Overview
Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression, mania, hypomania, or mixed states, significantly impacting global health and associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome 29.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 440 indexed papers.
1 Cabrera-Abreu C, Alzbeidi N, Avila C, Hernandorena C, Kolar D, Milev R et al.. Identifying clinical markers of bipolar disorder in a depressed outpatient sample: A tertiary clinic comparison with major depressive disorder. Journal of affective disorders 2026. link 2 Turner A, Kuperberg M, McGovern H, Wrobel A, Dean OM, Berk M et al.. Adverse childhood experiences and cardiometabolic risk factors in people with bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders 2026. link 3 Kulkarni NP, Zai CC, Kennedy KG, Mio M, Young LT, MacIntosh BJ et al.. Higher polygenic risk for cardiovascular disease is associated with lower cerebral blood flow in youth with bipolar disorder. Neurobiology of disease 2026. link 4 Chen PH, Hsiao CY, Chiang SJ, Lin YK, Chung KH, Tsai SY. Association of lithium treatment with cardiac structure and circulating leukocyte distribution in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders 2026. link 5 Utter KS, Gonzalez-Campos T, Moore KM, Frye MA, Ozerdem A, Geske JR et al.. Psychiatric and obstetric outcomes among peripartum patients with bipolar disorder: A single-institution study. Journal of affective disorders 2026. link 6 Mover K, Shirvani N, Wills W, Lababidi S, Jones T, Peplinski B. Epidemiology of bipolar disorder with concomitant pregnancy-induced hypertension and associated pharmacotherapies in the United States, Canada and Saudi Arabia over a five-year period (2019-2023). Journal of psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology 2026. link 7 Kulkarni NP, Zai CC, Dimick MK, Sultan AA, Young LT, Goldstein BI. Greater polygenic risk for cardiovascular disease is associated with reduced executive function among youth with bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders 2026. link 8 Lewandowska A, Janas-Kozik M, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M, Dudek D, Gałecki P, Remberk B. Bipolar disorder in children, adolescents and young adults. Part 2. Therapeutic management. Recommendations under the patronage of the Executive Board of the Polish Psychiatric Association, National Consultants in the field of Psychiatry and National Consultants in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Psychiatria polska 2025. link 9 O'Connell KS, Koromina M, van der Veen T, Boltz T, David FS, Yang JMK et al.. Genomics yields biological and phenotypic insights into bipolar disorder. Nature 2025. link 10 Taylor-Desir MJ, Sanchez-Ruiz JA, Vallender EJ, Singh B, Meagher KM, Frye MA. Persistence of Lithium Underutilization in Patients of African Ancestry with Bipolar Disorder. Psychopharmacology bulletin 2025. link 11 Stamu-O'Brien C, Hoang M, Papoutsi I, Turk CB, Das A, Kroumpouzos G. Bipolar disorder in patients with psoriasis and the impact of lithium therapy on psoriasis. Clinics in dermatology 2025. link 12 Vita G, Nöhles VB, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Tedeschi F, Heuer FH et al.. Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis: Efficacy and Safety of Antipsychotics vs Antiepileptics or Lithium for Acute Mania in Children and Adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2025. link 13 Ma H, Wang Y, Yang Y, Chen J, Jin X. Deciphering the shared genetic architecture between bipolar disorder and body mass index. Journal of affective disorders 2025. link 14 Aksoy C, Gökalp K. Self-Management in Bipolar Disorder: A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Evidence. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 2025. link 15 Huang W, He S, Liu M, Xu J. Comparative efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pharmacotherapies for acute mania in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Molecular psychiatry 2025. link 16 Serra-Navarro M, Clougher D, Oliva V, Valenzuela-Pascual C, De Prisco M, Forte MF et al.. Sex differences in psychosocial functioning and neurocognition in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 2025. link 17 Wu Y, Yan D, Yang J. Is Theta Burst Stimulation Ready as a Clinical Treatment for Bipolar Disorder?. Bipolar disorders 2025. link 18 Belteczki Z. The Development of the Bipolar Spectrum Theory: Concept, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostics. Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica : a Magyar Pszichofarmakologiai Egyesulet lapja = official journal of the Hungarian Association of Psychopharmacology 2025. link 19 Cavaleri D, Riboldi I, Bartoli F. The Promise of Long-acting Injectable Antipsychotics for the Treatment of Bipolar I Disorder: The Role of Manic Predominance. Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 2025. link 20 Marinoni M, Soldi R, Boglioni G, Tavormina G. THE IMPORTANCE OF HOBBIES TO SUPPORT PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT IN BIPOLAR DISORDER TYPE I AND II: 40 CASES-REPORT IN A GP'S EXPERIENCE. Psychiatria Danubina 2025. link 21 Lin J, Hong L, Wang Z, Wu C, Li Y, Zhou J et al.. Analysis of maintenance pharmacotherapy in Chinese bipolar disorder patients: Guideline concordance and adjunctive medication use. Journal of affective disorders 2025. link 22 Tuncer GZ, Duman ZÇ, Alptekin K. "It's Like I'm Living with a Pharmacy": Experiences of Individuals with Severe Mental Disorders Regarding Psychotropic Medication Polypharmacy. Issues in mental health nursing 2025. link 23 Zhu H, Guo J, Lui H, Ip P. Safety Profile of Lithium: A Disproportionality Analysis Using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Neuropsychobiology 2025. link 24 Ilic TD, McCarthy CJ, Steele I. Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Severely Depressed, Bipolar I Disorder Patient, Who Is a 3-Time Liver Transplant Recipient Due to Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. The journal of ECT 2025. link 25 Levin JB, Moore DJ, Briggs F, Rahman M, Montoya J, Depp C et al.. Clinical correlates of medication adherence in individuals with bipolar disorder and comorbid hypertension. International journal of psychiatry in medicine 2025. link 26 Kato T, Ogasawara K, Motomura K, Kato M, Tanaka T, Takaesu Y et al.. Practice Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder by the JSMD (Japanese Society of Mood Disorders). Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences 2024. link 27 Li J, Luo H, Luo Q. Agomelatine bears promising potential in treating bipolar depression- a systematic review. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice 2024. link 28 Haenen N, Kamperman AM, Prodan A, Nolen WA, Boks MP, Wesseloo R. The efficacy of lamotrigine in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bipolar disorders 2024. link 29 Lin YW, Chen YB, Hung KC, Liang CS, Tseng PT, Carvalho AF et al.. Efficacy and acceptability of lurasidone for bipolar depression: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMJ mental health 2024. link 30 Li S, Xu C, Hu S, Lai J. Efficacy and tolerability of FDA-approved atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 2024. link 31 Wu Y, Zhong Y, Zhang G, Wang C, Zhang N, Chen Q. Distinct functional patterns in child and adolescent bipolar and unipolar depression during emotional processing. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 2024. link 32 Gonzalez-Torres C, Mulsant BH, Husain MI, Alda M, Young RC, Ortiz A. Challenges in defining treatment-resistant mania in adults: A systematic review. Bipolar disorders 2024. link 33 Krasilnikova L. Cobain, Hemingway, Sinatra and me. eLife 2024. link 34 Director S. Bipolar disorder and competence. Journal of medical ethics 2024. link 35 Daungsupawong H, Wiwanitkit V. Comment on published article "A chat about bipolar disorder". Bipolar disorders 2024. link 36 Kessing LV, Christensen EM, Faurholt-Jepsen M, Baandrup L, Knorr U. Reply to correspondence to "Algorithm or not for pharmacological treatment of mania during hospitalisation". Danish medical journal 2024. link 37 Licht RW, Straszek SP, Kovacs Z, Devantier TA, Nielsen RE. Correspondence on "An algorithm for pharmacological treatment of mania during hospitalisation". Danish medical journal 2024. link 38 Elmas A, Spehar K, Do R, Castellano JM, Huang KL. Associations of Circulating Biomarkers with Disease Risks: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. International journal of molecular sciences 2024. link 39 Woods J, Kiai N, Padhy R, Bangasan R, Torrico T. Suspected geriatric onset of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a patient with comorbid bipolar disorder. BMC geriatrics 2024. link 40 Lin CH, Hsu CC, Chan HY, Chen JJ. Prescribing patterns for older-age bipolar disorder patients discharged from two public mental hospitals in Taiwan, 2006-2019. Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society 2024. link 41 Andric Petrovic S, Jankovic D, Kaurin N, Mandic Maravic V, Pesic D, Ristic I et al.. Exploring real-world prescribing patterns for maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders: a focus on antidepressants and benzodiazepines. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice 2024. link 42 Kennedy KG, Ghugre NR, Roifman I, Qi X, Saul K, McCrindle BW et al.. Impaired coronary microvascular reactivity in youth with bipolar disorder. Psychological medicine 2024. link 43 Teshigawara T, Meguro A, Takeuchi M, Ishido M, Soejima Y, Hirahara L et al.. Replication Study of the Association of . Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024. link 44 Lee YB, Kim H, Lee J, Kang D, Kim G, Jin SM et al.. Bipolar disorder and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, heart failure, and all-cause mortality: a population-based matched cohort study in South Korea. Scientific reports 2024. link 45 Chen PH, Hsiao CY, Chiang SJ, Chung KH, Tsai SY. Association of lipids and inflammatory markers with left ventricular wall thickness in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders 2024. link 46 Yu CL, Carvalho AF, Thompson T, Tsai TC, Tseng PT, Hsu CW et al.. Comparison of antipsychotic dose equivalents for acute bipolar mania and schizophrenia. BMJ mental health 2023. link 47 Yildiz A, Siafis S, Mavridis D, Vieta E, Leucht S. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological interventions for acute bipolar depression in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The lancet. Psychiatry 2023. link00199-2) 48 Simjanoski M, Patel S, Boni R, Balanzá-Martínez V, Frey BN, Minuzzi L et al.. Lifestyle interventions for bipolar disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 2023. link 49 McWhinney SR, Abé C, Alda M, Benedetti F, Bøen E, Del Mar Bonnin C et al.. Mega-analysis of association between obesity and cortical morphology in bipolar disorders: ENIGMA study in 2832 participants. Psychological medicine 2023. link 50 Couillard Larocque M, Fortin-Vidah G, Angers M, Garceau L, Gros L, Fournel I et al.. Anxiety in bipolar disorder: A review of publication trends. Journal of affective disorders 2023. link 51 Rossetti MG, Girelli F, Perlini C, Brambilla P, Bellani M. Neuropsychological instruments for bipolar disorders: A systematic review on psychometric properties. Journal of affective disorders 2023. link 52 Helmink FGL, Vandeleur CL, Preisig M, Gunput STG, Hillegers MHJ, Mesman E. Functional outcomes across development in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders 2023. link 53 Samamé C, Durante P, Cattaneo B, Aprahamian I, Strejilevich S. Efficacy of cognitive remediation in bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychological medicine 2023. link 54 Nuñez NA, Coombes BJ, Melhuish Beaupre L, Romo-Nava F, Gardea-Resendez M, Ozerdem A et al.. Antidepressant-Associated Treatment Emergent Mania: A Meta-Analysis to Guide Risk Modeling Pharmacogenomic Targets of Potential Clinical Value. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 2023. link 55 Medina AM, Hagenauer MH, Krolewski DM, Hughes E, Forrester LCT, Walsh DM et al.. Neurotransmission-related gene expression in the frontal pole is altered in subjects with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Translational psychiatry 2023. link 56 Scott K, Nunes A, Pavlova B, Meier S, Alda M. Familial traits of bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 2023. link 57 Mohamed MA, Elhelbawy A, Khalid M, AbdAllatif LA, Lialy HE. Effects of bipolar disorder on maternal and fetal health during pregnancy: a systematic review. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2023. link 58 Gupta R, Singh S. Endoxifen Approval for Bipolar Disorder in India: A Premature or a Pragmatic Decision?. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 2023. link 59 Christl J, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M, Kamp D, Fußer F, Benninghoff J et al.. Lithium Therapy in Old Age: Recommendations from a Delphi Survey. Pharmacopsychiatry 2023. link 60 Van Rheenen TE, Ringin E, Karantonis JA, Furlong L, Bozaoglu K, Rossell SL et al.. A preliminary investigation of the clinical and cognitive correlates of circulating vitamin D in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry research 2023. link 61 Leser B, Dalkner N, Tmava-Berisha A, Fellendorf FT, Unterrainer HF, Stross T et al.. The Influence of Vitamin D Status on Cognitive Ability in Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Healthy Controls. Nutrients 2023. link 62 Späth Z, Tmava-Berisha A, Fellendorf FT, Stross T, Maget A, Platzer M et al.. Vitamin D Status in Bipolar Disorder. Nutrients 2023. link 63 Pahwa M, Kucuker MU, Ho MC, Puspitasari A, Moore KM, Betcher HK et al.. Cardiometabolic and endocrine comorbidities in women with bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Journal of affective disorders 2023. link 64 Knedeisen F, Stapel B, Heitland I, Lichtinghagen R, Schweiger U, Hartung D et al.. Cardiovascular risk in bipolar disorder - A case for the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis?. Journal of affective disorders 2023. link 65 Najar H, Joas E, Pålsson E, Landén M. Time effect on cardiometabolic risk indicators in patients with bipolar disorder: a longitudinal case-control study. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 2023. link 66 Tsai SY, Chen PH, Hsiao CY, Sajatovic M, Huang YJ, Chung KH. Inflammation associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in bipolar disorder: A cross-sectional study. Journal of psychosomatic research 2023. link 67 Farrell A, George N, Amado S, Wozniak J. A systematic review of the literature on telepsychiatry for bipolar disorder. Brain and behavior 2022. link 68 Jefsen OH, Shtyrov Y, Larsen KM, Dietz MJ. The 40-Hz auditory steady-state response in bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology 2022. link 69 Hong JSW, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM et al.. Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale. Molecular psychiatry 2022. link 70 Gillissie ES, Lui LMW, Ceban F, Miskowiak K, Gok S, Cao B et al.. Deficits of social cognition in bipolar disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Bipolar disorders 2022. link 71 Kishi T, Ikuta T, Matsuda Y, Sakuma K, Okuya M, Nomura I et al.. Pharmacological treatment for bipolar mania: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials. Molecular psychiatry 2022. link 72 Roosen L, Sienaert P. Evidence-based treatment strategies for rapid cycling bipolar disorder, a systematic review. Journal of affective disorders 2022. link 73 Nestsiarovich A, Gaudiot CES, Baldessarini RJ, Vieta E, Zhu Y, Tohen M. Preventing new episodes of bipolar disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2022. link 74 Yuan M, Xiao ZL, Zhou HY, Rao W, Huang G, Nie HB et al.. Bipolar disorder and the risk for stroke incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2022. link 75 Pompili M, Magistri C, Mellini C, Sarli G, Baldessarini RJ. Comparison of immediate and sustained release formulations of lithium salts. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England) 2022. link 76 Long X, Wang X, Tian F, Cao Y, Xie H, Jia Z. Altered brain activation during reward anticipation in bipolar disorder. Translational psychiatry 2022. link 77 Saul H, Gursul D, Cassidy S, Harrison P. Little evidence supports gabapentinoid use in bipolar disorder or insomnia. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2022. link 78 Gillissie ES, Krupski JR, Jawad MY, Lui LMW, Di Vencenzo JD, Teopiz KM et al.. Evaluating cognitive function in unaffected relatives of individuals with bipolar disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of psychiatric research 2022. link 79 de Marco A, Scozia G, Manfredi L, Conversi D. A Systematic Review of Genetic Polymorphisms Associated with Bipolar Disorder Comorbid to Substance Abuse. Genes 2022. link 80 Aminoff SR, Onyeka IN, Ødegaard M, Simonsen C, Lagerberg TV, Andreassen OA et al.. Lifetime and point prevalence of psychotic symptoms in adults with bipolar disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological medicine 2022. link 81 Strawbridge R, Kurana S, Kerr-Gaffney J, Jauhar S, Kaufman KR, Yalin N et al.. A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatments for rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 2022. link 82 Palmer DS, Howrigan DP, Chapman SB, Adolfsson R, Bass N, Blackwood D et al.. Exome sequencing in bipolar disorder identifies AKAP11 as a risk gene shared with schizophrenia. Nature genetics 2022. link 83 Hesam-Shariati S, Overs BJ, Roberts G, Toma C, Watkeys OJ, Green MJ et al.. Epigenetic signatures relating to disease-associated genotypic burden in familial risk of bipolar disorder. Translational psychiatry 2022. link 84 Chen G, Lv H, Zhang X, Gao Y, Liu X, Gu C et al.. Assessment of the relationships between genetic determinants of thyroid functions and bipolar disorder: A mendelian randomization study. Journal of affective disorders 2022. link 85 Aguglia A, Natale A, Fusar-Poli L, Amerio A, Costanza A, Fesce F et al.. Complex polypharmacy in bipolar disorder: Results from a real-world inpatient psychiatric unit. Psychiatry research 2022. link 86 Chen PH, Tsai SY, Pan CH, Chen YL, Su SS, Chen CC et al.. Prevalence and 5-year trend of incidence for medical illnesses after the diagnosis of bipolar disorder: A nationwide cohort study. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry 2022. link 87 Aguglia A, Salvi V, Amerio A, Gari M, Dragogna F, Mencacci C et al.. Number of episodes and duration of illness associated with hypertension and 10-year cardiovascular risk in patients with bipolar disorder type I. Psychiatry research 2022. link 88 Kuperberg M, Köhler-Forsberg O, Shannon AP, George N, Greenebaum S, Bowden CL et al.. Cardiometabolic risk markers during mood-stabilizing treatment: Correlation with drug-specific effects, depressive symptoms and treatment response. Journal of affective disorders 2022. link 89 Ortiz A, Sanches M, Abdelhack M, Schwaiger TR, Wainberg M, Tripathy SJ et al.. Sex-specific associations between lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder and cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional analysis of 257,673 participants from the UK Biobank. Journal of affective disorders 2022. link 90 Yatham LN, Chakrabarty T, Bond DJ, Schaffer A, Beaulieu S, Parikh SV et al.. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) recommendations for the management of patients with bipolar disorder with mixed presentations. Bipolar disorders 2021. link 91 Harrison PJ, Hall N, Mould A, Al-Juffali N, Tunbridge EM. Cellular calcium in bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular psychiatry 2021. link 92 Kalcev G, Preti A, Scano A, Orrù G, Carta MG. Insight into susceptibility genes associated with bipolar disorder: a systematic review. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2021. link 93 Miklowitz DJ, Efthimiou O, Furukawa TA, Scott J, McLaren R, Geddes JR et al.. Adjunctive Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review and Component Network Meta-analysis. JAMA psychiatry 2021. link 94 Kishi T, Ikuta T, Matsuda Y, Sakuma K, Okuya M, Mishima K et al.. Mood stabilizers and/or antipsychotics for bipolar disorder in the maintenance phase: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Molecular psychiatry 2021. link 95 Mullins N, Forstner AJ, O'Connell KS, Coombes B, Coleman JRI, Qiao Z et al.. Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology. Nature genetics 2021. link 96 Schiweck C, Arteaga-Henriquez G, Aichholzer M, Edwin Thanarajah S, Vargas-Cáceres S, Matura S et al.. Comorbidity of ADHD and adult bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 2021. link 97 Kadakia A, Dembek C, Heller V, Singh R, Uyei J, Hagi K et al.. Efficacy and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics for acute bipolar depression: a network meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry 2021. link 98 Janiri D, Kotzalidis GD, di Luzio M, Giuseppin G, Simonetti A, Janiri L et al.. Genetic neuroimaging of bipolar disorder: a systematic 2017-2020 update. Psychiatric genetics 2021. link 99 Gottlieb JF, Goel N, Chen S, Young MA. Meta-analysis of sleep deprivation in the acute treatment of bipolar depression. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 2021. link 100 Katz BA, Naftalovich H, Matanky K, Yovel I. The dual-system theory of bipolar spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review 2021. link