Overview
Coronavirus infections encompass a range of pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2 (causing COVID-19), SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and others circulating in humans and animals. These viruses can lead to respiratory and systemic illnesses with varying severity, impacting diverse populations globally.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
1 Li S, Yu J, Xiao C, Li Y. Immunoinformatics method to design universal multi-epitope nanoparticle vaccine for TGEV S protein. Scientific reports 2025. link 2 Zhu QM, Singh AK, Huh PM, Konka S. Coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia with concomitant spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema in a non-ventilated patient, complicated by pulmonary embolism: a case report. Journal of medical case reports 2025. link 3 Cohen J. Covid's cold cousins. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2024. link 4 Smith S, Millham F. Agile response to critical need for clinical trial accessibility during the first COVID-19 pandemic wave. American journal of disaster medicine 2024. link 5 Jiang D, Lee CJ, Kong D, Chiu MM. Intergenerational Interactions and Relationship Quality: A Daily Study Among Mothers and Their Adult Children. The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences 2024. link 6 Sarvmeili J, Baghban Kohnehrouz B, Gholizadeh A, Shanehbandi D, Ofoghi H. Immunoinformatics design of a structural proteins driven multi-epitope candidate vaccine against different SARS-CoV-2 variants based on fynomer. Scientific reports 2024. link 7 Jiang Q, Ma Z, Min F, Ding X, Liang Y, Wang J et al.. Screening of Bovine Coronavirus Multiepitope Vaccine Candidates: An Immunoinformatics Approach. Transboundary and emerging diseases 2024. link 8 Cohen J. Rare studies expose bats to SARS-CoV-2. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2023. link 9 Couzin-Frankel J. Decision nears for fall coronavirus vaccine. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2023. link 10 Hsiao V, Chandereng T, Huebner JA, Kunstman DT, Flood GE, Tevaarwerk AJ et al.. Telemedicine Use across Medical Specialties and Diagnoses. Applied clinical informatics 2023. link 11 Gök Sargın Z, Düşünceli İ, Çelik Ü. Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic and Post-Vaccination Period on Gastroenterology Practice in Turkey. The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology 2023. link 12 Ottley A, Stone C, Henry M, Weber B, Jackson T, Ondieki M. Virtual Aunting and Public Health Emergencies: A Novel Approach to Sharing Public Health Guidance. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness 2023. link 13 Bihan K, Lipszyc L, Lemaitre F, Dautriche A, Fédrizzi S, Atzenhoffer M et al.. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid®): French pharmacovigilance survey 2022. Therapie 2023. link 14 Chae SH, Park HJ, Radnaabaatar M, Park H, Jung J. Relationship Between Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Rates and Rare But Potentially Fatal Adverse Events: A Regression Discontinuity Analysis of Western Countries. Journal of Korean medical science 2023. link 15 Zuin M, Rigatelli G, Bilato C, Rigatelli A, Roncon L, Ribichini F. Preexisting coronary artery disease among coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.) 2022. link 16 Wadman M. An advocate for Africa. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2022. link 17 Cohen J. Making broader coronavirus vaccines is a struggle. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2022. link 18 Günther CM. Legal vs. Extra-Legal Responses to Public Health Emergencies. European journal of health law 2022. link 19 Borghesi M, Zilio F, Braito G, Dallago M, Muraglia S, Todaro D et al.. How to keep the cath-lab of a COVID-free hub center during the pandemic in a hub and spoke cardiology network: a single center's experience. Minerva cardiology and angiology 2022. link 20 Altaf A, Abbas Z, Shahid B, Qadeer MA, Samejo SA, Siyal M. Patients visiting gastroenterology clinics avoid giving honest history for COVID-19 related symptoms in the pre-clinic triage. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2022. link 21 Zhang B, Lin J, Luo M, Zeng C, Feng J, Zhou M et al.. Changes in Public Sentiment under the Background of Major Emergencies-Taking the Shanghai Epidemic as an Example. International journal of environmental research and public health 2022. link 22 Liu J, Ma J, Ahmed II, Varma DK. Effectiveness of a 3D-printed mask fitter in an Ophthalmology setting during COVID-19. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2022. link 23 Stephenson K, George M, Sowerby L, Hopkins C, Kumar N. The UK national registry of ENT surgeons with coronavirus disease 2019: one year on. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2022. link 24 Patel B, Parmar D, Gera R, Hannan SA, Saeed SR. Changes in the provision of undergraduate ENT clinical placements across the UK in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2022. link 25 McCarthy CJ, Sheth RA, Patel RJ, Cheung SH, Simon NZ, Huang SY et al.. Deployment of an Interventional Radiology Telemedicine Program During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Initial Experience With 10,056 Visits. Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR 2022. link 26 Fan J, Yang Y, Grimstein M, Zhang X, Kitabi E, Earp JC et al.. Whole Body PBPK Modeling of Remdesivir and Its Metabolites to Aid in Estimating Active Metabolite Exposure in the Lung and Liver in Patients With Organ Dysfunction. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2022. link 27 Ishii H, Amano T, Kohsaka S, Morino Y, Yokoi H, Ikari Y. National survey of percutaneous coronary intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: second report of the Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics. Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics 2022. link 28 Özcan S. Coronavirus disease 2019 and flight safety. Anatolian journal of cardiology 2021. link 29 Berlin J. Federal Fairness? Congressional Measure Addresses Out-of-Network Payments. Texas medicine 2021. link 30 Jadali Z. Pediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019: Why Is It Less Severe and Frequent in Children than Adults?. Journal of research in health sciences 2021. link 31 Akahoshi K, Tamura S, Akahoshi K. Protection against aerosol droplets from the mouth using the mask plus vinyl bag method during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Digestive endoscopy : official journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society 2021. link 32 King A. Down on the farm: Farm coronaviruses are a large reservoir for new spillover events into humans. EMBO reports 2021. link 33 Cuthbertson H. Filling the gap: Grassroots mask making in California during the Coronavirus pandemic. Journal of emergency management (Weston, Mass.) 2021. link 34 Wissemann JE. There's No Such Thing as an Educational Emergency: How COVID-19 Influenced Hospital Education. Journal for nurses in professional development 2021. link 35 de Arriba-Arnau A, Dalmau Llitjos A, Soria V, Menchón JM, Urretavizcaya M. Effective Adaptation of Ventilation Maneuvers in Electroconvulsive Therapy Sessions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. The journal of ECT 2021. link 36 Ashton DM. Why even the threat of a twindemic isn't swaying the most vulnerable: Black women. The American journal of managed care 2021. link 37 Tarantini G, Nai Fovino L. Negative impact of coronavirus on interventional cardiology fellows' training: Let's limit collateral damage of the pandemic. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2021. link 38 Giua C, Paoletti G, Minerba L, Malipiero G, Melone G, Heffler E et al.. Community pharmacist's professional adaptation amid Covid-19 emergency: a national survey on Italian pharmacists. International journal of clinical pharmacy 2021. link 39 Venkatesh AK, Janke AT, Shu-Xia L, Rothenberg C, Goyal P, Terry A et al.. Emergency Department Utilization for Emergency Conditions During COVID-19. Annals of emergency medicine 2021. link 40 Hou C, Jiang H. Methodology of emergency medical logistics for multiple epidemic areas in public health emergency. PloS one 2021. link 41 Stansfield J, Dobbs S, Harrison R, Lee K, Sharma S, Okour K et al.. Management of ENT emergencies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2021. link 42 Chervenak FA, McCullough LB, Bornstein E, Johnson L, Katz A, McLeod-Sordjan R et al.. Professionally responsible coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination counseling of obstetrical and gynecologic patients. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2021. link 43 Pham V, Nguyen L, Hedin RJ, Shaver C, Hammonds KAP, Culp WC. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Anesthesia Machine Circuit Pressure During Use as an Improvised Intensive Care Unit Ventilator. Anesthesia and analgesia 2021. link 44 Gai N, So D, Siddiqui A, Steinberg BE. Dissemination of Anesthesia Information During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Through Twitter: An Infodemiology Study. Anesthesia and analgesia 2021. link 45 Sarkar S, Mishra P, Nayak A. Online open-book examination of undergraduate medical students - a pilot study of a novel assessment method used during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2021. link 46 Walker M, Stapleton E. Undergraduate experience of ENT teaching during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a qualitative study. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2021. link 47 Allen H, Winstanley J, Stubington TJ, Judd O. One year on: assessing the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on demand for semi-urgent ENT services. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2021. link 48 Abadal JM, Gonzalez-Nieto J, Lopez-Zarraga F, de Gregorio MA, M Kitrou P, Mendez S. Future scenarios and opportunities for interventional radiology in the post COVID-19 era. Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) 2021. link 49 Woerner A, Chick JFB, Monroe EJ, Ingraham CR, Pereira K, Lee E et al.. Interventional Radiology in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Impact on Practices and Wellbeing. Academic radiology 2021. link 50 Chin KE, Kwon D, Gan Q, Ramalingam PX, Wistuba II, Prieto VG et al.. Transition From a Standard to a Hybrid On-Site and Remote Anatomic Pathology Training Model During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2021. link 51 Miller TI, Smith KD, Gonzalez-Cuyar LF, Swanson PE. Operational Impacts of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic and Early Recovery Trends: University of Washington Anatomic Pathology Experience. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2021. link 52 Tong A, Baumgart A, Evangelidis N, Viecelli AK, Carter SA, Azevedo LC et al.. Core Outcome Measures for Trials in People With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Respiratory Failure, Multiorgan Failure, Shortness of Breath, and Recovery. Critical care medicine 2021. link 53 López Álvarez JM, Quiralte Castillo J, Pérez Quevedo O, Rubio García J, Pérez González C, Lorenzo Villegasd DL. Multiple-organ failure as a result of non-COVID-19 coronavirus infection. Archivos argentinos de pediatria 2021. link 54 Zhao H, Souders C, Carmel M, Anger JT. Low Rates of Urologic Side Effects Following Coronavirus Disease Vaccination: An Analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Urology 2021. link 55 Gatti M, Fusaroli M, Caraceni P, Poluzzi E, De Ponti F, Raschi E. Serious adverse events with tocilizumab: Pharmacovigilance as an aid to prioritize monitoring in COVID-19. British journal of clinical pharmacology 2021. link 56 Shekhar R, Barton A, Sheikh AB, Upadhyay S, Salas NM. Coronavirus Disease of 2019 in Patients With Well-Controlled Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2020. link 57 . Chinese recommendations for the implementation of bedside echocardiography and remote consultation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Chinese medical journal 2020. link 58 Miermont-Schilton D, Richard F. The current sociosanitary coronavirus crisis: remote psychoanalysis by Skype or telephone. The International journal of psycho-analysis 2020. link 59 Alderman C. Pharmacy Services and the Novel Coronavirus. The Senior care pharmacist 2020. link 60 Villani A, Bozzola E, Siani P, Corsello G. The Italian paediatric society raccomandations on children and adolescents extra-domestic activities during the SARS COV-2 emergency phase 2. Italian journal of pediatrics 2020. link 61 Li H, Yu G, Duan H, Fu J, Shu Q. Changes in Children's Healthcare Visits During Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic in Hangzhou, China. The Journal of pediatrics 2020. link 62 Banerjee S, Tarantini G, Abu-Fadel M, Banerjee A, Little BB, Sorajja P et al.. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Catheterization Laboratory Survey. Journal of the American Heart Association 2020. link 63 Elliott JM, Crozier IG. Decreases in cardiac catheter laboratory workload during the COVID-19 level 4 lockdown in New Zealand. Internal medicine journal 2020. link 64 Gupta L, Gasparyan AY, Zimba O, Misra DP. Scholarly publishing and journal targeting in the time of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: a cross-sectional survey of rheumatologists and other specialists. Rheumatology international 2020. link 65 Song X, Fu W, Liu X, Luo Z, Wang R, Zhou N et al.. Mental health status of medical staff in emergency departments during the Coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic in China. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2020. link 66 Ryu S, Chun BC. An interim review of the epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus. Epidemiology and health 2020. link 67 Smith AC, Thomas E, Snoswell CL, Haydon H, Mehrotra A, Clemensen J et al.. Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of telemedicine and telecare 2020. link 68 Vagal A, Mahoney M, Allen B, Kapur S, Udstuen G, Wang L et al.. Rescheduling Nonurgent Care in Radiology: Implementation During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR 2020. link 69 Teixeira C, Rosa RG, Rodrigues Filho EM, Fernandes EO. The medical decision-making process in the time of the coronavirus pandemic. Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva 2020. link 70 Brett-Major DM, Schnaubelt ER, Creager HM, Lowe A, Cieslak TJ, Dahlke JM et al.. Advanced Preparation Makes Research in Emergencies and Isolation Care Possible: The Case of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2020. link 71 Scheller B, Vukadinovic D, Ewen S, Mahfoud F. Off-the-shelf barrier for emergency intubation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2020. link 72 Baker C, Galemore CA, Lowrey KM. Information Sharing in the School Setting During a Public Health Emergency. NASN school nurse (Print) 2020. link 73 Liu Y, Wang M, Shen Y, Chen J. Analysis of operation procedure and effect for emergency surgery in general hospital during novel coronavirus pneumonia period. BMC surgery 2020. link 74 Martin A, Lang E, Ramsauer B, Gröning T, Bedin GL, Frank J. Continuing medical and student education in dermatology during the coronavirus pandemic - a major challenge. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG 2020. link 75 Tao J, Song Z, Yang L, Huang C, Feng A, Man X. Emergency management for preventing and controlling nosocomial infection of the 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for the dermatology department. The British journal of dermatology 2020. link 76 Putra M, Kesavan M, Brackney K, Hackney DN, Roosa KM. Forecasting the impact of coronavirus disease during delivery hospitalization: an aid for resource utilization. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2020. link 77 Alvarez RD, Goff BA, Chelmow D, Griffin TR, Norwitz ER, De Lancey JO. Reengineering academic departments of obstetrics and gynecology to operate in a pandemic world and beyond: a joint American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society and Council of University Chairs of Obstetrics and Gynecology statement. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2020. link 78 Weber LeBrun EE, Moawad NS, Rosenberg EI, Morey TE, Davies L, Collins WO et al.. Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: staged management of surgical services for gynecology and obstetrics. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2020. link 79 Nakagawa K, Umazume T, Mayama M, Chiba K, Saito Y, Kawaguchi S et al.. Feasibility and safety of urgently initiated maternal telemedicine in response to the spread of COVID-19: A 1-month report. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2020. link 80 Hakimi AA, Armstrong WB. Hand Sanitizer in a Pandemic: Wrong Formulations in the Wrong Hands. The Journal of emergency medicine 2020. link 81 Tang SWK, Romano MR, Wong DHT, Montericcio A, Yip NKF, Montalbano C et al.. The use of personal protective equipment in clinical ophthalmology during corona virus disease-2019: a review of international guidelines and literature. Current opinion in ophthalmology 2020. link 82 Guo H, Li W, Huang Y, Li X, Li Z, Zhou H et al.. Increased microbial loading in aerosols produced by non-contact air-puff tonometer and relative suggestions for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). PloS one 2020. link 83 Chen X, Liu Y, Gong Y, Guo X, Zuo M, Li J et al.. Perioperative Management of Patients Infected with the Novel Coronavirus: Recommendation from the Joint Task Force of the Chinese Society of Anesthesiology and the Chinese Association of Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2020. link 84 Vivas EX. Coronavirus Disease-19 and Otology/Neurotology. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2020. link 85 Avcı H, Karabulut B, Farasoglu A, Boldaz E, Evman M. Relationship between anosmia and hospitalisation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: an otolaryngological perspective. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2020. link 86 Patel B, Hardman JC, Yang W, Robson A, Putnam G, George A et al.. Reusable respirators as personal protective equipment during ENT surgery. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2020. link 87 Halliwell-Ewen M, Atkin B, Huins CT, Dalton CL. Restructuring ENT out-patient services during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic - an iterative approach. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2020. link 88 Stephenson K, Sowerby LJ, Hopkins C, Kumar N. The UK national registry of ENT surgeons with coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2020. link 89 Geneid A, Nawka T, Schindler A, Oguz H, Chrobok V, Calcinoni O et al.. Union of the European Phoniatricians' position statement on the exit strategy of phoniatric and laryngological services: staying safe and getting back to normal after the peak of coronavirus disease 2019 (issued on 25th May 2020). The Journal of laryngology and otology 2020. link 90 Samuels A. Coronavirus Act 2020: An overview by a lawyer interested in medico-legal matters. The Medico-legal journal 2020. link 91 Hukkanen RR, Irizarry A, Fikes JD, Schafer KA, Boyle MH. Opinion on Performing Pathology Peer-Review During the Global Pandemic: Challenges and Opportunities. Toxicologic pathology 2020. link 92 Searing DA, Dutmer CM, Fleischer DM, Shaker MS, Oppenheimer J, Grayson MH et al.. A Phased Approach to Resuming Suspended Allergy/Immunology Clinical Services. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice 2020. link 93 Shao C, Liu H, Meng L, Sun L, Wang Y, Yue Z et al.. Evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA test results in a patient with fatal coronavirus disease 2019: a case report. Human pathology 2020. link 94 Al-Horani RA. Potential Therapeutic Roles for Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors in Coronavirus Infections. American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions 2020. link 95 Fernandez J, Gratacos-Ginès J, Olivas P, Costa M, Nieto S, Mateo D et al.. Plasma Exchange: An Effective Rescue Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection. Critical care medicine 2020. link