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Gastric motor function disorder

Last edited: 4/14/2026

Overview

Gastric motor function disorders encompass a range of conditions affecting the motility and function of the stomach, impacting digestion and nutrient absorption. These disorders can arise from various etiologies, including infections (e.g., Helicobacter pylori), neurogenic factors, and intrinsic gastric dysfunction 1414.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, and abdominal pain 4.
  • Laboratory Tests: Gastric pH monitoring, serum gastrin levels (elevated in some conditions) 14.
  • Imaging: Upper GI series or endoscopy to assess structural abnormalities 4.
  • Motility Studies: Gastric emptying studies using scintigraphy or breath tests 4.
  • Histological Examination: Biopsies to rule out structural causes like gastritis 22.

    • Management

  • Antibiotics for H. pylori: Eradication therapy with PPI, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin (or metronidazole if resistance is suspected) 1.
  • Prokinetic Agents: Metoclopramide or erythromycin for delayed gastric emptying 4.
  • Dietary Modifications: Small, frequent meals; avoidance of high-fat foods 4.
  • Symptomatic Treatment: Antacids or H2 blockers for acid-related symptoms 4.

    • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Caution with prokinetic agents; focus on dietary modifications and symptomatic relief 4.
  • Elderly: Increased risk of complications; tailored management considering comorbidities 4.
  • Comorbidities: Consider interactions with existing conditions (e.g., renal function for drug dosing) 4.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Eradicate H. pylori in infected patients to improve gastric motor function (Evidence: Strong 1).
  • Use prokinetic agents for patients with confirmed delayed gastric emptying (Evidence: Moderate 4).
  • Implement dietary adjustments focusing on meal frequency and composition for symptom management (Evidence: Expert opinion 4).

    • References

    1 Naing C, Aung HH, Aye SN, Poovorawan Y, Whittaker MA. CagA toxin and risk of Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric phenotype: A meta-analysis of observational studies. PloS one 2024. link 2 Bordoloi S, Saikia P, Gupta CN, Hazarika SM. Neural Correlates of Motor Imagery during Action Observation in Affordance-based Actions: Preliminary Results. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2022. link 3 DeGroot WD, Tobias KM, Browning DC, Zhu X. Examination of laryngeal function of healthy dogs by using sedation protocols with dexmedetomidine. Veterinary surgery : VS 2020. link 4 Kuipers EJ. Lifestyle and gastric function. Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2014. link 5 Zheng Y, Vieille-Petit A, Chodoutaud S, Maibach HI. Dislodgeable stratum corneum exfoliation: role in percutaneous penetration?. Cutaneous and ocular toxicology 2011. link 6 Giske T, Gjengedal E, Artinian B. The silent demand in the diagnostic phase. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences 2009. link 7 Farahmand S, Tien L, Hui X, Maibach HI. Measuring transepidermal water loss: a comparative in vivo study of condenser-chamber, unventilated-chamber and open-chamber systems. Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) 2009. link 8 Rothwell J, Glynn I. Patrick Anthony Merton: 8 October 1920 - 13 June 2000. Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) 2006. link 9 Miteva M, Richter S, Elsner P, Fluhr JW. Approaches for optimizing the calibration standard of Tewameter TM 300. Experimental dermatology 2006. link 10 Teichmann A, Jacobi U, Weigmann HJ, Sterry W, Lademann J. Reservoir function of the stratum corneum: development of an in vivo method to quantitatively determine the stratum corneum reservoir for topically applied substances. Skin pharmacology and physiology 2005. link 11 Di Cristo C, Paolucci M, Iglesias J, Sanchez J, Di Cosmo A. Presence of two neuropeptides in the fusiform ganglion and reproductive ducts of Octopus vulgaris: FMRFamide and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The Journal of experimental zoology 2002. link 12 Ziak M, Kerjaschki D, Farquhar MG, Roth J. Identification of megalin as the sole rat kidney sialoglycoprotein containing poly alpha2,8 deaminoneuraminic acid. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 1999. link 13 Rector FC, Carter NW, Seldin DW. The mechanism of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal and distal tubules of the kidney. 1965. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 1998. link 14 Toppa NH, Martins P, Colares CN, Freire-Maia L, Cunha-Melo JR. Effect of Tityus serrulatus scorpion toxin on serum gastrin levels in anaesthetized rat. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 1998. link00093-2) 15 Hansen O. Isoform of Na+, K(+)-ATPase from rumen epithelium identified and quantified by immunochemical methods. Acta physiologica Scandinavica 1998. link 16 Drummond GB. Effect of apparatus on functional residual capacity. British journal of anaesthesia 1996. link 17 Hines DS, Wee S, Grogan WM. Purification and characterization of a 28 kDa cytosolic inhibitor of cholesteryl ester hydrolases in rat testis. Lipids 1996. link 18 Nathanson MH, Burgstahler AD, Mennone A, Fallon MB, Gonzalez CB, Saez JC. Ca2+ waves are organized among hepatocytes in the intact organ. The American journal of physiology 1995. link 19 Inazu N, Nagashima Y, Satoh T, Fujii T. Purification and properties of six aldo-keto reductases from rat adrenal gland. Journal of biochemistry 1994. link 20 Carrera A, Gerton GL, Moss SB. The major fibrous sheath polypeptide of mouse sperm: structural and functional similarities to the A-kinase anchoring proteins. Developmental biology 1994. link 21 Labbé JP, Lelievre S, Boyer M, Benyamin Y. Interaction of skeletal-muscle myosin subfragment-1 with the actin-(338-348) peptide. The Biochemical journal 1994. link 22 Cabero JL, Sasaki T, Song YH, Holmdahl R, Mårdh S. Production of monoclonal antibodies against gastric parietal cell antigens. Acta physiologica Scandinavica 1992. link 23 Moffat JG, Timms KM, Trotman CN, Tate WP. Interaction of the release factors with the Escherichia coli ribosome: structurally and functionally-important domains. Biochimie 1991. link90154-s) 24 Tazawa S, Unuma M, Tondokoro N, Asano Y, Ohsumi T, Ichimura T et al.. Identification of a membrane protein responsible for ribosome binding in rough microsomal membranes. Journal of biochemistry 1991. link 25 Nakagawa M, Tsukada F, Nakayama T, Matsuura K, Hara A, Sawada H. Identification of two dihydrodiol dehydrogenases associated with 3(17)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in mouse kidney. Journal of biochemistry 1989. link 26 Rao KV, Vijayan VK. Maximal expiratory flow-volume loop in a southern Indian college sportsmen. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology 1988. link 27 Nimpf J, George R, Schneider WJ. Apolipoprotein specificity of the chicken oocyte receptor for low and very low density lipoproteins: lack of recognition of apolipoprotein VLDL-II. Journal of lipid research 1988. link 28 Strittmatter SM, Snyder SH. Angiotensin converting enzyme immunohistochemistry in rat brain and pituitary gland: correlation of isozyme type with cellular localization. Neuroscience 1987. link90131-x) 29 Takaya J, Omori K, Taketani S, Kobayashi Y, Tashiro Y. Solubilization, purification, and characterization of (H+, K+)ATPase from hog gastric microsomes. Journal of biochemistry 1987. link 30 Weyrauch KD, Blähser S, Perschbacher J. Somatostatin cells in the gastric mucosa of small ruminants. Immunohistochemical study. Acta anatomica 1987. link 31 Kotani S, Murofushi H, Maekawa S, Sato C, Sakai H. Characterization of microtubule-associated proteins isolated from bovine adrenal gland. European journal of biochemistry 1986. link 32 Endo Y, Uchida T, Kobayashi S. Somatostatin neurons in the small intestine of the guinea pig: a light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study combined with nerve lesion experiments by laser irradiation. Journal of neurocytology 1986. link 33 Mizunuma H, Tashima Y. Characterization of rat muscle fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. Journal of biochemistry 1986. link 34 Gross MD, Eggen MA, Simon AM, Van Pilsum JF. The purification and characterization of human kidney L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 1986. link90385-1) 35 Bajpai A, Baker JB. Urokinase binding sites on human foreskin cells. Evidence for occupancy with endogenous urokinase. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 1985. link91234-3) 36 Petrovic T, Bell C. Small fluorescent cells in the rat kidney contain 5-hydroxytryptamine not a catecholamine. Journal of the autonomic nervous system 1984. link90081-x) 37 Usellini L, Capella C, Frigerio B, Rindi G, Solcia E. Ultrastructural localization of secretin in endocrine cells of the dog duodenum by the immunogold technique. Comparison with ultrastructurally characterized S cells of various mammals. Histochemistry 1984. link 38 Tung HY, Resink TJ, Hemmings BA, Shenolikar S, Cohen P. The catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase-1 and protein phosphatase 2A are distinct gene products. European journal of biochemistry 1984. link 39 Hara A, Deyashiki Y, Nakayama T, Sawada H. Isolation and characterization of multiforms of aldehyde reductase in chicken kidney. European journal of biochemistry 1983. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      CagA toxin and risk of Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric phenotype: A meta-analysis of observational studies. — Naing C, Aung HH, Aye SN, Poovorawan Y, Whittaker MA PloS one (2024)
    2. [2]
      Neural Correlates of Motor Imagery during Action Observation in Affordance-based Actions: Preliminary Results. — Bordoloi S, Saikia P, Gupta CN, Hazarika SM Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference (2022)
    3. [3]
      Examination of laryngeal function of healthy dogs by using sedation protocols with dexmedetomidine. — DeGroot WD, Tobias KM, Browning DC, Zhu X Veterinary surgery : VS (2020)
    4. [4]
      Lifestyle and gastric function. — Kuipers EJ Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland) (2014)
    5. [5]
      Dislodgeable stratum corneum exfoliation: role in percutaneous penetration? — Zheng Y, Vieille-Petit A, Chodoutaud S, Maibach HI Cutaneous and ocular toxicology (2011)
    6. [6]
      The silent demand in the diagnostic phase. — Giske T, Gjengedal E, Artinian B Scandinavian journal of caring sciences (2009)
    7. [7]
      Measuring transepidermal water loss: a comparative in vivo study of condenser-chamber, unventilated-chamber and open-chamber systems. — Farahmand S, Tien L, Hui X, Maibach HI Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) (2009)
    8. [8]
      Patrick Anthony Merton: 8 October 1920 - 13 June 2000. — Rothwell J, Glynn I Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) (2006)
    9. [9]
      Approaches for optimizing the calibration standard of Tewameter TM 300. — Miteva M, Richter S, Elsner P, Fluhr JW Experimental dermatology (2006)
    10. [10]
      Reservoir function of the stratum corneum: development of an in vivo method to quantitatively determine the stratum corneum reservoir for topically applied substances. — Teichmann A, Jacobi U, Weigmann HJ, Sterry W, Lademann J Skin pharmacology and physiology (2005)
    11. [11]
      Presence of two neuropeptides in the fusiform ganglion and reproductive ducts of Octopus vulgaris: FMRFamide and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). — Di Cristo C, Paolucci M, Iglesias J, Sanchez J, Di Cosmo A The Journal of experimental zoology (2002)
    12. [12]
      Identification of megalin as the sole rat kidney sialoglycoprotein containing poly alpha2,8 deaminoneuraminic acid. — Ziak M, Kerjaschki D, Farquhar MG, Roth J Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN (1999)
    13. [13]
      The mechanism of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal and distal tubules of the kidney. 1965. — Rector FC, Carter NW, Seldin DW Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN (1998)
    14. [14]
      Effect of Tityus serrulatus scorpion toxin on serum gastrin levels in anaesthetized rat. — Toppa NH, Martins P, Colares CN, Freire-Maia L, Cunha-Melo JR Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology (1998)
    15. [15]
      Isoform of Na+, K(+)-ATPase from rumen epithelium identified and quantified by immunochemical methods. — Hansen O Acta physiologica Scandinavica (1998)
    16. [16]
      Effect of apparatus on functional residual capacity. — Drummond GB British journal of anaesthesia (1996)
    17. [17]
      Purification and characterization of a 28 kDa cytosolic inhibitor of cholesteryl ester hydrolases in rat testis. — Hines DS, Wee S, Grogan WM Lipids (1996)
    18. [18]
      Ca2+ waves are organized among hepatocytes in the intact organ. — Nathanson MH, Burgstahler AD, Mennone A, Fallon MB, Gonzalez CB, Saez JC The American journal of physiology (1995)
    19. [19]
      Purification and properties of six aldo-keto reductases from rat adrenal gland. — Inazu N, Nagashima Y, Satoh T, Fujii T Journal of biochemistry (1994)
    20. [20]
      The major fibrous sheath polypeptide of mouse sperm: structural and functional similarities to the A-kinase anchoring proteins. — Carrera A, Gerton GL, Moss SB Developmental biology (1994)
    21. [21]
      Interaction of skeletal-muscle myosin subfragment-1 with the actin-(338-348) peptide. — Labbé JP, Lelievre S, Boyer M, Benyamin Y The Biochemical journal (1994)
    22. [22]
      Production of monoclonal antibodies against gastric parietal cell antigens. — Cabero JL, Sasaki T, Song YH, Holmdahl R, Mårdh S Acta physiologica Scandinavica (1992)
    23. [23]
      Interaction of the release factors with the Escherichia coli ribosome: structurally and functionally-important domains. — Moffat JG, Timms KM, Trotman CN, Tate WP Biochimie (1991)
    24. [24]
      Identification of a membrane protein responsible for ribosome binding in rough microsomal membranes. — Tazawa S, Unuma M, Tondokoro N, Asano Y, Ohsumi T, Ichimura T et al. Journal of biochemistry (1991)
    25. [25]
      Identification of two dihydrodiol dehydrogenases associated with 3(17)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in mouse kidney. — Nakagawa M, Tsukada F, Nakayama T, Matsuura K, Hara A, Sawada H Journal of biochemistry (1989)
    26. [26]
      Maximal expiratory flow-volume loop in a southern Indian college sportsmen. — Rao KV, Vijayan VK Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology (1988)
    27. [27]
      Apolipoprotein specificity of the chicken oocyte receptor for low and very low density lipoproteins: lack of recognition of apolipoprotein VLDL-II. — Nimpf J, George R, Schneider WJ Journal of lipid research (1988)
    28. [28]
      Angiotensin converting enzyme immunohistochemistry in rat brain and pituitary gland: correlation of isozyme type with cellular localization. — Strittmatter SM, Snyder SH Neuroscience (1987)
    29. [29]
      Solubilization, purification, and characterization of (H+, K+)ATPase from hog gastric microsomes. — Takaya J, Omori K, Taketani S, Kobayashi Y, Tashiro Y Journal of biochemistry (1987)
    30. [30]
      Somatostatin cells in the gastric mucosa of small ruminants. Immunohistochemical study. — Weyrauch KD, Blähser S, Perschbacher J Acta anatomica (1987)
    31. [31]
      Characterization of microtubule-associated proteins isolated from bovine adrenal gland. — Kotani S, Murofushi H, Maekawa S, Sato C, Sakai H European journal of biochemistry (1986)
    32. [32]
      Somatostatin neurons in the small intestine of the guinea pig: a light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study combined with nerve lesion experiments by laser irradiation. — Endo Y, Uchida T, Kobayashi S Journal of neurocytology (1986)
    33. [33]
      Characterization of rat muscle fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. — Mizunuma H, Tashima Y Journal of biochemistry (1986)
    34. [34]
      The purification and characterization of human kidney L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase. — Gross MD, Eggen MA, Simon AM, Van Pilsum JF Archives of biochemistry and biophysics (1986)
    35. [35]
      Urokinase binding sites on human foreskin cells. Evidence for occupancy with endogenous urokinase. — Bajpai A, Baker JB Biochemical and biophysical research communications (1985)
    36. [36]
      Small fluorescent cells in the rat kidney contain 5-hydroxytryptamine not a catecholamine. — Petrovic T, Bell C Journal of the autonomic nervous system (1984)
    37. [37]
      Ultrastructural localization of secretin in endocrine cells of the dog duodenum by the immunogold technique. Comparison with ultrastructurally characterized S cells of various mammals. — Usellini L, Capella C, Frigerio B, Rindi G, Solcia E Histochemistry (1984)
    38. [38]
      The catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase-1 and protein phosphatase 2A are distinct gene products. — Tung HY, Resink TJ, Hemmings BA, Shenolikar S, Cohen P European journal of biochemistry (1984)
    39. [39]
      Isolation and characterization of multiforms of aldehyde reductase in chicken kidney. — Hara A, Deyashiki Y, Nakayama T, Sawada H European journal of biochemistry (1983)
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