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Psychiatry727 papers

Psychological disorder during pregnancy

Last edited: 4/17/2026

Overview

Psychological disorders during pregnancy encompass a range of mental health conditions that can affect expectant mothers, impacting both maternal well-being and fetal outcomes. These disorders may include anxiety, depression, and stress-related disorders exacerbated by the unique physiological and psychological challenges of pregnancy.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Assessment: Comprehensive psychiatric evaluation including symptomatology, history, and psychosocial factors 1210121720242530313750.
  • Screening Tools: Use of standardized questionnaires such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for depression screening 12202430.
  • Laboratory Tests: No specific laboratory tests; however, monitoring physiological markers like cortisol levels can provide insights into stress levels 1920.
  • Grading: Severity often graded based on symptomatology and functional impairment, though specific grading scales are not universally standardized 11020.
  • Management

  • Psychological Interventions: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) are recommended for treating depression and anxiety 1220243031.
  • Pharmacotherapy: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) like sertraline and escitalopram are considered first-line pharmacological treatments when psychotherapy is insufficient or unavailable 122030.
  • Supportive Care: Regular prenatal care with mental health support, counseling, and support groups 1172430.
  • Lifestyle Modifications: Encouraging healthy lifestyle changes including exercise, adequate sleep, and nutrition 11920.
  • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Increased vulnerability to stress and mood disorders; close monitoring and early intervention crucial 121719202430.
  • Pediatrics: Impact on maternal mental health can affect child development; parental support and early intervention programs recommended 15222324.
  • Elderly: Less directly addressed in abstracts; however, comorbid conditions may exacerbate psychological distress requiring tailored care 11031.
  • Comorbidities: Co-occurring physical health issues can complicate psychological disorders; integrated care addressing both aspects is essential 1101231.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Screen for Psychological Disorders Early: Implement routine screening for depression and anxiety using validated tools during prenatal visits 12202430 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Integrate Psychosocial Support: Provide integrated mental health support within prenatal care to address psychological distress 1172430 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Consider Pharmacotherapy When Necessary: Use SSRIs cautiously under close monitoring for treatment-resistant cases 122030 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Promote Healthy Lifestyle: Encourage lifestyle modifications including regular physical activity and balanced nutrition to mitigate stress 11920 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Tailored Care for Special Populations: Develop and implement specialized care plans for pregnant women with comorbid conditions or those at higher risk 11031 (Evidence: Expert opinion).
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 144 indexed papers.

    1 Akbari Shahrestanaki Y, Sadat Hosseini F, Kashiha E, Norouzi S, Mirzaei Jirandehi F, Beyrami Jam M. Psychological recovery of nurses after emergencies and disasters: a systematic review protocol. BMJ open 2026. link 2 Somer E, Herscu O, Samara M, Abu-Rayya HM. Maladaptive Daydreaming and Psychopathology: A Meta-Analysis. International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie 2025. link 3 Reith B. Psychoanalysis embodied or remote? A call for research, reflection and dialogue. The International journal of psycho-analysis 2025. link 4 Foster S. From Object Relations to Public Relations: Making Psychodynamic Theory Accessible. Psychoanalytic review 2025. link 5 LeBlanc VR, Mastoras G, Hicks C, MacGregor P, O'Rielly C, Petrosoniak A et al.. The stressed heart: Validity evidence supporting mobile heart rate variability applications to detect psychological stress in healthcare learners. Medical education 2025. link 6 Wei X, Liang Y, Huang J. Status and associated factors of psychological resilience of Chinese medical aid team members under public health emergencies in a cross-sectional study. PloS one 2025. link 7 Plakun EM. How a Dream Led Me to Psychoanalysis. Journal of psychiatric practice 2024. link 8 Kakar S. Psychoanalysis and its discontents: A view from India. The International journal of psycho-analysis 2024. link 9 Kanwal GS. To Reveal or Not to Reveal, That Is the Wrong Question: Thoughts about Clinical Writing in Psychoanalysis. The Psychoanalytic quarterly 2024. link 10 Davis J, Granger S, Turner N. Assessing psychological distress of healthcare workers with and without work injuries: The role of job control. Journal of safety research 2024. link 11 Gelaw AY, Sheehan L, Gray SE, Collie A. Incidence, trends and factors associated with psychological injury among health and social care workers in New South Wales, Australia: a retrospective cohort study of workers' compensation claims. Occupational and environmental medicine 2024. link 12 Ahmed S, Cano MÁ, Sánchez M, Hu N, Gonzalez R, Ibañez G. Effect of maternal hypertensive disorder on their children's neurocognitive functioning in mediated via low birthweight and BMI not by brain cortical thickness. Applied neuropsychology. Child 2024. link 13 Nanavaty N, Thompson CG, Meagher MW, McCord C, Mathur VA. Traumatic Life Experience and Pain Sensitization: Meta-analysis of Laboratory Findings. The Clinical journal of pain 2023. link 14 Gargiulo GJ. Listening to Reik and Beethoven: A Clinical Memoir. Psychoanalytic review 2023. link 15 Pajek J, Mancini K, Murray M. COVID-19 and children's behavioral health: An overview. Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care 2023. link 16 Tang B, Barnes K, Geers A, Livesey E, Colagiuri B. Choice and the Placebo Effect: A Meta-analysis. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine 2022. link 17 Li J, Zheng W, Liu L, Li S. The effect of medical staff's professional identity on psychological stress during public health emergencies: The role of intolerance of uncertainty and adversity appraisal. Acta psychologica 2022. link 18 Zhu T, Guo S, Li W, Li Z. Evaluation on the psychological adjustment and countermeasures of civil servants in public emergencies. Frontiers in public health 2022. link 19 Perry NB, Donzella B, Troy MF, Barnes AJ. Mother and child hair cortisol during the COVID-19 pandemic: Associations among physiological stress, pandemic-related behaviors, and child emotional-behavioral health. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022. link 20 Fan FC, Zhang SY, Cheng Y. Incidence of psychological illness after coronavirus outbreak: a meta-analysis study. Journal of epidemiology and community health 2021. link 21 Naslund JA, Karyotaki E. Reducing psychological distress and depression in humanitarian emergencies: An essential role for nonspecialists. PLoS medicine 2021. link 22 Schnaiderman D, Bailac M, Borak L, Comar H, Eisner A, Ferrari A et al.. Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents from San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina: Parents' perspective. Archivos argentinos de pediatria 2021. link 23 Achterberg M, Dobbelaar S, Boer OD, Crone EA. Perceived stress as mediator for longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on wellbeing of parents and children. Scientific reports 2021. link 24 Raviv T, Warren CM, Washburn JJ, Kanaley MK, Eihentale L, Goldenthal HJ et al.. Caregiver Perceptions of Children's Psychological Well-being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA network open 2021. link 25 Chase T, Fusick A, Pauli JM. Couvade syndrome: more than a toothache. Journal of psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology 2021. link 26 Falzeder E. Freud and Jung on Freud and Jung. The Journal of analytical psychology 2020. link 27 Caffo E, Scandroglio F, Asta L. Debate: COVID-19 and psychological well-being of children and adolescents in Italy. Child and adolescent mental health 2020. link 28 Caropreso F. Sabina Spielrein's theory of the origin and development of language. The International journal of psycho-analysis 2020. link 29 Degraeve A, Lejeune S, Muilwijk T, Poelaert F, Piraprez M, Svistakov I et al.. When residents work less, they feel better: Lessons learned from an unprecedent context of lockdown. Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie 2020. link 30 Gassman-Pines A, Ananat EO, Fitz-Henley J. COVID-19 and Parent-Child Psychological Well-being. Pediatrics 2020. link 31 Collie A, Sheehan L, Lane TJ, Iles R. Psychological Distress in Workers' Compensation Claimants: Prevalence, Predictors and Mental Health Service Use. Journal of occupational rehabilitation 2020. link 32 Choi K, Maas ET, Koehoorn M, McLeod CB. Time to return to work following workplace violence among direct healthcare and social workers. Occupational and environmental medicine 2020. link 33 Smith P, LaMontagne AD, Lilley R, Hogg-Johnson S, Sim M. Are there differences in the return to work process for work-related psychological and musculoskeletal injuries? A longitudinal path analysis. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 2020. link 34 Gu JK, Charles LE, Fekedulegn D, Ma CC, Violanti JM, Andrew ME. Occupational injury and psychological distress among U.S. workers: The National Health Interview Survey, 2004-2016. Journal of safety research 2020. link 35 Robbins BS. Evolution of the Neurotic Present from the Traumatic Past. Psychiatry 2019. link 36 Ikävalko T, Lehto S, Lintu N, Väistö J, Eloranta AM, Haapala EA et al.. Health-related correlates of psychological well-being among girls and boys 6-8 years of age: The Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children study. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2018. link 37 Kitao M, Setou N, Yamamoto A, Takada S. Associated Factors of Psychological Distress among Japanese NICU Nurses in Supporting Bereaved Families Who Have Lost Children. The Kobe journal of medical sciences 2018. link 38 Black O, Keegel T, Sim MR, Collie A, Smith P. The Effect of Self-Efficacy on Return-to-Work Outcomes for Workers with Psychological or Upper-Body Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Review of the Literature. Journal of occupational rehabilitation 2018. link 39 Bandeira ML. Unconscious perception and reverie: an intersubjective connection. American journal of psychoanalysis 2017. link 40 Bunkers SS. Seeking Comfort. Nursing science quarterly 2017. link 41 Fitzgerald K, Yates P, Benger J, Harris A. The psychological health and well-being of emergency medicine consultants in the UK. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2017. link 42 Leibler JH, Janulewicz PA, Perry MJ. Prevalence of serious psychological distress among slaughterhouse workers at a United States beef packing plant. Work (Reading, Mass.) 2017. link 43 Dimitriadis C, LaMontagne AD, Lilley R, Hogg-Johnson S, Sim M, Smith P. Cohort profile: workers' compensation in a changing Australian labour market: the return to work (RTW) study. BMJ open 2017. link 44 DeFraia GS. Workplace Disruption following Psychological Trauma: Influence of Incident Severity Level on Organizations' Post-Incident Response Planning and Execution. The international journal of occupational and environmental medicine 2016. link 45 Hook JN, Watkins CE. Cultural humility: The cornerstone of positive contact with culturally different individuals and groups?. The American psychologist 2015. link 46 Holt RR. On Freud's Authoritarianism. Psychoanalytic review 2015. link 47 Winston CN, Maher H. Beyond the confines of culture: Reflections of two non-American psychologists. The American psychologist 2015. link 48 Bacciagaluppi M. The relevance of Erich Fromm. American journal of psychoanalysis 2014. link 49 Back AL, Arnold RM. "Isn't there anything more you can do?": When empathic statements work, and when they don't. Journal of palliative medicine 2013. link 50 Schanche E. The transdiagnostic phenomenon of self-criticism. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.) 2013. link 51 Casement A. The interiorizing movement of logical life: reflections on Wolfgang Giegerich. The Journal of analytical psychology 2011. link 52 Blond A. A patient's account. Australian family physician 2011. link 53 Rosen-Carole A. Menu cards in time of famine: on psychoanalysis and politics. The Psychoanalytic quarterly 2010. link 54 Neri C. Authenticity as an aim of psychoanalysis. American journal of psychoanalysis 2008. link 55 Stull DE. Analyzing growth and change: latent variable growth curve modeling with an application to clinical trials. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation 2008. link 56 . 'What works?' Response to the paper by James Astor. The Journal of analytical psychology 2007. link 57 Schwaber P. Hamlet and psychoanalytic experience. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 2007. link 58 Chused JF. Little Hans "analyzed" in the twenty-first century. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 2007. link 59 Augustyn M. Sticks and stones can break...: building a case for when names can hurt you. Archives of disease in childhood 2006. link 60 Fara P. Freudian snaps. Endeavour 2006. link 61 Hubback J. A short personal memoir. The Journal of analytical psychology 2005. link 62 Busch F. Conflict theory/trauma theory. The Psychoanalytic quarterly 2005. link 63 Farone DW, Fitzpatrick TR, Tran TV. Use of senior centers as a moderator of stress related distress among Latino elders. Journal of gerontological social work 2005. link 64 Blévis JJ. Remains to be transmitted: Primo Levi's traumatic dream. The Psychoanalytic quarterly 2004. link 65 Taylor DM, Pallant JF, Crook HD, Cameron PA. The psychological health of emergency physicians in Australasia. Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA 2004. link 66 Gimeno D, Benavides FG, Mira M, Martinez JM, Benach J. External validation of psychological job demands in a bus driver sample. Journal of occupational health 2004. link 67 Birksted-Breen D. Time and the après-coup. The International journal of psycho-analysis 2003. link 68 Chessick RD. Psychoanalytic peregrinations I: Transference and transference neurosis revisited. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 2002. link 69 Ott MJ. Mindfulness meditation in pediatric clinical practice. Pediatric nursing 2002. link 70 Alagappan K, Grlic N, Steinberg M, Pollack S. Psychological impact on house staff of an initial versus subsequent emergency medicine rotation. American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality 2001. link 71 Callahan RJ. The impact of Thought Field Therapy on heart rate variability. Journal of clinical psychology 2001. link 72 Waska RT. Intrapsychic momentum and the psychoanalytic process. American journal of psychotherapy 2000. link 73 Bergner RM. Status enhancement: a further path to therapeutic change. American journal of psychotherapy 1999. link 74 Feinsilver DB. Counteridentification, comprehensive countertransference, and therapeutic action: toward resolving the intrapsychic-interactional dichotomy. The Psychoanalytic quarterly 1999. link 75 Mitchell SA. The analyst's knowledge and authority. The Psychoanalytic quarterly 1998. link 76 Schwaber EA. "Traveling affectively alone": a personal derailment in analytic listening. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 1998. link 77 Goldberg A. Self psychology since Kohut. The Psychoanalytic quarterly 1998. link 78 Havens L. Is psychoanalysis an experimental procedure or a reflection of subjective life?. The Psychoanalytic quarterly 1998. link 79 Juni S. Conceptualizing defense mechanisms from drive theory and object relations perspectives. American journal of psychoanalysis 1997. link 80 McMahon B. Psychotherapy and the search for meaning. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 1997. link 81 Donner-Banzhoff N, Chan Y, Szalai JP, Hilditch JR. Low blood pressure associated with low mood: a red herring?. Journal of clinical epidemiology 1997. link00157-1) 82 Wharton B. In the last analysis: archetypal themes in the analysis of an elderly patient with early disintegrative trauma. The Journal of analytical psychology 1996. link 83 Alagappan K, Steinberg M, Mancherje N, Pollack S, Carpenter K. The psychological effects of a four-week emergency medicine rotation on residents in training. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 1996. link 84 Gilhotra J. The concept of "self". The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry 1995. link 85 Mahony PJ. The dictator and his cure. The International journal of psycho-analysis 1993. link 86 Sandell R. Envy and admiration. The International journal of psycho-analysis 1993. link 87 Castledine G. First-aid management of psychological emergencies: 2. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 1993. link 88 Eron JB, Lund TW. How problems evolve and dissolve: integrating narrative and strategic concepts. Family process 1993. link 89 Powers TA, Zuroff DC. A measure of overt self-criticism: validation and correlates. Psychological reports 1992. link 90 Ryle A. Critique of a Kleinian case presentation. The British journal of medical psychology 1992. link 91 Landsbergis PA, Schnall PL, Deitz D, Friedman R, Pickering T. The patterning of psychological attributes and distress by "job strain" and social support in a sample of working men. Journal of behavioral medicine 1992. link 92 Fine S, Fine E. Four psychoanalytic perspectives: a study of differences in interpretive interventions. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 1990. link 93 Lewis CN. Psychological assessment of an artist and impostor. Journal of personality assessment 1990. link 94 Marcus NN. Treating those who fail to take themselves seriously: pathological aspects of humor. American journal of psychotherapy 1990. link 95 Baudry F. Character, character type, and character organization. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 1989. link 96 Carpy DV. Tolerating the countertransference: a mutative process. The International journal of psycho-analysis 1989. link 97 Sugar M. Children in a disaster: an overview. Child psychiatry and human development 1989. link 98 Makowiec-Dabrowska T, Bortkiewicz A. Relationship between perceived psychic workload and heart rate reactivity in industrial women managers. Polish journal of occupational medicine 1989. link 99 Exner JE. Searching for projection in the Rorschach. Journal of personality assessment 1989. link 100 Gallacher JE, Smith GD. A framework for the adaptation of psychological questionnaires for epidemiological use: an example of the Bortner Type A scale. Psychological medicine 1989. link

    Original source

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