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Cardiology2635 papers

Eclampsia

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Eclampsia is a severe, life-threatening complication of preeclampsia characterized by the onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in a pregnant woman with hypertension and proteinuria. It poses significant risks to both maternal and fetal health. 5 15

Diagnosis

Key Criteria: Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg), proteinuria, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

Recommended Tests:

- Urinalysis for proteinuria. - Fundoscopic examination to detect retinal changes indicative of preeclampsia 1. - Blood pressure monitoring. - Laboratory tests including liver function tests, coagulation profile, and electrolytes to assess organ dysfunction 5.

Grading: Severity often assessed based on clinical presentation, laboratory abnormalities, and neurological status 5.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Immediate delivery of the fetus to terminate the pregnancy 5 34. - Magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis and control 5 34.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Blood pressure management with antihypertensive agents such as labetalol or hydralazine 5 34. - Supportive care including fluid management, monitoring for HELLP syndrome, and organ function support 5 34.

Specific Drug Classes/Doses:

- Magnesium sulfate: typically administered intravenously at doses of 4-5 g loading dose followed by 1-2 g/hour 5. - Antihypertensives: individualized dosing based on blood pressure levels 5.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Management focuses on balancing maternal and fetal risks, often necessitating urgent delivery 5 34.

Comorbidities: Women with pre-existing hypertension or cardiovascular disease may require more intensive monitoring and management 15 55.

Key Recommendations

Immediate delivery of the fetus is recommended for women diagnosed with eclampsia to prevent further maternal complications (Evidence: Strong 5 34).

Magnesium sulfate should be used for seizure prophylaxis and control in eclampsia (Evidence: Strong 5 34).

Close monitoring of organ function and blood pressure is essential in managing eclampsia (Evidence: Moderate 5 34).

Consider genetic predisposition (polygenic risk score) in assessing long-term cardiovascular risk post-eclamptic pregnancy (Evidence: Moderate 2).

Low-dose aspirin may be considered for primary prevention in high-risk populations, though adherence is crucial for effectiveness (Evidence: Moderate 66 65).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 402 indexed papers.

1 Kitmiridou D, Mitrogiannis I, Charakida M, Nicolaides KH. Retinal imaging in pre-eclamptic pregnancy: systematic review. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2026. link 2 Choi ES, Jung SH, Jung YM, Park CW, Park JS, Jun JK et al.. Polygenic Risk for Pre-Eclampsia and the Long-Term Risk of Incident Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2026. link 3 Amelia M, Siahaan WH, Wijaya N, Harahap AM, Rivany MA, Lumbanraja SN. Pre-eclampsia screening with maternal risk factors and ophthalmic Doppler artery: a systematic review. Hypertension in pregnancy 2025. link 4 Viswanath S, Sunkarapalli A, Singh R, Tigari B. Ocular complications of pre-eclampsia with malignant hypertension. BMJ case reports 2025. link 5 Bergman L, Hannsberger D, Schell S, Imberg H, Langenegger E, Moodley A et al.. Cerebral infarcts, edema, hypoperfusion, and vasospasm in preeclampsia and eclampsia. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2025. link 6 Wiriyachoke N, Phaliwong P, Prommas S, Smanchat B, Bhamarapravatana K, Suwannarurk K. Prevalence and risk factors associated with severe features of pre-eclampsia among women in Thailand. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2025. link 7 Davidson B, Rayner B, Wearne N, Barday Z, Jones ESW. Long-Term Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Complications Following Pre-eclampsia. Cardiology clinics 2025. link 8 Wright D, Wright A, Magee LA, Von Dadelszen P, Nicolaides KH. Calcium supplementation for the prevention of pre-eclampsia: Challenging the evidence from meta-analyses. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2024. link 9 Inversetti A, Pivato CA, Cristodoro M, Latini AC, Condorelli G, Di Simone N et al.. Update on long-term cardiovascular risk after pre-eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European heart journal. Quality of care & clinical outcomes 2024. link 10 Tseke P, Tsekes P, Griveas I. Use of therapeutic apheresis methods during pregnancy. Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis 2024. link 11 Tadese M, Damesa WA, Solomon GS, Wakie GE, Tessema SD, Endale A. Maternal outcomes of pre-eclampsia with severe features and its determinants at Abebech Gobena Mothers and Childrens Health and Saint Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open 2024. link 12 Li Z, Dai Y, Yun L, Guo W. A prediction model for the progression from gestational hypertension to pre-eclampsia complicated with HELLP syndrome. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2024. link 13 Kotikoski S, Paavola J, Nurmonen HJ, Kärkkäinen V, Huuskonen TJ, Huttunen J et al.. Prevalence of pre-eclampsia in 265 patients with an intracranial aneurysm, 393 female relatives versus a control cohort: A case-control study. European journal of neurology 2024. link 14 Ghadiali T, Nguyen MT, Lee RH, Sasso EB. Atypical eclampsia in a normotensive patient with altered mental status and severely elevated transaminases: Case report and review. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2024. link 15 Bergman K, Svanvik T, Basic C, Rosengren A, Zverkova Sandström T, Celind J et al.. Heart disease in pregnancy and risk of pre-eclampsia: a Swedish register-based study. Open heart 2024. link 16 Sisti G, Rubin G, Zhou C, Orth T, Schiattarella A. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a predictor of pre-eclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2023. link 17 Melo DCS, Sousa RP, Pais MSJDR, Felix LM, Pinto FF, Moura JPSA. The role of the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor (sFlt-1/PIGF) - ratio in clinical practice in obstetrics: diagnostic and prognostic value. Journal of perinatal medicine 2023. link 18 Medjedovic E, Kurjak A, Stanojević M, Begic E. Pre-eclampsia and maternal health through the prism of low-income countries. Journal of perinatal medicine 2023. link 19 Kremer V, Oppelaar JJ, Gimbel T, Koziarek S, Ganzevoort W, van Pampus MG et al.. Neuro-oncological Ventral Antigen 2 Regulates Splicing of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1 and Is Required for Endothelial Function. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 2023. link 20 Choy B, Burns K. Simultaneous decompressive craniectomy and caesarean section. British journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 21 Dall'Asta A, Minopoli M, Ramirez Zegarra R, Di Pasquo E, Ghi T. An update on maternal cardiac hemodynamics in fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2023. link 22 Palei AC, Cruz JO, Chaguri JL, Peraçoli JC, Romão-Veiga M, Ribeiro-Vasques VR et al.. Circulating levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3, a protein with inhibitory effects on angiogenesis, are increased in pre-eclampsia. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2023. link 23 Woo Kinshella ML, Sarr C, Sandhu A, Bone JN, Vidler M, Moore SE et al.. Calcium for pre-eclampsia prevention: A systematic review and network meta-analysis to guide personalised antenatal care. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2022. link 24 Li P, Wang H, Guo L, Gou X, Chen G, Lin D et al.. Association between gut microbiota and preeclampsia-eclampsia: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC medicine 2022. link 25 Mayrink J, Leite DF, Nobrega GM, Costa ML, Cecatti JG. Prediction of pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders using metabolomics: a systematic review. BMJ open 2022. link 26 Keukens A, van Wely M, van der Meulen C, Mochtar MH. Pre-eclampsia in pregnancies resulting from oocyte donation, natural conception or IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 2022. link 27 Mungmunpuntipantip R, Wiwanitkit V. HLA-G 5'URR regulatory polymorphisms and pre-eclampsia: correspondence. Bratislavske lekarske listy 2022. link 28 Kinshella MW, Omar S, Scherbinsky K, Vidler M, Magee LA, von Dadelszen P et al.. Maternal nutritional risk factors for pre-eclampsia incidence: findings from a narrative scoping review. Reproductive health 2022. link 29 Antoun E, Titcombe P, Dalrymple K, Kitaba NT, Barton SJ, Flynn A et al.. DNA methylation signatures in cord blood associated with birthweight are enriched for dmCpGs previously associated with maternal hypertension or pre-eclampsia, smoking and folic acid intake. Epigenetics 2022. link 30 Maducolil MK, Al-Obaidly S, Olukade T, Salama H, AlQubaisi M, Al Rifai H. Pre-eclampsia: incidence, determinants, and pregnancy outcomes from maternity hospitals in Qatar: a population-based case-control study. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 31 Pittara T, Vyrides A, Lamnisos D, Giannakou K. Pre-eclampsia and long-term health outcomes for mother and infant: an umbrella review. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2021. link 32 Merriel A, Alberry M, Abdel-Fattah S. Implications of non-invasive prenatal testing for identifying and managing high-risk pregnancies. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2021. link 33 Choi YJ, Shin S. Aspirin Prophylaxis During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American journal of preventive medicine 2021. link 34 Bonnet MP, Garnier M, Keita H, Compère V, Arthuis C, Raia-Barjat T et al.. Guidelines for the management of women with severe pre-eclampsia. Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine 2021. link 35 Ashoo S. Maternal hemorrhage and severe hypertension/pre-eclampsia: identification and management in the emergency department. Emergency medicine practice 2021. link 36 Mehra D, Bhatia N, Jain K, Sikka P, Verma I, Singla K. Association of Maternal Hyperuricemia with Post-Spinal Hypotension in Pre-Eclamptic Parturients Undergoing Emergency Cesarean Delivery: a Prospective Observational Study. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 2021. link 37 De Barros JFS, Amorim MM, De Lemos Costa DG, Katz L. Factors associated with severe maternal outcomes in patients with eclampsia in an obstetric intensive care unit: A cohort study. Medicine 2021. link 38 Xiaomang J, Yanling W. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy on high risk factors - a randomized controlled trial. Journal of perinatal medicine 2021. link 39 Holzman CB, Senagore P, Xu J, Dunietz GL, Strutz KL, Tian Y et al.. Maternal risk of hypertension 7-15 years after pregnancy: clues from the placenta. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2021. link 40 Otero-Marquez O, Chung H, Lee CS, Choi EY, Ledesma-Gil G, Alauddin S et al.. Subretinal Deposits in Pre-eclampsia and Malignant Hypertension: Implications for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology. Retina 2021. link 41 Cook R, Lyon-Maris J, Davidson P. Planned earlier delivery for late pre-eclampsia may be better for mothers. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2020. link 42 Hinton L, Hodgkinson J, Tucker KL, Rozmovits L, Chappell L, Greenfield S et al.. Exploring the potential for introducing home monitoring of blood pressure during pregnancy into maternity care: current views and experiences of staff-a qualitative study. BMJ open 2020. link 43 Zdradzinski MJ, Backster A, Heron S, White M, Laubscher D, Siegelman JN. A Novel Simulation to Assess Residents' Utilization of a Medical Interpreter. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 2019. link 44 Siddiqui MM, Banayan JM, Hofer JE. Pre-eclampsia through the eyes of the obstetrician and anesthesiologist. International journal of obstetric anesthesia 2019. link 45 Ali AM, Alobaid A, Malhis TN, Khattab AF. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy on risk of pre-eclampsia - Randomized controlled trial. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2019. link 46 Teimoori B, Moradi-Shahrebabak M, Rezaei M, Mohammadpour-Gharehbagh A, Salimi S. Renalase rs10887800 polymorphism is associated with severe pre-eclampsia in southeast Iranian women. Journal of cellular biochemistry 2019. link 47 Chimini JS, Possomato-Vieira JS, da Silva MLS, Dias-Junior CA. Placental nitric oxide formation and endothelium-dependent vasodilation underlie pravastatin effects against angiogenic imbalance, hypertension in pregnancy and intrauterine growth restriction. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology 2019. link 48 Calimag-Loyola APP, Lerma EV. Renal complications during pregnancy: In the hypertension spectrum. Disease-a-month : DM 2019. link 49 Sharma S. Autophagy-Based Diagnosis of Pregnancy Hypertension and Pre-Eclampsia. The American journal of pathology 2018. link 50 Hoodbhoy Z, Hasan BS, Mohammed N, Chowdhury D. Impact of pre-eclampsia on the cardiovascular health of the offspring: a cohort study protocol. BMJ open 2018. link 51 Stougaard M, Damm P, Frederiksen P, Jacobsen R, Heitmann BL. Exposure to vitamin D from fortified margarine during fetal life and later risk of pre-eclampsia: the D-tect Study. Public health nutrition 2018. link 52 Ukah UV, De Silva DA, Payne B, Magee LA, Hutcheon JA, Brown H et al.. Prediction of adverse maternal outcomes from pre-eclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A systematic review. Pregnancy hypertension 2018. link 53 Xiaobo F, Yanling L, Dunjin C, Fang H, Jia C, Yuhua Z et al.. Effect of blood pressure on reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in pre-eclampsia or eclampsia. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2018. link 54 Brouwers L, van der Meiden-van Roest AJ, Savelkoul C, Vogelvang TE, Lely AT, Franx A et al.. Recurrence of pre-eclampsia and the risk of future hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2018. link 55 Breetveld NM, Ghossein-Doha C, van Neer J, Sengers MJJM, Geerts L, van Kuijk SMJ et al.. Decreased endothelial function and increased subclinical heart failure in women several years after pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018. link 56 Navaratnam K, Alfirevic Z, Pirmohamed M, Alfirevic A. How important is aspirin adherence when evaluating effectiveness of low-dose aspirin?. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2017. link 57 Qi WH, Zheng MY, Li C, Xu L, Xu JE. Screening of differential proteins of placenta tissues in patients with pre-eclampsia by iTRAQ proteomics techniques. Minerva medica 2017. link 58 Purswani JM, Gala P, Dwarkanath P, Larkin HM, Kurpad A, Mehta S. The role of vitamin D in pre-eclampsia: a systematic review. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2017. link 59 Hofmeyr GJ, Manyame S. Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, or food fortification with calcium, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2017. link 60 Tamás P, Hantosi E, Farkas B, Ifi Z, Betlehem J, Bódis J. Preliminary study of the effects of furosemide on blood pressure during late-onset pre-eclampsia in patients with high cardiac output. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2017. link 61 Auger N, Fraser WD, Schnitzer M, Leduc L, Healy-Profitós J, Paradis G. Recurrent pre-eclampsia and subsequent cardiovascular risk. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2017. link 62 Best LG, Lunday L, Webster E, Falcon GR, Beal JR. Pre-eclampsia and risk of subsequent hypertension: in an American Indian population. Hypertension in pregnancy 2017. link 63 Khoubnasabjafari M, Ansarin K, Jouyban A. Variations of malondialdehyde in pre-eclampsia. Hypertension in pregnancy 2016. link 64 Acharya A. Promising biomarkers for superimposed pre-eclampsia in pregnant women with established hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Kidney international 2016. link 65 Benzing T. Hypertension: Testing for pre-eclampsia: paving the way to early diagnosis. Nature reviews. Nephrology 2016. link 66 Kiely ME, Zhang JY, Kinsella M, Khashan AS, Kenny LC. Vitamin D status is associated with uteroplacental dysfunction indicated by pre-eclampsia and small-for-gestational-age birth in a large prospective pregnancy cohort in Ireland with low vitamin D status. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2016. link 67 Rätsep MT, Paolozza A, Hickman AF, Maser B, Kay VR, Mohammad S et al.. Brain Structural and Vascular Anatomy Is Altered in Offspring of Pre-Eclamptic Pregnancies: A Pilot Study. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2016. link 68 Peixoto AB, Araujo Júnior E, Ribeiro JU, Rodrigues DB, Castro EC, Caldas TM et al.. Evaluation of inflammatory mediators in the deciduas of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2016. link 69 van Hoorn ME, Hague WM, van Pampus MG, Bezemer D, de Vries JI. Low-molecular-weight heparin and aspirin in the prevention of recurrent early-onset pre-eclampsia in women with antiphospholipid antibodies: the FRUIT-RCT. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2016. link 70 Lavallee L. Clinical presentation, assessment and management of pre-eclampsia. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2015. link 71 Hodgins S. Pre-eclampsia as Underlying Cause for Perinatal Deaths: Time for Action. Global health, science and practice 2015. link 72 Singh MD, Thomas P, Owens J, Hague W, Fenech M. Potential role of folate in pre-eclampsia. Nutrition reviews 2015. link 73 López-Alarcón M, Montalvo-Velarde I, Vital-Reyes VS, Hinojosa-Cruz JC, Leaños-Miranda A, Martínez-Basila A. Serial determinations of asymmetric dimethylarginine and homocysteine during pregnancy to predict pre-eclampsia: a longitudinal study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2015. link 74 Giguère Y, Massé J, Thériault S, Bujold E, Lafond J, Rousseau F et al.. Screening for pre-eclampsia early in pregnancy: performance of a multivariable model combining clinical characteristics and biochemical markers. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2015. link 75 Khalil A, Maiz N, Garcia-Mandujano R, Elkhouli M, Nicolaides KH. Longitudinal changes in maternal corin and mid-regional proatrial natriuretic peptide in women at risk of pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015. link 76 Takushima S, Nishi Y, Nonoshita A, Mifune H, Hirata R, Tanaka E et al.. Changes in the nitric oxide-soluble guanylate cyclase system and natriuretic peptide receptor system in placentas of pregnant Dahl salt-sensitive rats. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2015. link 77 Giordano JC, Parpinelli MA, Cecatti JG, Haddad SM, Costa ML, Surita FG et al.. The burden of eclampsia: results from a multicenter study on surveillance of severe maternal morbidity in Brazil. PloS one 2014. link 78 Dorniak-Wall T, Grivell RM, Dekker GA, Hague W, Dodd JM. The role of L-arginine in the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia: a systematic review of randomised trials. Journal of human hypertension 2014. link 79 Lampinen KH, Rönnback M, Groop PH, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, Kaaja RJ. Increased plasma norepinephrine levels in previously pre-eclamptic women. Journal of human hypertension 2014. link 80 Machado JS, Palei AC, Amaral LM, Bueno AC, Antonini SR, Duarte G et al.. Polymorphisms of the adiponectin gene in gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Journal of human hypertension 2014. link 81 Phadnis SV, Irvine LM. Hydatoxi lualba: the worm that wasn't!. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2013. link 82 Barrett HL, Nitert Dekker M, Lust K, Fagermo N, Wolski P, Callaway LK. The conundrum of eclampsia and fitness to drive. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2013. link 83 English FA, McCarthy FP, McSweeney CL, Quon AL, Morton JS, Sawamura T et al.. Inhibition of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 receptor protects against plasma-mediated vascular dysfunction associated with pre-eclampsia. American journal of hypertension 2013. link 84 Melchiorre K, Sutherland G, Sharma R, Nanni M, Thilaganathan B. Mid-gestational maternal cardiovascular profile in preterm and term pre-eclampsia: a prospective study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013. link 85 Shchyogolev AI, Dubova EA, Pavlov KA, Lyapin VM, Kulikova GV, Shmakov RG. Morphometric characteristics of terminal villi of the placenta in pre-eclampsia. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 2012. link 86 Femia G, Parratt JD, Halmagyi GM. Isolated reversible hypoglossal nerve palsy as the initial manifestation of pre-eclampsia. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2012. link 87 Pradhan P, Sherpa K, Joshi A, Pathak S. Massive ascites in severe pre-eclampsia: a rare complication. Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ 2012. link 88 Ameh CA, Ekechi CI, Tukur J. Monitoring severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia treatment in resource poor countries: skilled birth attendant perception of a new treatment and monitoring chart (LIVKAN chart). Maternal and child health journal 2012. link 89 Rojas-Suarez J, Vigil-De Gracia P. Pre-eclampsia-eclampsia admitted to critical care unit. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2012. link 90 Chen JS, Roberts CL, Simpson JM, Ford JB. Prevalence of pre-eclampsia, pregnancy hypertension and gestational diabetes in population-based data: impact of different ascertainment methods on outcomes. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2012. link 91 Bukan N, Kandemir O, Nas T, Gulbahar O, Unal A, Cayci B. Maternal cardiac risks in pre-eclamptic patients. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2012. link 92 Kiondo P, Wamuyu-Maina G, Bimenya GS, Tumwesigye NM, Wandabwa J, Okong P. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH 2012. link 93 Andraweera PH, Dekker GA, Thompson SD, North RA, McCowan LM, Roberts CT. A functional variant in ANGPT1 and the risk of pregnancies with hypertensive disorders and small-for-gestational-age infants. Molecular human reproduction 2012. link 94 Amaral LM, Palei AC, Sandrim VC, Luizon MR, Cavalli RC, Duarte G et al.. Maternal iNOS genetic polymorphisms and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Journal of human hypertension 2012. link 95 Tsigas E, Magee LA. Advocacy organisations as partners in pre-eclampsia progress: patient involvement improves outcomes. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2011. link 96 Herroeder S, Schönherr ME, De Hert SG, Hollmann MW. Magnesium--essentials for anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2011. link 97 Vadillo-Ortega F, Perichart-Perera O, Espino S, Avila-Vergara MA, Ibarra I, Ahued R et al.. Effect of supplementation during pregnancy with L-arginine and antioxidant vitamins in medical food on pre-eclampsia in high risk population: randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2011. link 98 Cipolla MJ, Sweet JG, Chan SL. Cerebral vascular adaptation to pregnancy and its role in the neurological complications of eclampsia. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2011. link 99 Romanowicz L, Galewska Z. Extracellular matrix remodeling of the umbilical cord in pre-eclampsia as a risk factor for fetal hypertension. Journal of pregnancy 2011. link 100 Cindrova-Davies T, Sanders DA, Burton GJ, Charnock-Jones DS. Soluble FLT1 sensitizes endothelial cells to inflammatory cytokines by antagonizing VEGF receptor-mediated signalling. Cardiovascular research 2011. link

Original source

[1]
Retinal imaging in pre-eclamptic pregnancy: systematic review. — Kitmiridou D, Mitrogiannis I, Charakida M, Nicolaides KH Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (2026)
[2]
Polygenic Risk for Pre-Eclampsia and the Long-Term Risk of Incident Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. — Choi ES, Jung SH, Jung YM, Park CW, Park JS, Jun JK et al. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2026)
[3]
Pre-eclampsia screening with maternal risk factors and ophthalmic Doppler artery: a systematic review. — Amelia M, Siahaan WH, Wijaya N, Harahap AM, Rivany MA, Lumbanraja SN Hypertension in pregnancy (2025)
[4]
Ocular complications of pre-eclampsia with malignant hypertension. — Viswanath S, Sunkarapalli A, Singh R, Tigari B BMJ case reports (2025)
[5]
Cerebral infarcts, edema, hypoperfusion, and vasospasm in preeclampsia and eclampsia. — Bergman L, Hannsberger D, Schell S, Imberg H, Langenegger E, Moodley A et al. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2025)
[6]
Prevalence and risk factors associated with severe features of pre-eclampsia among women in Thailand. — Wiriyachoke N, Phaliwong P, Prommas S, Smanchat B, Bhamarapravatana K, Suwannarurk K BMC pregnancy and childbirth (2025)
[7]
Long-Term Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Complications Following Pre-eclampsia. — Davidson B, Rayner B, Wearne N, Barday Z, Jones ESW Cardiology clinics (2025)
[8]
Calcium supplementation for the prevention of pre-eclampsia: Challenging the evidence from meta-analyses. — Wright D, Wright A, Magee LA, Von Dadelszen P, Nicolaides KH BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2024)
[9]
Update on long-term cardiovascular risk after pre-eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Inversetti A, Pivato CA, Cristodoro M, Latini AC, Condorelli G, Di Simone N et al. European heart journal. Quality of care & clinical outcomes (2024)
[10]
Use of therapeutic apheresis methods during pregnancy. — Tseke P, Tsekes P, Griveas I Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis (2024)
[11]
Maternal outcomes of pre-eclampsia with severe features and its determinants at Abebech Gobena Mothers and Childrens Health and Saint Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. — Tadese M, Damesa WA, Solomon GS, Wakie GE, Tessema SD, Endale A BMJ open (2024)
[12]
A prediction model for the progression from gestational hypertension to pre-eclampsia complicated with HELLP syndrome. — Li Z, Dai Y, Yun L, Guo W International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2024)
[13]
Prevalence of pre-eclampsia in 265 patients with an intracranial aneurysm, 393 female relatives versus a control cohort: A case-control study. — Kotikoski S, Paavola J, Nurmonen HJ, Kärkkäinen V, Huuskonen TJ, Huttunen J et al. European journal of neurology (2024)
[14]
Atypical eclampsia in a normotensive patient with altered mental status and severely elevated transaminases: Case report and review. — Ghadiali T, Nguyen MT, Lee RH, Sasso EB International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2024)
[15]
Heart disease in pregnancy and risk of pre-eclampsia: a Swedish register-based study. — Bergman K, Svanvik T, Basic C, Rosengren A, Zverkova Sandström T, Celind J et al. Open heart (2024)
[16]
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a predictor of pre-eclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Sisti G, Rubin G, Zhou C, Orth T, Schiattarella A International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2023)
[17]
The role of the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor (sFlt-1/PIGF) - ratio in clinical practice in obstetrics: diagnostic and prognostic value. — Melo DCS, Sousa RP, Pais MSJDR, Felix LM, Pinto FF, Moura JPSA Journal of perinatal medicine (2023)
[18]
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