2022)
[33]
Mimicking partial to total placental insufficiency in a rabbit model of cerebral palsy. — Shi Z, Luo K, Jani S, February M, Fernandes N, Venkatesh N et al. Journal of neuroscience research (2022)
[34]
Adults with Cerebral Palsy Require Ongoing Neurologic Care: A Systematic Review. — Smith SE, Gannotti M, Hurvitz EA, Jensen FE, Krach LE, Kruer MC et al. Annals of neurology (2021)
[35]
Use of Vitamin D Bolus in Fortified Juice for Improving Vitamin D Status in Children with Cerebral Palsy. — Karagiannis A, Nisiotou J, Challa A, Moulas AN Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2021)
[36]
Objective and Clinically Feasible Analysis of Diffusion MRI Data can Help Predict Dystonia After Neonatal Brain Injury. — Chintalapati K, Miao H, Mathur A, Neil J, Aravamuthan BR Pediatric neurology (2021)
[37]
The reliability and validity of the Timed Up and Go as a clinical tool in individuals with and without disabilities across a lifespan: a systematic review. — Christopher A, Kraft E, Olenick H, Kiesling R, Doty A Disability and rehabilitation (2021)
[38]
Transition to adult care for young people with cerebral palsy. — Myers LL, Nerminathan A, Fitzgerald DA, Chien J, Middleton A, Waugh MC et al. Paediatric respiratory reviews (2020)
[39]
Comparison of the CHU-9D and the EQ-5D-Y instruments in children and young people with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study. — Ryan JM, McKay E, Anokye N, Noorkoiv M, Theis N, Lavelle G BMJ open (2020)
[40]
Communication disorders in young children with cerebral palsy. — Pennington L, Dave M, Rudd J, Hidecker MJC, Caynes K, Pearce MS Developmental medicine and child neurology (2020)
[41]
Physical, occupational, and speech therapy for children with cerebral palsy. — McCoy SW, Palisano R, Avery L, Jeffries L, Laforme Fiss A, Chiarello L et al. Developmental medicine and child neurology (2020)
[42]
Polypharmacy Among Privately Insured Adults with Cerebral Palsy: A Retrospective Cohort Study. — Whitney DG, Schmidt M, Peterson MD, Haapala H Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy (2020)
[43]
Case Report: Peripartum periventricular leukomalacia resulting in cerebral palsy associated with placenta previa in Japan. — Suzuki S F1000Research (2020)
[44]
Neuronal vulnerability to fetal hypoxia-reoxygenation injury and motor deficit development relies on regional brain tetrahydrobiopterin levels. — Vasquez-Vivar J, Shi Z, Jeong JW, Luo K, Sharma A, Thirugnanam K et al. Redox biology (2020)
[45]
Low-Trauma Fracture Increases 12-Month Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease for Adults With Cerebral Palsy. — Whitney DG, Whitney RT, Prisby RD, Jepsen KJ Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society (2020)
[46]
Cerebral palsy and obstetric-neonatological interventions. — Mlodawski J, Mlodawska M, Pazera G, Michalski W, Domanski T, Dolecka-Slusarczyk M et al. Ginekologia polska (2019)
[47]
Threshold of metabolic acidosis associated with newborn cerebral palsy: medical legal implications. — Ross MG American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2019)
[48]
Japan Obstetric Compensation System for Cerebral Palsy: Strategic system of data aggregation, investigation, amelioration and no-fault compensation. — Ushiro S, Suzuki H, Ueda S The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (2019)
[49]
Psychometric evaluation of the Scandinavian version of the caregiver priorities and child health index of life with disabilities. — Pettersson K, Bjerke KM, Jahnsen R, Öhrvik J, Rodby-Bousquet E Disability and rehabilitation (2019)
[50]
Sedation and analgesia in children with cerebral palsy: a narrative review. — Rabach I, Peri F, Minute M, Aru E, Lucafò M, Di Mascio A et al. World journal of pediatrics : WJP (2019)
[51]
Comparison of bispectral index values and depth of sedation during deep sedation using sevoflurane anesthesia in healthy children versus children with cerebral palsy. — Onal P, Oztas N, Kip G Nigerian journal of clinical practice (2019)
[52]
Safety and Efficacy of a Propofol and Ketamine Based Procedural Sedation Protocol in Children with Cerebral Palsy Undergoing Botulinum Toxin A Injections. — Louer R, McKinney RC, Abu-Sultaneh S, Lutfi R, Abulebda K PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation (2019)
[53]
Validity of bispectral index monitoring during deep sedation in children with spastic cerebral palsy undergoing injection of botulinum toxin. — Jung SM, Lee E, Park SJ Korean journal of anesthesiology (2019)
[54]
Fifteen-minute consultation: Modern-day art and science of managing cerebral palsy. — Cadwgan J, Goodwin J, Fairhurst C Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition (2019)
[55]
Internet delivery of intensive speech and language therapy for children with cerebral palsy: a pilot randomised controlled trial. — Pennington L, Stamp E, Smith J, Kelly H, Parker N, Stockwell K et al. BMJ open (2019)
[56]
The long-term effects of conductive education courses in young children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. — Myrhaug HT, Odgaard-Jensen J, Jahnsen R Developmental neurorehabilitation (2019)
[57]
Self-report of pain in young people and adults with spastic cerebral palsy: interrater reliability of the revised Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (r-FLACC) scale ratings. — Fox MA, Ayyangar R, Parten R, Haapala HJ, Schilling SG, Kalpakjian CZ Developmental medicine and child neurology (2019)
[58]
Risk management and provider liabilities in infantile cerebral palsy based on malpractice litigation cases. — Zhou L, Li H, Li C, Li G Journal of forensic and legal medicine (2019)
[59]
Age-related trends in cardiometabolic disease among adults with cerebral palsy. — Peterson MD, Kamdar N, Hurvitz EA Developmental medicine and child neurology (2019)
[60]
Feeding and swallowing impairment in children with stroke and unilateral cerebral palsy: a systematic review. — Sherman V, Greco E, Moharir M, Beal D, Thorpe K, Martino R Developmental medicine and child neurology (2019)
[61]
Variants of the OLIG2 Gene are Associated with Cerebral Palsy in Chinese Han Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. — Sun L, Xia L, Wang M, Zhu D, Wang Y, Bi D et al. Neuromolecular medicine (2019)
[62]
Cardiovascular disease and related risk factors in adults with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. — Mcphee PG, Claridge EA, Noorduyn SG, Gorter JW Developmental medicine and child neurology (2019)
[63]
The effect of a practical nutrition education programme on feeding skills of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy at Muhimbili National Hospital, in Tanzania. — Mlinda SJ, Leyna GH, Massawe A Child: care, health and development (2018)
[64]
Acoustic changes in the speech of children with cerebral palsy following an intensive program of dysarthria therapy. — Pennington L, Lombardo E, Steen N, Miller N International journal of language & communication disorders (2018)
[65]
Supports and barriers to implementation of routine clinical assessment for children with cerebral palsy: A mixed-methods study. — Kerr C, Shields N, Quarmby L, Roberts K, Imms C Disability and rehabilitation (2018)
[66]
Quantitative sensory testing profiles in children, adolescents and young adults (6-20 years) with cerebral palsy: Hints for a neuropathic genesis of pain syndromes. — Blankenburg M, Junker J, Hirschfeld G, Michel E, Aksu F, Wager J et al. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society (2018)
[67]
Corticospinal tract diffusion properties and robotic visually guided reaching in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy. — Kuczynski AM, Dukelow SP, Hodge JA, Carlson HL, Lebel C, Semrau JA et al. Human brain mapping (2018)
[68]
Combined therapy involving electroacupuncture and treadmill exercise attenuates demyelination in the corpus callosum by stimulating oligodendrogenesis in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. — Pak ME, Jung DH, Lee HJ, Shin MJ, Kim SY, Shin YB et al. Experimental neurology (2018)
[69]
Speech and language interventions for infants aged 0 to 2 years at high risk for cerebral palsy: a systematic review. — Chorna O, Hamm E, Cummings C, Fetters A, Maitre NL Developmental medicine and child neurology (2017)
[70]
Intonation patterns in older children with cerebral palsy before and after speech intervention. — Kuschmann A, Miller N, Lowit A, Pennington L International journal of speech-language pathology (2017)
[71]
COX-1 and COX-2 polymorphisms in susceptibility to cerebral palsy in very preterm infants. — Kapitanović Vidak H, Catela Ivković T, Vidak Z, Kapitanović S Molecular neurobiology (2017)
[72]
Maintaining gait stability during dual walking task: effects of age and neurological disorders. — Tramontano M, Morone G, Curcio A, Temperoni G, Medici A, Morelli D et al. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine (2017)
[73]
Clinical profile of children with cerebral palsy born term compared with late- and post-term: a retrospective cohort study. — Frank R, Garfinkle J, Oskoui M, Shevell MI BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2017)
[74]
Concurrent decrease of brain white matter tracts' thicknesses and fractional anisotropy after antenatal hypoxia-ischemia detected with tract-based spatial statistics analysis. — Drobyshevsky A Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI (2017)
[75]
Contralesional Corticomotor Neurophysiology in Hemiparetic Children With Perinatal Stroke. — Zewdie E, Damji O, Ciechanski P, Seeger T, Kirton A Neurorehabilitation and neural repair (2017)
[76]
Spectroscopic biomarkers of motor cortex developmental plasticity in hemiparetic children after perinatal stroke. — Carlson HL, MacMaster FP, Harris AD, Kirton A Human brain mapping (2017)
[77]
Improving transition for young people with cerebral palsy. Nursing children and young people (2016)
[78]
Ketamine-based procedural sedation and analgesia for botulinum toxin A injections in children with cerebral palsy. — Chow C, Choong CT European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society (2016)
[79]
Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with integrative speech therapy in a child with cerebral palsy: A case report. — Carvalho Lima VL, Collange Grecco LA, Marques VC, Fregni F, Brandão de Ávila CR Journal of bodywork and movement therapies (2016)
[80]
Therapy service use in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: An Australian perspective. — Meehan E, Harvey A, Reid SM, Reddihough DS, Williams K, Crompton KE et al. Journal of paediatrics and child health (2016)
[81]
Managing children with sialorrhoea (drooling): Experience from the first 301 children in our saliva control clinic. — Montgomery J, McCusker S, Lang K, Grosse S, Mace A, Lumley R et al. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2016)
[82]
Outcome of hemiplegic cerebral palsy born at term depends on its etiology. — Kitai Y, Haginoya K, Hirai S, Ohmura K, Ogura K, Inui T et al. Brain & development (2016)
[83]
COMPENSATING CEREBRAL PALSY CASES: PROBLEMS IN COURT LITIGATION AND THE NO-FAULT ALTERNATIVE. — Kassim PNJ, Ushiro S, Najid KM Medicine and law (2015)
[84]
Assessment and management of the communication difficulties of children with cerebral palsy: a UK survey of SLT practice. — Watson RM, Pennington L International journal of language & communication disorders (2015)
[85]
AAC and Early Intervention for Children with Cerebral Palsy: Parent Perceptions and Child Risk Factors. — Smith AL, Hustad KC Augmentative and alternative communication (Baltimore, Md. : 1985) (2015)
[86]
Cerebral palsy: phenotypes and risk factors in term singletons born small for gestational age. — Freire G, Shevell M, Oskoui M European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society (2015)
[87]
Rehabilitation service utilization in children and youth with cerebral palsy. — Majnemer A, Shikako-Thomas K, Lach L, Shevell M, Law M, Schmitz N et al. Child: care, health and development (2014)
[88]
Individual and environmental contributions to treatment outcomes following a neuroplasticity-principled speech treatment (LSVT LOUD) in children with dysarthria secondary to cerebral palsy: a case study review. — Boliek CA, Fox CM International journal of speech-language pathology (2014)
[89]
Speech, communication and use of augmentative communication in young people with cerebral palsy: the SH&PE population study. — Cockerill H, Elbourne D, Allen E, Scrutton D, Will E, McNee A et al. Child: care, health and development (2014)
[90]
Implementing two treatment approaches to childhood dysarthria. — Levy ES International journal of speech-language pathology (2014)
[91]
An evaluation of the effectiveness of PROMPT therapy in improving speech production accuracy in six children with cerebral palsy. — Ward R, Leitão S, Strauss G International journal of speech-language pathology (2014)
[92]
Reliability of fractional anisotropy measurement for children with cerebral palsy. — Min K, Yu SJ, Lee JH, Song J, Shim JS, Lee HS et al. Neuropediatrics (2014)
[93]
Diffusion tensor imaging study of the response to constraint-induced movement therapy of children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy and adults with chronic stroke. — Rickards T, Sterling C, Taub E, Perkins-Hu C, Gauthier L, Graham M et al. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (2014)
[94]
Analysis of the medical causes of death in cerebral palsy. — Duruflé-Tapin A, Colin A, Nicolas B, Lebreton C, Dauvergne F, Gallien P Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine (2014)
[95]
Intensive dysarthria therapy for younger children with cerebral palsy. — Pennington L, Roelant E, Thompson V, Robson S, Steen N, Miller N Developmental medicine and child neurology (2013)
[96]
Development of The Viking Speech Scale to classify the speech of children with cerebral palsy. — Pennington L, Virella D, Mjøen T, da Graça Andrada M, Murray J, Colver A et al. Research in developmental disabilities (2013)
[97]
Changes in voice quality after speech-language therapy intervention in older children with cerebral palsy. — Miller N, Pennington L, Robson S, Roelant E, Steen N, Lombardo E Folia phoniatrica et logopaedica : official organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP) (2013)
[98]
Assessment of mastication in healthy children and children with cerebral palsy: a validity and consistency study. — Remijn L, Speyer R, Groen BE, Holtus PC, van Limbeek J, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW Journal of oral rehabilitation (2013)
[99]
Rehabilitation of 190 non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy in structures of care or in liberal sector. — Poirot I, Laudy V, Rabilloud M, Roche S, Ginhoux T, Joubrel I et al. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine (2013)
[100]
Kinematic changes in jaw and lip control of children with cerebral palsy following participation in a motor-speech (PROMPT) intervention. — Ward R, Strauss G, Leitão S International journal of speech-language pathology (2013)

Share:Twitter Reddit LinkedIn