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Anesthesiology226 papers

Difficult-to-treat asthma

Last edited: 4/17/2026

Overview

Difficult-to-treat asthma refers to asthma that remains inadequately controlled despite high-dose inhaled corticosteroids and additional controller medications, often requiring complex management strategies and close monitoring.

Diagnosis

Persistent symptoms despite high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) 1 2.

Frequent exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids 1 2.

Poor lung function variability and low peak expiratory flow rates 1 2.

Identification of specific triggers and comorbidities impacting asthma control 1 2.

Management

First-line treatments: High-dose ICS/LABA combination, addition of long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) 1 2.

Adjunctive therapies: Leukotriene receptor antagonists, anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies (omalizumab) for severe cases 1 2.

Sedation and intubation: Awake fiberoptic intubation for anticipated difficult airways, using dexmedetomidine or sufentanil for sedation 6 46 61.

Monitoring: Continuous pulse oximetry, capnography, and arterial blood gas analysis during critical procedures 77 78.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Use of supraglottic devices and video laryngoscopes for improved airway management 44 52.

Elderly: Increased vigilance for comorbidities affecting airway management and tailored sedation protocols 1 2.

Comorbidities: Consideration of respiratory infections, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and obesity in treatment planning 1 2.

Key Recommendations

Implement high-dose ICS/LABA and consider LAMAs for persistent symptoms 1 2 (Evidence: Strong).

Utilize awake fiberoptic intubation with appropriate sedation (dexmedetomidine or sufentanil) for anticipated difficult airways 6 46 61 (Evidence: Moderate).

Employ simulation-based training for difficult airway management techniques to enhance skills retention and proficiency 11 39 (Evidence: Moderate).

Regularly assess and document airway management plans, especially in patients with known difficult airways 10 77 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

Monitor patients closely with advanced monitoring techniques during critical airway interventions 77 78 (Evidence: Strong).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 125 indexed papers.

1 Parks A, Law JA, Kovacs G. Wake up!: a novel, cadaver-based approach to training emergency physicians in awake intubation. CJEM 2025. link 2 Rui N, Qiu Z, Xia D, Wang X, Zhang W, Liu J. Supraglottic Jet Oxygenation and Ventilation in Fiberoptic Intubation Training for Anesthesia Residents in a Simulated Difficult Airway: A Randomized Controlled Study. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2025. link 3 Jokinen JDV, Cantby C, Torkov AA, Brøchner AC, Konge L, Nielsen AB et al.. Training and assessment of skills in flexible optical intubation - Protocol of a scoping review. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2025. link 4 Johnston HW, McNaught RM. Fibreoptic intubation experience among Western Australian anaesthesia trainees. Anaesthesia and intensive care 2025. link 5 Xie S, Xu WJ, Wang HL. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Chinese anesthesiologists toward difficult airways. BMC medical education 2025. link 6 Abogabal MA, Wfa MZ, El-Ahwal LA. Sevoflurane sedation as an alternative for awake fiberoptic intubation in difficult airway patients: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva anestesiologica 2025. link 7 Gómez-Ríos MÁ, Sastre JA, Onrubia-Fuertes X, López T, Abad-Gurumeta A, Casans-Frances R et al.. Executive Summary of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Acta otorrinolaringologica espanola 2024. link 8 Gómez-Ríos MÁ, Sastre JA, Onrubia-Fuertes X, López T, Abad-Gurumeta A, Casans-Francés R et al.. Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part I. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion 2024. link 9 Gómez-Ríos MÁ, Sastre JA, Onrubia-Fuertes X, López T, Abad-Gurumeta A, Casans-Francés R et al.. Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion 2024. link 10 Luo X, Yang D, Deng XM, Wang QY, Du XY. How China anesthesiologists document and communicate difficult airway management. BMC anesthesiology 2024. link 11 Bielka K, Kuchyn I, Fomina H, Khomenko O, Kyselova I, Frank M. Difficult airway simulation-based training for anaesthesiologists: efficacy and skills retention within six months. BMC anesthesiology 2024. link 12 Martins MP, Ortenzi AV, Perin D, Quintas GCS, Malito ML, Carvalho VH. Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA) for difficult airway management in adults. Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) 2024. link 13 Lima LC, Cumino DO, Vieira AM, Silva CHRD, Neville MFL, Marques FO et al.. Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA) for difficult airway management in pediatric care. Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) 2024. link 14 Heidegger T, Asai T. Fibreoptic intubation: a commitment to an indispensable technique. British journal of anaesthesia 2023. link 15 Khan I. Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous cannulation for patients requiring dental surgery under intravenous dental sedation. British dental journal 2022. link 16 Adrian RJ, Choi A, Lamba S, Ostrovsky I, Ramdin C, Traba C et al.. Teaching Module on Ultrasound-Guided Venous Access Using a Homemade Gel Model for Fourth-Year Medical Students. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 2022. link 17 Patel NA, Ida JB, Valika TS. Multi-institutional quality improvement case series: Pediatric airway emergencies leading to the creation of a pediatric otolaryngology airway cart. American journal of otolaryngology 2022. link 18 Giraldo-Gutiérrez DS, Ruíz-Villa JO, Rincón-Valenzuela DA, Feliciano-Alfonso JE. Multivariable prediction models for difficult direct laryngoscopy: Systematic review and literature metasynthesis. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion 2022. link 19 Strobel AM, Driver BE, Slusher T, Rowland-Fisher A, Reardon RF. Adjunct Devices for the Pediatric Difficult Airway: A Case Report. Annals of emergency medicine 2022. link 20 Berger-Estilita J, Wenzel V, Luedi MM, Riva T. A Primer for Pediatric Emergency Front-of-the-Neck Access. A&A practice 2021. link 21 Ma Y, Cao X, Zhang H, Ge S. Awake fiberoptic orotracheal intubation: a protocol feasibility study. The Journal of international medical research 2021. link 22 Potnuru P, Artime CA, Hagberg CA. The Lost Airway. Anesthesiology clinics 2020. link 23 Godai K, Moriyama T, Kanmura Y. Comparison of the MultiViewScope Stylet Scope and the direct laryngoscope with the Miller blade for the intubation in normal and difficult pediatric airways: A randomized, crossover, manikin study. PloS one 2020. link 24 Pius J, Noppens RR. Learning curve and performance in simulated difficult airway for the novel C-MAC® video-stylet and C-MAC® Macintosh video laryngoscope: A prospective randomized manikin trial. PloS one 2020. link 25 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci OU et al.. Ultrasonographic Guidance to Improve First-Attempt Success in Children With Predicted Difficult Intravenous Access in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Annals of emergency medicine 2019. link 26 Suzuki K, Kusunoki S, Tanigawa K, Shime N. Comparison of three video laryngoscopes and direct laryngoscopy for emergency endotracheal intubation: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ open 2019. link 27 Ruiz-Alcalá V, Onrubia X, García-Vitoria C, Baldó J, Martínez E, Seller JM. Locating the cricothyroid membrane in males: Influence of the morphological characteristics of the neck. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion 2019. link 28 Walas W, Aleksandrowicz D, Kornacka M, Gaszyński T, Helwich E, Migdał M et al.. The management of unanticipated difficult airways in children of all age groups in anaesthetic practice - the position paper of an expert panel. Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine 2019. link 29 Altun D, Ozkan-Seyhan T, Camci E, Sivrikoz N, Orhan-Sungur M. Learning Curves for Two Fiberscopes in Simulated Difficult Airway Scenario With Cumulative Sum Method. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2019. link 30 Ambardekar AP, Rosero EB, Bhoja R, Green J, Rebal BA, Minhajuddin AT et al.. A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Learners' Decision-making, Anxiety, and Task Load During a Simulated Airway Crisis Using Two Difficult Airway Aids. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2019. link 31 Mandell D, Orebaugh SL. A Porcine Model for Learning Ultrasound Anatomy of the Larynx and Ultrasound-Guided Cricothyrotomy. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2019. link 32 Le Parc JM, Bischof JJ, King AM, Greenberger S, Way DP, Panchal AR et al.. A Randomized Comparison of In-hospital Rescuer Positions for Endotracheal Intubation in a Difficult Airway. The western journal of emergency medicine 2018. link 33 Zitek T, Busby E, Hudson H, McCourt JD, Baydoun J, Slattery DE. Ultrasound-guided Placement of Single-lumen Peripheral Intravenous Catheters in the Internal Jugular Vein. The western journal of emergency medicine 2018. link 34 Crimlisk JT, Krisciunas GP, Sipe MH, Winter MR, Gonzalez RM, Grillone GA. Emergency Airway Response Team (EART) Documentation: Criteria, Feasibility, and Usability. Critical care nursing quarterly 2018. link 35 Pairaudeau CF, Mendonca C, Hillermann C, Qazi I, Baker PA, Hodgson RE et al.. Effect of palpable vs. impalpable cricothyroid membranes in a simulated emergency front-of-neck access scenario. Anaesthesia 2018. link 36 Hannig KE, Jessen C, Hauritz RW, Grejs AM. Awake Fiberoptic Intubation in Fast Track Ambulatory Surgery: A Case Report. A&A practice 2018. link 37 Li Q, Xie P, Zha B, Wu Z, Wei H. Supraglottic jet oxygenation and ventilation saved a patient with 'cannot intubate and cannot ventilate' emergency difficult airway. Journal of anesthesia 2017. link 38 Dogru S, Karaman T, Sahin A, Tapar H, Karaman S, Arici S et al.. Prediction of difficult laryngoscopy using spirometry: a pilot study. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 2017. link 39 Kristensen MS, Teoh WH, Rudolph SS. Ultrasonographic identification of the cricothyroid membrane: best evidence, techniques, and clinical impact. British journal of anaesthesia 2016. link 40 Chrisman L, King W, Wimble K, Cartwright S, Mohammed KB, Patel B. Surgicric 2: A comparative bench study with two established emergency cricothyroidotomy techniques in a porcine model. British journal of anaesthesia 2016. link 41 Brisard L, Péan D, Bourgain JL, Winer A, Combes X, Langeron O et al.. Training experts in difficult airway management: Evaluation of a continuous professional development program. Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine 2016. link 42 Jagannathan N, Shivazad A, Kolan M. Tracheal extubation in children with difficult airways: a descriptive cohort analysis. Paediatric anaesthesia 2016. link 43 Beleña JM, Gasco C, Polo CE, Vidal A, Núñez M, Lopez-Timoneda F. Laryngeal mask, laryngeal tube, and Frova introducer in simulated difficult airway. The Journal of emergency medicine 2015. link 44 Belanger J, Kossick M. Methods of identifying and managing the difficult airway in the pediatric population. AANA journal 2015. link 45 Kramer A, Müller D, Pförtner R, Mohr C, Groeben H. Fibreoptic vs videolaryngoscopic (C-MAC(®) D-BLADE) nasal awake intubation under local anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2015. link 46 Li CW, Li YD, Tian HT, Kong XG, Chen K. Dexmedetomidine-midazolam versus Sufentanil-midazolam for Awake Fiberoptic Nasotracheal Intubation: A Randomized Double-blind Study. Chinese medical journal 2015. link 47 Asai T. Monitoring during difficult airway management. Journal of anesthesia 2014. link 48 Biro P, Grande B, Kind SL, Spahn DR, Theusinger OM. Concluding results from the first phase of the Zurich Unexpected Difficult Airway course based on exercise of technical skills. Anaesthesia 2014. link 49 Hubert V, Duwat A, Deransy R, Mahjoub Y, Dupont H. Effect of simulation training on compliance with difficult airway management algorithms, technical ability, and skills retention for emergency cricothyrotomy. Anesthesiology 2014. link 50 Saracoglu KT, Eti Z, Kavas AD, Umuroglu T. Straight video blades are advantageous than curved blades in simulated pediatric difficult intubation. Paediatric anaesthesia 2014. link 51 Farré V, Añez C, Serrano V, Aragonès N, Camps M, de Molina I. Modifications to the airway management trainer intubation head for training in difficult airway recognition through a comparative study with the Airsim® intubation head. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2014. link 52 Jepsen CH, Gätke MR, Thøgersen B, Mollerup LT, Ruhnau B, Rewers M et al.. Tracheal intubation with a flexible fibreoptic scope or the McGrath videolaryngoscope in simulated difficult airway scenarios: a randomised controlled manikin study. European journal of anaesthesiology 2014. link 53 Connor CW, Segal S. The importance of subjective facial appearance on the ability of anesthesiologists to predict difficult intubation. Anesthesia and analgesia 2014. link 54 Shen SL, Xie YH, Wang WY, Hu SF, Zhang YL. Comparison of dexmedetomidine and sufentanil for conscious sedation in patients undergoing awake fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation: a prospective, randomised and controlled clinical trial. The clinical respiratory journal 2014. link 55 Takaishi K, Kawahito S, Tomioka S, Eguchi S, Kitahata H. Cuffed oropharyngeal airway for difficult airway management. Anesthesia progress 2014. link 56 Lye ST, Liaw CM, Seet E, Koh KF. Comparison of results from novice and trained personnel using the Macintosh laryngoscope, Pentax AWS®, C-MAC™ and Bonfils intubation fibrescope: a manikin study. Singapore medical journal 2013. link 57 Wilkes M, Beattie C, Gardner C, McNarry AF. Difficult airway communication between anaesthetists and general practitioners. Scottish medical journal 2013. link 58 Baker P, Moore C, Hopley L, Herzer K, Mark Lj. How do anaesthetists in New Zealand disseminate critical airway information?. Anaesthesia and intensive care 2013. link 59 Hung KC, Tan PH, Lin VC, Wang HK, Chen HS. A comparison of the Trachway intubating stylet and the Macintosh laryngoscope in tracheal intubation: a manikin study. Journal of anesthesia 2013. link 60 Hu R, Liu JX, Jiang H. Dexmedetomidine versus remifentanil sedation during awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Journal of anesthesia 2013. link 61 Johnston KD, Rai MR. Conscious sedation for awake fibreoptic intubation: a review of the literature. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 2013. link 62 Amathieu R, Sudrial J, Abdi W, Luis D, Hahouache H, Combes X et al.. Simulating face-to-face tracheal intubation of a trapped patient: a randomized comparison of the LMA Fastrach™, the GlideScope™, and the Airtraq™ laryngoscope. British journal of anaesthesia 2012. link 63 McPherson D, Vaughan RS, Wilkes AR, Mapleson WW, Hodzovic I. A survey of anaesthetic practice in predicting difficult intubation in UK and Europe. European journal of anaesthesiology 2012. link 64 Shah KH, Kwong BM, Hazan A, Newman DH, Wiener D. Success of the gum elastic bougie as a rescue airway in the emergency department. The Journal of emergency medicine 2011. link 65 Messa MJ, Kupas DF, Dunham DL. Comparison of bougie-assisted intubation with traditional endotracheal intubation in a simulated difficult airway. Prehospital emergency care 2011. link 66 Timmermann A. Supraglottic airways in difficult airway management: successes, failures, use and misuse. Anaesthesia 2011. link 67 Dalal PG, Dalal GB, Pott L, Bezinover D, Prozesky J, Bosseau Murray W. Learning curves of novice anesthesiology residents performing simulated fibreoptic upper airway endoscopy. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 2011. link 68 Vennila R, Hall A, Ali M, Bhuiyan N, Pirotta D, Raw DA. Remifentanil as single agent to facilitate awake fibreoptic intubation in the absence of premedication. Anaesthesia 2011. link 69 Jiang H, Miao HS, Jin SQ, Chen LH, Tian JL. A pilot study of the effect of pressure-driven lidocaine spray on airway topical anesthesia for conscious sedation intubation. Chinese medical journal 2011. link 70 Bair AE, Olmsted K, Brown CA, Barker T, Pallin D, Walls RM. Assessment of the storz video Macintosh laryngoscope for use in difficult airways: A human simulator study. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2010. link 71 Witting MD, Schenkel SM, Lawner BJ, Euerle BD. Effects of vein width and depth on ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous success rates. The Journal of emergency medicine 2010. link 72 Liu L, Tanigawa K, Kusunoki S, Tamura T, Ota K, Yamaga S et al.. Tracheal intubation of a difficult airway using Airway Scope, Airtraq, and Macintosh laryngoscope: a comparative manikin study of inexperienced personnel. Anesthesia and analgesia 2010. link 73 Salah N, Mhuircheartaigh RN, Hayes N, McCaul C. A comparison of four techniques of emergency transcricoid oxygenation in a manikin. Anesthesia and analgesia 2010. link 74 Borges BC, Boet S, Siu LW, Bruppacher HR, Naik VN, Riem N et al.. Incomplete adherence to the ASA difficult airway algorithm is unchanged after a high-fidelity simulation session. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 2010. link 75 Andruszkiewicz P, Dec M, Kański A, Becler R. Awake fibreoptic intubation. Anestezjologia intensywna terapia 2010. link 76 Kunisawa T, Nagashima M, Hanada S, Suzuki A, Takahata O, Iwasaki H. Awake intubation under sedation using target-controlled infusion of dexmedetomidine: five case reports. Journal of anesthesia 2010. link 77 Greif R, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Theiler L. Awake tracheal intubation using the Sensascope in 13 patients with an anticipated difficult airway. Anaesthesia 2010. link 78 Bergese SD, Candiotti KA, Bokesch PM, Zura A, Wisemandle W, Bekker AY. A Phase IIIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study evaluating the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine for sedation during awake fiberoptic intubation. American journal of therapeutics 2010. link 79 Tsai CJ, Chu KS, Chen TI, Lu DV, Wang HM, Lu IC. A comparison of the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine versus propofol target-controlled infusion for sedation during fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 2010. link 80 Brillhart A, Dasti A, Matz W, Schrading WA. The Rusch ViewMax vs Macintosh laryngoscopy in human cadavers: impoved vocal cord visualization?. The American journal of emergency medicine 2009. link 81 Bauman M, Braude D, Crandall C. Ultrasound-guidance vs. standard technique in difficult vascular access patients by ED technicians. The American journal of emergency medicine 2009. link 82 Stein J, George B, River G, Hebig A, McDermott D. Ultrasonographically guided peripheral intravenous cannulation in emergency department patients with difficult intravenous access: a randomized trial. Annals of emergency medicine 2009. link 83 Heard AM, Green RJ, Eakins P. The formulation and introduction of a 'can't intubate, can't ventilate' algorithm into clinical practice. Anaesthesia 2009. link 84 Fiadjoe J, Stricker P. Pediatric difficult airway management: current devices and techniques. Anesthesiology clinics 2009. link 85 Frova G, Sorbello M. Algorithms for difficult airway management: a review. Minerva anestesiologica 2009. link 86 Green L. Can't intubate, can't ventilate! A survey of knowledge and skills in a large teaching hospital. European journal of anaesthesiology 2009. link 87 L'Hermite J, Nouvellon E, Cuvillon P, Fabbro-Peray P, Langeron O, Ripart J. The Simplified Predictive Intubation Difficulty Score: a new weighted score for difficult airway assessment. European journal of anaesthesiology 2009. link 88 López AM, Valero R, Pons M, Anglada T. Awake intubation using the LMA-CTrach in patients with difficult airways. Anaesthesia 2009. link 89 Corbanese U, Possamai C. Awake intubation with the Bonfils fibrescope in patients with difficult airway. European journal of anaesthesiology 2009. link 90 Xue FS, He N, Liao X, Xu XZ, Xu YC, Yang QY et al.. Clinical assessment of awake endotracheal intubation using the lightwand technique alone in patients with difficult airways. Chinese medical journal 2009. link 91 Torres K, Patel AA, Styliński K, Błoński M, Torres A, Staśkiewicz G et al.. The body constitution of patients and intubation scales as predictors of difficult intubation considered in relation to the experience of the intubator. Folia morphologica 2008. link 92 Kuduvalli PM, Jervis A, Tighe SQ, Robin NM. Unanticipated difficult airway management in anaesthetised patients: a prospective study of the effect of mannequin training on management strategies and skill retention. Anaesthesia 2008. link 93 Rai MR, Parry TM, Dombrovskis A, Warner OJ. Remifentanil target-controlled infusion vs propofol target-controlled infusion for conscious sedation for awake fibreoptic intubation: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. British journal of anaesthesia 2008. link 94 Mills CN, Liebmann O, Stone MB, Frazee BW. Ultrasonographically guided insertion of a 15-cm catheter into the deep brachial or basilic vein in patients with difficult intravenous access. Annals of emergency medicine 2007. link 95 Gueret G, Billard V, Bourgain JL. Fibre-optic intubation teaching in sedated patients with anticipated difficult intubation. European journal of anaesthesiology 2007. link 96 Timmermann A, Russo SG, Rosenblatt WH, Eich C, Barwing J, Roessler M et al.. Intubating laryngeal mask airway for difficult out-of-hospital airway management: a prospective evaluation. British journal of anaesthesia 2007. link 97 Abdelmalak B, Makary L, Hoban J, Doyle DJ. Dexmedetomidine as sole sedative for awake intubation in management of the critical airway. Journal of clinical anesthesia 2007. link 98 Bergese SD, Khabiri B, Roberts WD, Howie MB, McSweeney TD, Gerhardt MA. Dexmedetomidine for conscious sedation in difficult awake fiberoptic intubation cases. Journal of clinical anesthesia 2007. link 99 Rosenstock C, Hansen EG, Kristensen MS, Rasmussen LS, Skak C, Østergaard D. Qualitative analysis of unanticipated difficult airway management. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2006. link 100 Costantino TG, Parikh AK, Satz WA, Fojtik JP. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access versus traditional approaches in patients with difficult intravenous access. Annals of emergency medicine 2005. link

Original source

[1]
Wake up!: a novel, cadaver-based approach to training emergency physicians in awake intubation. — Parks A, Law JA, Kovacs G CJEM (2025)
[2]
Supraglottic Jet Oxygenation and Ventilation in Fiberoptic Intubation Training for Anesthesia Residents in a Simulated Difficult Airway: A Randomized Controlled Study. — Rui N, Qiu Z, Xia D, Wang X, Zhang W, Liu J Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research (2025)
[3]
Training and assessment of skills in flexible optical intubation - Protocol of a scoping review. — Jokinen JDV, Cantby C, Torkov AA, Brøchner AC, Konge L, Nielsen AB et al. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica (2025)
[4]
Fibreoptic intubation experience among Western Australian anaesthesia trainees. — Johnston HW, McNaught RM Anaesthesia and intensive care (2025)
[5]
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Chinese anesthesiologists toward difficult airways. — Xie S, Xu WJ, Wang HL BMC medical education (2025)
[6]
Sevoflurane sedation as an alternative for awake fiberoptic intubation in difficult airway patients: a randomized controlled trial. — Abogabal MA, Wfa MZ, El-Ahwal LA Minerva anestesiologica (2025)
[7]
Executive Summary of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. — Gómez-Ríos MÁ, Sastre JA, Onrubia-Fuertes X, López T, Abad-Gurumeta A, Casans-Frances R et al. Acta otorrinolaringologica espanola (2024)
[8]
Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part I. — Gómez-Ríos MÁ, Sastre JA, Onrubia-Fuertes X, López T, Abad-Gurumeta A, Casans-Francés R et al. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion (2024)
[9]
Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II. — Gómez-Ríos MÁ, Sastre JA, Onrubia-Fuertes X, López T, Abad-Gurumeta A, Casans-Francés R et al. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion (2024)
[10]
How China anesthesiologists document and communicate difficult airway management. — Luo X, Yang D, Deng XM, Wang QY, Du XY BMC anesthesiology (2024)
[11]
Difficult airway simulation-based training for anaesthesiologists: efficacy and skills retention within six months. — Bielka K, Kuchyn I, Fomina H, Khomenko O, Kyselova I, Frank M BMC anesthesiology (2024)
[12]
Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA) for difficult airway management in adults. — Martins MP, Ortenzi AV, Perin D, Quintas GCS, Malito ML, Carvalho VH Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) (2024)
[13]
Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA) for difficult airway management in pediatric care. — Lima LC, Cumino DO, Vieira AM, Silva CHRD, Neville MFL, Marques FO et al. Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) (2024)
[14]
Fibreoptic intubation: a commitment to an indispensable technique. — Heidegger T, Asai T British journal of anaesthesia (2023)
[15]
Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous cannulation for patients requiring dental surgery under intravenous dental sedation. — Khan I British dental journal (2022)
[16]
Teaching Module on Ultrasound-Guided Venous Access Using a Homemade Gel Model for Fourth-Year Medical Students. — Adrian RJ, Choi A, Lamba S, Ostrovsky I, Ramdin C, Traba C et al. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources (2022)
[17]
Multi-institutional quality improvement case series: Pediatric airway emergencies leading to the creation of a pediatric otolaryngology airway cart. — Patel NA, Ida JB, Valika TS American journal of otolaryngology (2022)
[18]
Multivariable prediction models for difficult direct laryngoscopy: Systematic review and literature metasynthesis. — Giraldo-Gutiérrez DS, Ruíz-Villa JO, Rincón-Valenzuela DA, Feliciano-Alfonso JE Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion (2022)
[19]
Adjunct Devices for the Pediatric Difficult Airway: A Case Report. — Strobel AM, Driver BE, Slusher T, Rowland-Fisher A, Reardon RF Annals of emergency medicine (2022)
[20]
A Primer for Pediatric Emergency Front-of-the-Neck Access. — Berger-Estilita J, Wenzel V, Luedi MM, Riva T A&A practice (2021)
[21]
Awake fiberoptic orotracheal intubation: a protocol feasibility study. — Ma Y, Cao X, Zhang H, Ge S The Journal of international medical research (2021)
[22]
The Lost Airway. — Potnuru P, Artime CA, Hagberg CA Anesthesiology clinics (2020)
[23]
Comparison of the MultiViewScope Stylet Scope and the direct laryngoscope with the Miller blade for the intubation in normal and difficult pediatric airways: A randomized, crossover, manikin study. — Godai K, Moriyama T, Kanmura Y PloS one (2020)
[24]
Learning curve and performance in simulated difficult airway for the novel C-MAC® video-stylet and C-MAC® Macintosh video laryngoscope: A prospective randomized manikin trial. — Pius J, Noppens RR PloS one (2020)
[25]
Ultrasonographic Guidance to Improve First-Attempt Success in Children With Predicted Difficult Intravenous Access in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. — Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci OU et al. Annals of emergency medicine (2019)
[26]
Comparison of three video laryngoscopes and direct laryngoscopy for emergency endotracheal intubation: a retrospective cohort study. — Suzuki K, Kusunoki S, Tanigawa K, Shime N BMJ open (2019)
[27]
Locating the cricothyroid membrane in males: Influence of the morphological characteristics of the neck. — Ruiz-Alcalá V, Onrubia X, García-Vitoria C, Baldó J, Martínez E, Seller JM Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion (2019)
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