Overview
Female hypogonadism syndrome, also known as functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) or the female athlete triad (Triad), is characterized by low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density 1. It is a continuum from health to disease, with varying degrees of symptom severity 1.Diagnosis
Low energy availability is the primary factor impairing menstrual function and bone health 1.
Components include energy availability, menstrual status, and bone health 1.Management
Treatment focuses on addressing low energy availability 1.
Nutritional issues, including macronutrient intake, are addressed 1.Special Populations
The female athlete triad can occur in men 1.Key Recommendations
Low energy availability is the primary factor that impairs menstrual dysfunction and bone health in the female athlete triad 1. (Evidence: Moderate)
Nutritional issues associated with the female athlete triad should be addressed, focusing on macronutrient intake needed for good health 1. (Evidence: Moderate)
Stress fractures are the most common injury associated with the female athlete triad 1. (Evidence: Moderate)References
1 Manore MM, Kam LC, Loucks AB. The female athlete triad: components, nutrition issues, and health consequences. Journal of sports sciences 2007. link