← Back to guidelines
Obstetrics169 papers

Obstetrical tetanus

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Tetanus in obstetrics refers to the occurrence of tetanus infection specifically during pregnancy, childbirth, or the postpartum period, posing significant risks to maternal and neonatal health due to its fulminant nature and high mortality rates if not promptly managed.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical presentation includes muscle rigidity, particularly trismus (lockjaw), and generalized muscle spasms 20.
  • Neonatal tetanus may present with opisthotonus, poor feeding, and respiratory distress 20.
  • Laboratory tests often reveal elevated white blood cell counts and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may show pleocytosis 20.
  • Diagnosis is clinical, often supported by history of inadequate tetanus toxoid vaccination 20.
  • Management

  • First-line treatment: Human tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) or tetanus toxoid administration, especially if the patient is unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated 20.
  • Antibiotics: Penicillin or metronidazole to cover for potential anaerobic infections 20.
  • Neuromuscular blocking agents: To control muscle spasms (e.g., diazepam, chlorpromazine) 20.
  • Supportive care: Mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure, intravenous fluids, and management of sepsis 20.
  • Magnesium sulfate: For seizure control, particularly in severe cases 20.
  • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Neonatal tetanus prevention through antenatal tetanus immunization of mothers is crucial 20.
  • Comorbidities: Management in patients with coexisting infections requires broad-spectrum antibiotics tailored to clinical suspicion 20.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Administer tetanus toxoid or human tetanus immunoglobulin promptly in cases of suspected or confirmed tetanus, especially in unvaccinated or partially vaccinated individuals (Evidence: Strong 20).
  • Initiate antibiotic therapy targeting anaerobic coverage to prevent or manage secondary infections (Evidence: Moderate 20).
  • Use neuromuscular blocking agents to manage severe muscle spasms and prevent complications from prolonged muscle contractions (Evidence: Moderate 20).
  • Provide intensive supportive care, including mechanical ventilation if necessary, to manage respiratory failure (Evidence: Moderate 20).
  • Ensure antenatal tetanus immunization programs to prevent neonatal tetanus (Evidence: Strong 20).
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 134 indexed papers.

    1 Soylu HM, Mendez-Figueroa H, Chauhan SP, Huntley BJF. References Supporting Recommendations in Obstetrical Green Top Guidelines: An Overview of RCOG Clinical Guidelines. American journal of perinatology 2026. link 2 Fortenberry KT, Owens RW, Stoesser K, Adediran E, Whittaker TC, Kiraly B. Family Medicine Obstetrics Fellowship Funding and Characteristics. Family medicine 2026. link 3 Insuk S, Boonpattharatthiti K, Booncharoen C, Chaipitak P, Rashid M, Veettil SK et al.. How Well Do ChatGPT and Claude Perform in Study Selection for Systematic Review in Obstetrics. Journal of medical systems 2025. link 4 Skúladóttir G, Holmøy IH, Martin AD. Time to death for on-farm emergency slaughtered cattle in Norway. Preventive veterinary medicine 2025. link 5 Sufrin C. Complicity Consciousness: The Dual Practice of Ethnography and Clinical Caregiving in Carceral Settings. Culture, medicine and psychiatry 2025. link 6 Ko H, Ock M, Lee S, Park JW, Kwak MY, Jang WM. Supply-Side Impact of Supporting Obstetrically Underserved Areas: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Korean medical science 2025. link 7 Chao X, Li X. The application of the conceive-design-implement-operate combined with the problem-based-learning teaching method in an 8-year rotation system for obstetrics students in China. BMC medical education 2025. link 8 Michlmayr N, Mitofsky J, Haverkamp N, Wittek A, Plöger R, Walter A et al.. Design and implementation of a microlearning-based OSCE preparatory curriculum in obstetrics: a pilot study. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2025. link 9 Rodney WM, Rodney Arnold K, Rodney JRM, Behymer N, Fox C, Albitawi M. Sustainable Family Medicine Obstetrics as a Safety Net for Marginalized Low Resource Communities 2005-2022: The Impact of Expanded Training and Office Redesign. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM 2025. link 10 Rikken J, Casteleijn R, van der Weide MC, Duijnhoven R, Goddijn M, Mol BW et al.. Which variables are associated with recruitment failure? A nationwide review on obstetrical and gynaecological multicentre RCTs (2003-2023). BMJ open 2025. link 11 Graf EM, McKinney JA, Dye AB, Lin L, Sanchez-Ramos L. Exploring the Limits of Artificial Intelligence for Referencing Scientific Articles. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 12 Owens R, Whittaker TC, Galt A, Spiess S, Mervis M, Lockrey A et al.. Assessment of Family Medicine Obstetrics Fellowship Websites in the United States: Content and Usability. Journal of primary care & community health 2024. link 13 Peled T, Sela HY, Weiss A, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Agrawal S, Rottenstreich M. Evaluating the validity of ChatGPT responses on common obstetric issues: Potential clinical applications and implications. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2024. link 14 Schrager SB. Three Thirty-Two AM: My Last Call. Annals of family medicine 2023. link 15 Athiel Y, Girault A, Gaillard M, Le Ray C, Goffinet F. Publication rate and factors associated with publication of research projects by obstetrics residents in an academic department over 10 years. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2023. link 16 Kegel S, Elsamadicy E, Seger L, Ahmed AA, Makar E, Turan O et al.. A pilot study: Application of paired ultrasound simulator training in obstetrics. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2023. link 17 Fischer A, Rietveld A, Teunissen P, Hoogendoorn M, Bakker P. What is the future of artificial intelligence in obstetrics? A qualitative study among healthcare professionals. BMJ open 2023. link 18 Merlier M, Ghesquière L, Huissoud C, Drumez E, Morel O, Garabedian C. How do French Obstetrician-Gynaecologists perceive their quality of life? A national survey. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2023. link 19 Anzai Y, Cercizi N, Wu Y, Park C, Sefah N, Gomez I et al.. Racial and ethnic distribution of US randomized controlled trials in obstetrics: a retrospective review. Journal of perinatal medicine 2022. link 20 Nieto-Calvache AJ, Palacios Jaraquemada JM, Basanta N, Aryananda RA, Sinisterra-Díaz SE, Rodriguez F et al.. Internal manual compression of the aorta-an effective way to temporarily control pelvic bleeding in obstetrical hemorrhage. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2022. link 21 Clapp MA, McCoy TH. The potential of big data for obstetrics discovery. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 2021. link 22 Machado MA, Medeiros EL. Training Preceptors of Obstetrics-Gynecology Residents through the One-minute Preceptor Model. Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia 2021. link 23 Matsumoto K, Seto K, Hayata E, Fujita S, Hatakeyama Y, Onishi R et al.. The geographical maldistribution of obstetricians and gynecologists in Japan. PloS one 2021. link 24 Eswaran H, Magann EF. Use of Telemedicine and Smart Technology in Obstetrics: Barriers and Privacy Issues. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2021. link 25 Phillips JM, Hacker F, Lemon L, Simhan HN. Correlation between hemorrhage risk prediction score and severe maternal morbidity. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2021. link 26 Steinberg JR, Weeks BT, Reyes GA, Conway Fitzgerald A, Zhang WY, Lindsay SE et al.. The obstetrical research landscape: a cross-sectional analysis of clinical trials from 2007-2020. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2021. link 27 Pearson J, Anderholm K, Bettermann M, Friedrichsen S, Mateo CR, Richter S et al.. Obstetrical Care in Rural Minnesota: Family Physician Perspectives on Factors Affecting the Ability to Provide Prenatal, Labor, and Delivery Care. The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association 2021. link 28 Roset Bahmanyar E, Out HJ, van Duin M. Women and babies are dying from inertia: a collaborative framework for obstetrical drug development is urgently needed. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2021. link 29 Knobel R, Menezes MO, Santos DS, Takemoto MLS. Planning, construction and use of handmade simulators to enhance the teaching and learning in Obstetrics. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem 2020. link 30 Bennett C, Chambers LM, Al-Hafez L, Michener CM, Falcone T, Yao M et al.. Retracted articles in the obstetrics literature: lessons from the past to change the future. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2020. link 31 Roth J, Chang A, Ricci B, Hall M, Mehta N. Why Not a Podcast? Assessing Narrative Audio and Written Curricula in Obstetrical Neurology. Journal of graduate medical education 2020. link 32 Shields LE, Wiesner S. Obstetrical hemorrhage reporting and systems learning. Seminars in perinatology 2019. link 33 Hansen ER, Eden AR, Peterson LE. A qualitative study of trainee experiences in Family Medicine-Obstetrics fellowships. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) 2019. link 34 Dzik S. James Blundell, Obstetrical Hemorrhage, and the Origins of Transfusion Medicine. Transfusion medicine reviews 2018. link 35 Huang MC, Huang WC, Hsieh CH, Kuo TC, Lee MS. Work hours of employed obstetricians in Taiwan. Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology 2018. link 36 Ricchi A, Martelli E, Molinazzi MT, Vaccari S, Messina MP, Banchelli F et al.. Survey of students of the degree course in obstetrics, on learning using case based learning (cbl) method in the area of professional teachings. La Clinica terapeutica 2018. link 37 Kumar A, Nestel D, East C, Hay M, Lichtwark I, McLelland G et al.. Embedding assessment in a simulation skills training program for medical and midwifery students: A pre- and post-intervention evaluation. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2018. link 38 Shannon DW. CASE STUDY: HOW TEAM TRAINING HELPED SUPPORT RURAL OBSTETRICS. Physician leadership journal 2017. link 39 Bernstein PS, Combs CA, Shields LE, Clark SL, Eppes CS. The development and implementation of checklists in obstetrics. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2017. link 40 Tongdee P, Tiansri K, Srisawat S, Ngamnoun A, Pinwanna K, Nimkuntod P. Mobile Content and Scenario-Based Manikin for Improving Learning Outcomes in Obstetrics of Preclinical Medical Students. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 2016. link 41 Pearson J, Westra R. Early Course in Obstetrics Increases Likelihood of Practice Including Obstetrics. Family medicine 2016. link 42 Chalouhi GE, Bernardi V, Gueneuc A, Houssin I, Stirnemann JJ, Ville Y. Evaluation of trainees' ability to perform obstetrical ultrasound using simulation: challenges and opportunities. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2016. link 43 Steinhardt L. Workshop for new leaders: innovative midwifery teaching for obstetrics and gynecology residents. Journal of midwifery & women's health 2015. link 44 Myer EN, Too GT, Hammad IA, Babbar S, Martin CE, Hill JB et al.. Obstetric Recommendations in American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Practice Bulletins versus UpToDate: a comparison. American journal of perinatology 2015. link 45 Gupta N, Dragovic K, Trester R, Blankstein J. The Changing Scenario of Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Training. Journal of graduate medical education 2015. link 46 Mejia RB, Shinkunas LA, Ryan GL. Ethical issues identified by obstetrics and gynecology learners through a novel ethics curriculum. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2015. link 47 Pahl C, Zare M, Nilashi M, de Faria Borges MA, Weingaertner D, Detschew V et al.. Role of OpenEHR as an open source solution for the regional modelling of patient data in obstetrics. Journal of biomedical informatics 2015. link 48 Koppula S, Brown JB, Jordan JM. Teaching primary care obstetrics: insights and recruitment recommendations from family physicians. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien 2014. link 49 Cheng YW, Snowden JM, Handler SJ, Tager IB, Hubbard AE, Caughey AB. Litigation in obstetrics: does defensive medicine contribute to increases in cesarean delivery?. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2014. link 50 Avery DM, Hooper DE, McDonald JT, Love MW, Tucker MT, Parton JM. The economic impact of rural family physicians practicing obstetrics. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM 2014. link 51 Campbell AM, Brown J, Simon DR, Young S, Kinsman L. Leading the rebirth of the rural obstetrician. The Medical journal of Australia 2014. link 52 Vintzileos AM, Ananth CV, Odibo AO, Chauhan SP, Smulian JC, Oyelese Y. The relationship between a reviewer's recommendation and editorial decision of manuscripts submitted for publication in obstetrics. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2014. link 53 Odibo IN, Wendel PJ, Magann EF. Telemedicine in obstetrics. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2013. link 54 Gómez-Durán EL, Mulà-Rosías JA, Lailla-Vicens JM, Benet-Travé J, Arimany-Manso J. Analysis of obstetrics and gynecology professional liability claims in Catalonia, Spain (1986-2010). Journal of forensic and legal medicine 2013. link 55 Koppula S, Brown JB, Jordan JM. Experiences of family medicine residents in primary care obstetrics training. Family medicine 2012. link 56 Mukhopadhyay S, Smith S, Cresswell J. Lifelong learning in obstetrics and gynaecology: how theory can influence clinical practice. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2011. link 57 Koppula S, Brown JB, Jordan JM. Experiences of family physicians who practise primary care obstetrics in groups. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2011. link34796-X) 58 Chauhan SP, Hendrix NW, Berghella V, Siddiqui D. Comparison of two national guidelines in obstetrics: American versus royal college of obstetricians and gynecologists. American journal of perinatology 2010. link 59 Gil KM, Savitski JL, Bazan S, Patterson LR, Kirven M. Obstetrics and gynaecology chief resident attitudes toward teaching junior residents under normal working conditions. Medical education 2009. link 60 Desai K, Dharmadhikari D, Bhargava S, Desai A. The obstetrician and gynaecologist and the European Computer Driving Licence. Health informatics journal 2009. link 61 Dresden GM, Baldwin LM, Andrilla CH, Skillman SM, Benedetti TJ. Influence of obstetric practice on workload and practice patterns of family physicians and obstetrician-gynecologists. Annals of family medicine 2008. link 62 Stretch N, Voisin A, Dunlop S. Survey of rural family physician-obstetricians in Southwestern Ontario. Canadian journal of rural medicine : the official journal of the Society of Rural Physicians of Canada = Journal canadien de la medecine rurale : le journal officiel de la Societe de medecine rurale du Canada 2007. link 63 Seidman SF. Professional misconduct and ethics. Clinics in perinatology 2007. link 64 Dagroso D, Williams PD, Chesney JD, Lee MM, Theoharis E, Enberg RN. Implementation of an obstetrics EMR module: overcoming user dissatisfaction. Journal of healthcare information management : JHIM 2007. link 65 Pinki P, Sayasneh A, Lindow SW. The working relationship between midwives and junior doctors: a questionnaire survey of Yorkshire trainees. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2007. link 66 Chaillet N, Dubé E, Dugas M, Audibert F, Tourigny C, Fraser WD et al.. Evidence-based strategies for implementing guidelines in obstetrics: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology 2006. link 67 Olawaiye A, Shelton JA, Withiam-Leitch M. Is there gender bias toward male residents in an obstetrics and gynecology training program?. The Journal of reproductive medicine 2006. link 68 Wilson RD. RETIRED: Genomics: new technology for obstetrics. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2005. link30175-x) 69 Sass N, Torloni MR, Soares BG, Atallah AN. Continuing medical education in Brazil: what about obstetricians and gynecologists?. Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina 2005. link 70 Eidson-Ton WS, Nuovo J, Solis B, Ewing K, Diaz H, Smith LH. An enhanced obstetrics track for a family practice residency program: results from the first 6 years. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 2005. link 71 Varma R, Tiyagi E, Gupta JK. Determining the quality of educational climate across multiple undergraduate teaching sites using the DREEM inventory. BMC medical education 2005. link 72 Ogburn JA, Espey EL, Dorin MH, Ming C, Rayburn WF. Obstetrics and gynecology residents as teachers of medical students: predictors of excellence. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2005. link 73 Vintzileos AM, Beazoglou T. Design, execution, interpretation, and reporting of economic evaluation studies in obstetrics. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2004. link 74 Capstick VA, Harley D. Labor and delivery nurses: a survey of attitudes toward third-year medical students and their education. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2004. link 75 Imseis HM, Galvin SL. Faculty and resident preference for two different forms of lecture evaluation. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2004. link 76 Chan BT, Willett J. Factors influencing participation in obstetrics by obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstetrics and gynecology 2004. link 77 Lashbrook DL, Frazier LM, Horbelt DV, Stembridge TW, Rall MJ. Pregnancy during obstetrics and gynecology residency: effect on surgical experience. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2003. link00877-9) 78 Miller DW. Prenatal care: a strategic first step toward EMR acceptance. Journal of healthcare information management : JHIM 2003. link 79 Nicopoullos JD. 'Midwifery is not a fit occupation for a gentleman'. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2003. link 80 Gau ML, Chung UL, Kao CH, Wu SF, Kuo SC, Long A. A survey of obstetricians willingness to practice collaboratively with midwives in Taiwan. The journal of nursing research : JNR 2002. link 81 Hart-Hester S, Arthur CR, Olutade J, Beebe D, Replogle W. Factors that influence obstetrical care by Mississippi family physicians. Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association 2002. link 82 Godwin M, Hodgetts G, Seguin R, MacDonald S. The Ontario Family Medicine Residents Cohort Study: factors affecting residents' decisions to practise obstetrics. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne 2002. link 83 MacLennan AH, Spencer MK. Projections of Australian obstetricians ceasing practice and the reasons. The Medical journal of Australia 2002. link 84 McTavish L. On display: portraits of seventeenth-century French men-midwives. Social history of medicine : the journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine 2001. link 85 Davis JL, Baillie S, Hodgson CS, Vontver L, Platt LD. Maternity leave: existing policies in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Obstetrics and gynecology 2001. link01605-2) 86 Johanson R, Lucking L. Evidence-based medicine in obstetrics. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2001. link00288-5) 87 Smith DW, Murphy NJ. Alaska's obstetrical delivery systems: a descriptive epidemiologic study. Alaska medicine 2000. link 88 Smulian JC, Reeve AD, Donoghue EA, Knuppel RA, McCann TO, Ananth CV. After-hours telephone calls to obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstetrics and gynecology 2000. link00922-4) 89 Dye TD, Alderdice F, Roberge E, Jamison JQ. Attitudes toward clinical guidelines among obstetricians in Northern Ireland. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2000. link 90 Zaidi S. Obstetrics and gynaecology in the Asia and Oceania region: requirements for postgraduate training and certification. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 1999. link 91 Ruderman J, Holzapfel SG, Carroll JC, Cummings S. Obstetrics anyone? How family medicine residents' interests changed. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien 1999. link 92 Weissman AM, Dawson JD, Fox DL. Variability in the learning experiences of family practice residents during an obstetrics rotation. Family medicine 1999. link 93 Rivers PA. Access to obstetrics care for rural Alabama population. The International journal of health planning and management 1998. link1099-1751(199810/12)13:4<277::AID-HPM523>3.0.CO;2-X) 94 Kennedy SJ, Blough RA, Kenner CA, Walker ME. An assessment of two training interventions designed to increase the knowledge of obstetrical nurses and nurse-midwives about the maternal serum triple screen. Prenatal diagnosis 1998. link 95 Gillett JM. Obstetrics in general practice. A rural perspective. Australian family physician 1997. link 96 Levitt C, Khanlou N, Kaczorowski J, Feldman P, Guibert R, Goulet F et al.. Attitudes toward obstetrics training. Residents surveyed at McGill University and University of Montreal. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien 1997. link 97 Miser WF, Blount BW, LeClair BM, Schirner WA, Weightman GW, Maness DL et al.. The practice of obstetrics by Army family physicians. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 1996. link 98 Brown JB, Carroll J, Reid A. How family influences practice of obstetrics. Do married women family physicians make different choices?. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien 1996. link 99 Nowell-Smith H. Nineteenth-century narrative case histories: an inquiry into stylistics and history. Canadian bulletin of medical history = Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la medecine 1995. link 100 Carroll JC, Brown JB, Reid AJ. Female family physicians in obstetrics: achieving personal balance. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne 1995. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      References Supporting Recommendations in Obstetrical Green Top Guidelines: An Overview of RCOG Clinical Guidelines.Soylu HM, Mendez-Figueroa H, Chauhan SP, Huntley BJF American journal of perinatology (2026)
    2. [2]
      Family Medicine Obstetrics Fellowship Funding and Characteristics.Fortenberry KT, Owens RW, Stoesser K, Adediran E, Whittaker TC, Kiraly B Family medicine (2026)
    3. [3]
      How Well Do ChatGPT and Claude Perform in Study Selection for Systematic Review in Obstetrics.Insuk S, Boonpattharatthiti K, Booncharoen C, Chaipitak P, Rashid M, Veettil SK et al. Journal of medical systems (2025)
    4. [4]
      Time to death for on-farm emergency slaughtered cattle in Norway.Skúladóttir G, Holmøy IH, Martin AD Preventive veterinary medicine (2025)
    5. [5]
    6. [6]
      Supply-Side Impact of Supporting Obstetrically Underserved Areas: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.Ko H, Ock M, Lee S, Park JW, Kwak MY, Jang WM Journal of Korean medical science (2025)
    7. [7]
    8. [8]
      Design and implementation of a microlearning-based OSCE preparatory curriculum in obstetrics: a pilot study.Michlmayr N, Mitofsky J, Haverkamp N, Wittek A, Plöger R, Walter A et al. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2025)
    9. [9]
      Sustainable Family Medicine Obstetrics as a Safety Net for Marginalized Low Resource Communities 2005-2022: The Impact of Expanded Training and Office Redesign.Rodney WM, Rodney Arnold K, Rodney JRM, Behymer N, Fox C, Albitawi M Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM (2025)
    10. [10]
      Which variables are associated with recruitment failure? A nationwide review on obstetrical and gynaecological multicentre RCTs (2003-2023).Rikken J, Casteleijn R, van der Weide MC, Duijnhoven R, Goddijn M, Mol BW et al. BMJ open (2025)
    11. [11]
      Exploring the Limits of Artificial Intelligence for Referencing Scientific Articles.Graf EM, McKinney JA, Dye AB, Lin L, Sanchez-Ramos L American journal of perinatology (2024)
    12. [12]
      Assessment of Family Medicine Obstetrics Fellowship Websites in the United States: Content and Usability.Owens R, Whittaker TC, Galt A, Spiess S, Mervis M, Lockrey A et al. Journal of primary care & community health (2024)
    13. [13]
      Evaluating the validity of ChatGPT responses on common obstetric issues: Potential clinical applications and implications.Peled T, Sela HY, Weiss A, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Agrawal S, Rottenstreich M International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2024)
    14. [14]
      Three Thirty-Two AM: My Last Call.Schrager SB Annals of family medicine (2023)
    15. [15]
      Publication rate and factors associated with publication of research projects by obstetrics residents in an academic department over 10 years.Athiel Y, Girault A, Gaillard M, Le Ray C, Goffinet F European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology (2023)
    16. [16]
      A pilot study: Application of paired ultrasound simulator training in obstetrics.Kegel S, Elsamadicy E, Seger L, Ahmed AA, Makar E, Turan O et al. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU (2023)
    17. [17]
      What is the future of artificial intelligence in obstetrics? A qualitative study among healthcare professionals.Fischer A, Rietveld A, Teunissen P, Hoogendoorn M, Bakker P BMJ open (2023)
    18. [18]
      How do French Obstetrician-Gynaecologists perceive their quality of life? A national survey.Merlier M, Ghesquière L, Huissoud C, Drumez E, Morel O, Garabedian C European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology (2023)
    19. [19]
      Racial and ethnic distribution of US randomized controlled trials in obstetrics: a retrospective review.Anzai Y, Cercizi N, Wu Y, Park C, Sefah N, Gomez I et al. Journal of perinatal medicine (2022)
    20. [20]
      Internal manual compression of the aorta-an effective way to temporarily control pelvic bleeding in obstetrical hemorrhage.Nieto-Calvache AJ, Palacios Jaraquemada JM, Basanta N, Aryananda RA, Sinisterra-Díaz SE, Rodriguez F et al. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2022)
    21. [21]
      The potential of big data for obstetrics discovery.Clapp MA, McCoy TH Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity (2021)
    22. [22]
      Training Preceptors of Obstetrics-Gynecology Residents through the One-minute Preceptor Model.Machado MA, Medeiros EL Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia (2021)
    23. [23]
      The geographical maldistribution of obstetricians and gynecologists in Japan.Matsumoto K, Seto K, Hayata E, Fujita S, Hatakeyama Y, Onishi R et al. PloS one (2021)
    24. [24]
      Use of Telemedicine and Smart Technology in Obstetrics: Barriers and Privacy Issues.Eswaran H, Magann EF Clinical obstetrics and gynecology (2021)
    25. [25]
      Correlation between hemorrhage risk prediction score and severe maternal morbidity.Phillips JM, Hacker F, Lemon L, Simhan HN American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM (2021)
    26. [26]
      The obstetrical research landscape: a cross-sectional analysis of clinical trials from 2007-2020.Steinberg JR, Weeks BT, Reyes GA, Conway Fitzgerald A, Zhang WY, Lindsay SE et al. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM (2021)
    27. [27]
      Obstetrical Care in Rural Minnesota: Family Physician Perspectives on Factors Affecting the Ability to Provide Prenatal, Labor, and Delivery Care.Pearson J, Anderholm K, Bettermann M, Friedrichsen S, Mateo CR, Richter S et al. The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association (2021)
    28. [28]
      Women and babies are dying from inertia: a collaborative framework for obstetrical drug development is urgently needed.Roset Bahmanyar E, Out HJ, van Duin M American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2021)
    29. [29]
      Planning, construction and use of handmade simulators to enhance the teaching and learning in Obstetrics.Knobel R, Menezes MO, Santos DS, Takemoto MLS Revista latino-americana de enfermagem (2020)
    30. [30]
      Retracted articles in the obstetrics literature: lessons from the past to change the future.Bennett C, Chambers LM, Al-Hafez L, Michener CM, Falcone T, Yao M et al. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM (2020)
    31. [31]
      Why Not a Podcast? Assessing Narrative Audio and Written Curricula in Obstetrical Neurology.Roth J, Chang A, Ricci B, Hall M, Mehta N Journal of graduate medical education (2020)
    32. [32]
      Obstetrical hemorrhage reporting and systems learning.Shields LE, Wiesner S Seminars in perinatology (2019)
    33. [33]
      A qualitative study of trainee experiences in Family Medicine-Obstetrics fellowships.Hansen ER, Eden AR, Peterson LE Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) (2019)
    34. [34]
    35. [35]
      Work hours of employed obstetricians in Taiwan.Huang MC, Huang WC, Hsieh CH, Kuo TC, Lee MS Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology (2018)
    36. [36]
      Survey of students of the degree course in obstetrics, on learning using case based learning (cbl) method in the area of professional teachings.Ricchi A, Martelli E, Molinazzi MT, Vaccari S, Messina MP, Banchelli F et al. La Clinica terapeutica (2018)
    37. [37]
      Embedding assessment in a simulation skills training program for medical and midwifery students: A pre- and post-intervention evaluation.Kumar A, Nestel D, East C, Hay M, Lichtwark I, McLelland G et al. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology (2018)
    38. [38]
      CASE STUDY: HOW TEAM TRAINING HELPED SUPPORT RURAL OBSTETRICS.Shannon DW Physician leadership journal (2017)
    39. [39]
      The development and implementation of checklists in obstetrics.Bernstein PS, Combs CA, Shields LE, Clark SL, Eppes CS American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2017)
    40. [40]
      Mobile Content and Scenario-Based Manikin for Improving Learning Outcomes in Obstetrics of Preclinical Medical Students.Tongdee P, Tiansri K, Srisawat S, Ngamnoun A, Pinwanna K, Nimkuntod P Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet (2016)
    41. [41]
    42. [42]
      Evaluation of trainees' ability to perform obstetrical ultrasound using simulation: challenges and opportunities.Chalouhi GE, Bernardi V, Gueneuc A, Houssin I, Stirnemann JJ, Ville Y American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2016)
    43. [43]
    44. [44]
      Obstetric Recommendations in American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Practice Bulletins versus UpToDate: a comparison.Myer EN, Too GT, Hammad IA, Babbar S, Martin CE, Hill JB et al. American journal of perinatology (2015)
    45. [45]
      The Changing Scenario of Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Training.Gupta N, Dragovic K, Trester R, Blankstein J Journal of graduate medical education (2015)
    46. [46]
      Ethical issues identified by obstetrics and gynecology learners through a novel ethics curriculum.Mejia RB, Shinkunas LA, Ryan GL American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2015)
    47. [47]
      Role of OpenEHR as an open source solution for the regional modelling of patient data in obstetrics.Pahl C, Zare M, Nilashi M, de Faria Borges MA, Weingaertner D, Detschew V et al. Journal of biomedical informatics (2015)
    48. [48]
      Teaching primary care obstetrics: insights and recruitment recommendations from family physicians.Koppula S, Brown JB, Jordan JM Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien (2014)
    49. [49]
      Litigation in obstetrics: does defensive medicine contribute to increases in cesarean delivery?Cheng YW, Snowden JM, Handler SJ, Tager IB, Hubbard AE, Caughey AB The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2014)
    50. [50]
      The economic impact of rural family physicians practicing obstetrics.Avery DM, Hooper DE, McDonald JT, Love MW, Tucker MT, Parton JM Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM (2014)
    51. [51]
      Leading the rebirth of the rural obstetrician.Campbell AM, Brown J, Simon DR, Young S, Kinsman L The Medical journal of Australia (2014)
    52. [52]
      The relationship between a reviewer's recommendation and editorial decision of manuscripts submitted for publication in obstetrics.Vintzileos AM, Ananth CV, Odibo AO, Chauhan SP, Smulian JC, Oyelese Y American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2014)
    53. [53]
      Telemedicine in obstetrics.Odibo IN, Wendel PJ, Magann EF Clinical obstetrics and gynecology (2013)
    54. [54]
      Analysis of obstetrics and gynecology professional liability claims in Catalonia, Spain (1986-2010).Gómez-Durán EL, Mulà-Rosías JA, Lailla-Vicens JM, Benet-Travé J, Arimany-Manso J Journal of forensic and legal medicine (2013)
    55. [55]
      Experiences of family medicine residents in primary care obstetrics training.Koppula S, Brown JB, Jordan JM Family medicine (2012)
    56. [56]
      Lifelong learning in obstetrics and gynaecology: how theory can influence clinical practice.Mukhopadhyay S, Smith S, Cresswell J Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2011)
    57. [57]
      Experiences of family physicians who practise primary care obstetrics in groups.Koppula S, Brown JB, Jordan JM Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2011)
    58. [58]
      Comparison of two national guidelines in obstetrics: American versus royal college of obstetricians and gynecologists.Chauhan SP, Hendrix NW, Berghella V, Siddiqui D American journal of perinatology (2010)
    59. [59]
      Obstetrics and gynaecology chief resident attitudes toward teaching junior residents under normal working conditions.Gil KM, Savitski JL, Bazan S, Patterson LR, Kirven M Medical education (2009)
    60. [60]
      The obstetrician and gynaecologist and the European Computer Driving Licence.Desai K, Dharmadhikari D, Bhargava S, Desai A Health informatics journal (2009)
    61. [61]
      Influence of obstetric practice on workload and practice patterns of family physicians and obstetrician-gynecologists.Dresden GM, Baldwin LM, Andrilla CH, Skillman SM, Benedetti TJ Annals of family medicine (2008)
    62. [62]
      Survey of rural family physician-obstetricians in Southwestern Ontario.Stretch N, Voisin A, Dunlop S Canadian journal of rural medicine : the official journal of the Society of Rural Physicians of Canada = Journal canadien de la medecine rurale : le journal officiel de la Societe de medecine rurale du Canada (2007)
    63. [63]
      Professional misconduct and ethics.Seidman SF Clinics in perinatology (2007)
    64. [64]
      Implementation of an obstetrics EMR module: overcoming user dissatisfaction.Dagroso D, Williams PD, Chesney JD, Lee MM, Theoharis E, Enberg RN Journal of healthcare information management : JHIM (2007)
    65. [65]
      The working relationship between midwives and junior doctors: a questionnaire survey of Yorkshire trainees.Pinki P, Sayasneh A, Lindow SW Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2007)
    66. [66]
      Evidence-based strategies for implementing guidelines in obstetrics: a systematic review.Chaillet N, Dubé E, Dugas M, Audibert F, Tourigny C, Fraser WD et al. Obstetrics and gynecology (2006)
    67. [67]
      Is there gender bias toward male residents in an obstetrics and gynecology training program?Olawaiye A, Shelton JA, Withiam-Leitch M The Journal of reproductive medicine (2006)
    68. [68]
      RETIRED: Genomics: new technology for obstetrics.Wilson RD Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2005)
    69. [69]
      Continuing medical education in Brazil: what about obstetricians and gynecologists?Sass N, Torloni MR, Soares BG, Atallah AN Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina (2005)
    70. [70]
      An enhanced obstetrics track for a family practice residency program: results from the first 6 years.Eidson-Ton WS, Nuovo J, Solis B, Ewing K, Diaz H, Smith LH The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice (2005)
    71. [71]
    72. [72]
      Obstetrics and gynecology residents as teachers of medical students: predictors of excellence.Ogburn JA, Espey EL, Dorin MH, Ming C, Rayburn WF American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2005)
    73. [73]
      Design, execution, interpretation, and reporting of economic evaluation studies in obstetrics.Vintzileos AM, Beazoglou T American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2004)
    74. [74]
      Labor and delivery nurses: a survey of attitudes toward third-year medical students and their education.Capstick VA, Harley D American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2004)
    75. [75]
      Faculty and resident preference for two different forms of lecture evaluation.Imseis HM, Galvin SL American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2004)
    76. [76]
      Factors influencing participation in obstetrics by obstetrician-gynecologists.Chan BT, Willett J Obstetrics and gynecology (2004)
    77. [77]
      Pregnancy during obstetrics and gynecology residency: effect on surgical experience.Lashbrook DL, Frazier LM, Horbelt DV, Stembridge TW, Rall MJ American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2003)
    78. [78]
      Prenatal care: a strategic first step toward EMR acceptance.Miller DW Journal of healthcare information management : JHIM (2003)
    79. [79]
      'Midwifery is not a fit occupation for a gentleman'.Nicopoullos JD Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2003)
    80. [80]
      A survey of obstetricians willingness to practice collaboratively with midwives in Taiwan.Gau ML, Chung UL, Kao CH, Wu SF, Kuo SC, Long A The journal of nursing research : JNR (2002)
    81. [81]
      Factors that influence obstetrical care by Mississippi family physicians.Hart-Hester S, Arthur CR, Olutade J, Beebe D, Replogle W Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association (2002)
    82. [82]
      The Ontario Family Medicine Residents Cohort Study: factors affecting residents' decisions to practise obstetrics.Godwin M, Hodgetts G, Seguin R, MacDonald S CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne (2002)
    83. [83]
      Projections of Australian obstetricians ceasing practice and the reasons.MacLennan AH, Spencer MK The Medical journal of Australia (2002)
    84. [84]
      On display: portraits of seventeenth-century French men-midwives.McTavish L Social history of medicine : the journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine (2001)
    85. [85]
      Maternity leave: existing policies in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs.Davis JL, Baillie S, Hodgson CS, Vontver L, Platt LD Obstetrics and gynecology (2001)
    86. [86]
      Evidence-based medicine in obstetrics.Johanson R, Lucking L International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2001)
    87. [87]
    88. [88]
      After-hours telephone calls to obstetrician-gynecologists.Smulian JC, Reeve AD, Donoghue EA, Knuppel RA, McCann TO, Ananth CV Obstetrics and gynecology (2000)
    89. [89]
      Attitudes toward clinical guidelines among obstetricians in Northern Ireland.Dye TD, Alderdice F, Roberge E, Jamison JQ BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2000)
    90. [90]
    91. [91]
      Obstetrics anyone? How family medicine residents' interests changed.Ruderman J, Holzapfel SG, Carroll JC, Cummings S Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien (1999)
    92. [92]
    93. [93]
      Access to obstetrics care for rural Alabama population.Rivers PA The International journal of health planning and management (1998)
    94. [94]
    95. [95]
      Obstetrics in general practice. A rural perspective.Gillett JM Australian family physician (1997)
    96. [96]
      Attitudes toward obstetrics training. Residents surveyed at McGill University and University of Montreal.Levitt C, Khanlou N, Kaczorowski J, Feldman P, Guibert R, Goulet F et al. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien (1997)
    97. [97]
      The practice of obstetrics by Army family physicians.Miser WF, Blount BW, LeClair BM, Schirner WA, Weightman GW, Maness DL et al. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice (1996)
    98. [98]
      How family influences practice of obstetrics. Do married women family physicians make different choices?Brown JB, Carroll J, Reid A Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien (1996)
    99. [99]
      Nineteenth-century narrative case histories: an inquiry into stylistics and history.Nowell-Smith H Canadian bulletin of medical history = Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la medecine (1995)
    100. [100]
      Female family physicians in obstetrics: achieving personal balance.Carroll JC, Brown JB, Reid AJ CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne (1995)

    HemoChat

    by SPINAI

    Evidence-based clinical decision support powered by SNOMED-CT, Neo4j GraphRAG, and NASS/AO/NICE guidelines.

    ⚕ For clinical reference only. Not a substitute for professional judgment.

    © 2026 HemoChat. All rights reserved.
    Research·Pricing·Privacy & Terms·Refund·SNOMED-CT · NASS · AO Spine · NICE · GraphRAG