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Cardiology1019 papers

Primary aldosteronism

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension, characterized by autonomous aldosterone production leading to hypertension, hypokalemia, and often cardiovascular complications. 2 6 44

Diagnosis

Key Diagnostic Criteria: Hypertension, hypokalemia, elevated aldosterone levels, suppressed renin activity.

Recommended Tests:

- Aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) screening. - Confirmatory tests include plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and adrenal vein sampling (AVS) for subtype differentiation.

Subtype Differentiation: AVS is recommended for identifying unilateral vs bilateral disease 15 19 20.

Comorbidities: Hypokalemia often indicates PA but can also be seen in other conditions; careful differential diagnosis required 33 44.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Medical Therapy: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) such as spironolactone or eplerenone are first-line. - Dietary Modifications: Low-sodium diet to reduce aldosterone effects 11 21 25.

Surgical Management:

- Unilateral Disease: Adrenalectomy is definitive, with varying success rates reported 13 27 56. - Bilateral Disease: Typically managed medically unless refractory hypertension persists 13 56.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Blood Pressure Control: Additional antihypertensive agents as needed. - Monitoring: Regular follow-up for electrolyte balance and cardiovascular risk factors 2 14 32.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: PA in pregnancy requires careful management to avoid complications; limited data suggest cautious use of MRAs 5 65.

Comorbidities: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and requires close monitoring post-treatment 5 55 71.

Elderly: Similar management principles apply, with emphasis on minimizing side effects and comorbidities 32.

Key Recommendations

Screen for PA in patients with resistant hypertension or younger hypertensive individuals, using ARR as a primary screening tool (Evidence: Moderate 9 34).

Use adrenal vein sampling (AVS) for definitive diagnosis and subtype differentiation in suspected unilateral PA (Evidence: Moderate 15 19).

Initiate mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) as first-line medical therapy for PA, adjusting doses based on clinical response and side effects (Evidence: Strong 21 66).

Consider adrenalectomy for unilateral PA with appropriate surgical expertise, evaluating long-term outcomes carefully (Evidence: Moderate 13 27).

Regularly monitor electrolyte levels and cardiovascular risk factors in PA patients, especially post-treatment, to manage comorbidities effectively (Evidence: Moderate 32 55).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 290 indexed papers.

1 Fang CW, Muo CH, Wu SC. Chronic kidney disease, hyperuricemia, and gout after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism: a 20-year population-based study. Journal of endocrinological investigation 2026. link 2 Pascual-Corrales E, Ruiz-Cánovas JM, Peña MMP. Clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism and cardiometabolic risk. Vitamins and hormones 2026. link 3 Zhang Z, Chen C, Zhang M, Zhu J, Xu X, Wang Z et al.. Gut microbiota signatures in primary aldosteronism and functional identification of an aldosterone-degrading gut bacterium. Gut microbes 2026. link 4 Zuo Q, Zhao L, Ge T. Primary Aldosteronism Causing Aortic Dissection: A Case Report. The American journal of case reports 2026. link 5 Oprea D, Lefrançois F, St-Jean M, Côté AM, Roy-Lacroix MÈ, Malick M et al.. A Retrospective Study on the Impact of Primary Aldosteronism in Pregnancy (H.A.P.P.I. Study Group). Clinical endocrinology 2026. link 6 Ragnarsson O, Juhlin CC, Åkerström T, Dahlqvist P, Falhammar H, Hellman P. Emerging methods for subtype differentiation in primary aldosteronism. Journal of internal medicine 2026. link 7 Franko B, Jost S, Moutel S, Rey I, Collet S, Delory T. Hypertension action bundle including training of healthcare professionals to improve the detection of primary aldosteronism: a cohort study. Blood pressure 2026. link 8 Kline GA, Leung AA, Orton D, MacFarlane J, Gurnell M. Is It Time to Retire Aldosterone Suppression Testing?. American journal of hypertension 2026. link 9 Chen S, Chen K, Wu J, Yang J, Shen L, Yuan H. Diagnostic value of 24-h urinary aldosterone and related biomarkers for screening primary aldosteronism in medication-exposed populations. Frontiers in endocrinology 2026. link 10 Liang NP, Li N, Wu H, Lin ZX, Wang ZJ, Wu CG et al.. Aldosterone and Impaired Nocturnal Blood Pressure Decline in Primary Aldosteronism. Journal of the American Heart Association 2026. link 11 Prasad D, Drysch A, Upadhyay D, Neilson EG. The Story of Aldosterone Escape. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 2026. link 12 Xu WX, Duan JH, Wu F. Establishment and Validation of a Nomogram for Primary Aldosteronism Patients: Using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)-Logistic Regression Model. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2026. link 13 Zekarias K, Kohlenberg J, Ikramuddin S. Primary Aldosteronism Surgery Outcomes Under Current Blood Pressure Guidelines. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2026. link 14 Farah MH, Hegazi M, Firwana M, Abusalih M, Saadi S, Al-Kordi M et al.. A Systematic Review Supporting the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline on Management of Primary Aldosteronism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2025. link 15 Yang J, Bell DA, Carroll R, Chiang C, Cowley D, Croker E et al.. Adrenal Vein Sampling for Primary Aldosteronism: Recommendations From the Australian and New Zealand Working Group. Clinical endocrinology 2025. link 16 Yang J, Burrello J, Goi J, Reincke M, Adolf C, Asbach E et al.. Outcomes after medical treatment for primary aldosteronism: an international consensus and analysis of treatment response in an international cohort. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2025. link00308-5) 17 Yoshida Y, Kinouchi K, Nagai S, Sakima A, Takami Y, Arima H et al.. A systematic review to compare adrenalectomy and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with unilateral primary aldosteronism. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2025. link 18 Gege Z, Ling Z, Bin J. Performance of Pentixafor PET/CT in identifying unilateral primary aldosteronism: A meta-analysis. European journal of radiology 2025. link 19 Mimouni E, Amjad W, Passman JE, Ginzberg SP, Trerotola SO, DePietro D et al.. Predicting Unilateral Aldosterone Secretion in Primary Aldosteronism. The Journal of surgical research 2025. link 20 Matsuda N, Yoshida Y, Inobe N, Yoshimura M, Iwamoto M, Nagai S et al.. Antihypertensive effects and changes in extracellular water content by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2025. link 21 Yoshida Y, Shibata H. Evolution of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, aldosterone synthase inhibitors, and alternative treatments for managing primary aldosteronism. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2025. link 22 Fujiwara N, Haze T, Wakui H, Tamura K, Tsuiki M, Kamemura K et al.. Differences in target organ damage between captopril challenge test-defined definitive-positive and borderline-range groups among patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2025. link 23 Brown JM, Honzel B, Tsai LC, Milks J, Neibuhr YM, Newman AJ et al.. Characterizing the Origins of Primary Aldosteronism. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2025. link 24 Pinto D, Teo A, Wijerethne S, Khoo CM, Puar T, Parameswaran R. Remission of persistent hypertension and hypokalaemia following redo adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism - case report. Journal of hypertension 2025. link 25 Liu B, Bian B, Zhou X, Yu X, Yao W, Kang Q et al.. Percutaneous Microwave Ablation for Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2025. link 26 Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Yan Y, Zhou M, Wang C et al.. Data-driven cluster analysis and external validation identify phenotypic subgroups in renin-independent aldosteronism with differential cardiovascular risk and therapeutic implications. Frontiers in endocrinology 2025. link 27 Marzano L, Ronco C. Clinical and biochemical outcomes after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism in tertiary and quaternary referral centers: data from SOPRANO study. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2024. link 28 Inoue K, Naito T, Fuji R, Sonehara K, Yamamoto K, Baba R et al.. Primary Aldosteronism and Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes: Genome-Wide Association and Mendelian Randomization Study. Journal of the American Heart Association 2024. link 29 Araujo-Castro M, Parra P, Martín Rojas-Marcos P, Paja Fano M, González Boillos M, Pascual-Corrales E et al.. Differences in the clinical and hormonal presentation of patients with familial and sporadic primary aldosteronism. Frontiers in endocrinology 2024. link 30 Samnani S, Cenzer I, Kline GA, Lee SJ, Hundemer GL, McClurg C et al.. Time to Benefit of Surgery vs Targeted Medical Therapy for Patients With Primary Aldosteronism: A Meta-analysis. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2024. link 31 Miller BS. Surgical Management of Primary Aldosteronism. The Surgical clinics of North America 2024. link 32 Pan LH, Chen YY, Pan CT, Hsu CY, Tseng CS, Yen IW et al.. Follow-up care and assessment of comorbidities and complications in patients with primary aldosteronism: The clinical practice guideline of the Taiwan Society of aldosteronism. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2024. link 33 Gruber S, Stasi E, Pion AB, Steiner R, Erlic Z, Bornstein SR et al.. Unawareness of Primary Aldosteronism as a Common Cause of Hypokalemia - Insights from the IPAHK+ Trial (Incidence of Primary Aldosteronism in Patients with Hypokalemia). Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 2024. link 34 Lin CH, Lin CH, Chung MC, Hung CS, Tseng FY, Er LK et al.. Aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) as a screening tool for primary aldosteronism (PA). Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2024. link 35 Tseng CS, Chan CK, Lee HY, Pan CT, Peng KY, Wang SM et al.. Treatment of primary aldosteronism: Clinical practice guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Aldosteronism. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2024. link 36 Chen YL, Chen CH, Xu TY, Xu JZ, Zhu LM, Li Y et al.. Non-invasive left ventricular pressure-strain loop study on cardiac fibrosis in primary aldosteronism: a comparative study with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2024. link 37 Torresan F, Rossi FB, Zanin S, Caputo I, Caroccia B, Iacobone M et al.. Water and Electrolyte Content in Salt-Dependent HYpertension in the SKIn (WHYSKI): Effect of Surgical Cure of Primary Aldosteronism. High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension 2024. link 38 Huang CW, Tu KH, Fan KC, Tsai CH, Wang WT, Wang SY et al.. The role of confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2024. link 39 Lu JY, Chang YY, Lee TW, Wu MH, Chen ZW, Huang YT et al.. How should anti-hypertensive medications be adjusted before screening for primary aldosteronism?. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2024. link 40 Mah D, Kneteman M, Przybojewski SJ, Kotha V, Kline GA, Leung AA et al.. Multiple radiologist review of adrenal CT still frequently misses lateralized surgical primary aldosteronism. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 2024. link 41 Chen YY, Huang SC, Pan CT, Peng KY, Lin LY, Chan CK et al.. The predictors of long-term outcomes after targeted therapy for primary Aldosteronism. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2024. link 42 Araujo-Castro M, Pascual-Corrales E, Martín Rojas P, Parra Ramírez P. Epidemiology and diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. What have we learned from the SPAIN-ALDO registry?. Endocrine 2024. link 43 Kitamoto T, Ruike Y, Koide H, Inoue K, Maezawa Y, Omura M et al.. Shifting paradigms in primary aldosteronism: reconsideration of screening strategy via integrating pathophysiological insights. Frontiers in endocrinology 2024. link 44 Hirose R, Tsurutani Y, Nakatsue T, Hirataka A, Nakai K, Saito J. Lethal Arrhythmia Induced by Severe Hypokalemia with Primary Aldosteronism: A Case Report and Literature Review. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024. link 45 Watanabe D, Morimoto S, Morishima N, Ichihara A. Comparisons of risk factors for post-treatment renal dysfunction between the two major subtypes of primary aldosteronism. Endocrine 2024. link 46 MacKenzie SM, Birch LA, Lamprou S, Rezvanisanijouybari P, Fayad M, Zennaro MC et al.. MicroRNAs in aldosterone production and action. Vitamins and hormones 2024. link 47 Ananda RA, Gwini SM, Long KM, Lai JH, Chen G, Russell GM et al.. Diagnostic Delay and Disease Burden in Primary Aldosteronism: An International Patient Survey. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2024. link 48 Zhou Y, Wang X, Hou J, Wan J, Yang Y, Liu S et al.. A controlled trial of percutaneous adrenal arterial embolization for hypertension in patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2024. link 49 Tan ST, Boyle V, Elston MS. Systematic Review of Therapeutic Agents and Long-Term Outcomes of Familial Hyperaldosteronism Type 1. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2023. link 50 Fang Z, Cai H, Zhang Q, Gong J, Zhou W, Xie L et al.. Comparative Analysis of Single-Path and Multipath Adrenal Venous Sampling in Primary Aldosteronism. Journal of interventional cardiology 2023. link 51 Zhou L, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Su T, Jiang L, Zhou W et al.. Effects of a low-sodium diet in patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in endocrinology 2023. link 52 Zhu QG, Zhu F. Meta-analysis of blood parameters related to lipid and glucose metabolism between two subtypes of primary aldosteronism. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 2023. link 53 Nezu K, Kawasaki Y, Morimoto R, Ono Y, Omata K, Tezuka Y et al.. Impact of Adrenalectomy on Diastolic Cardiac Dysfunction in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 2023. link 54 Forestiero V, Sconfienza E, Mulatero P, Monticone S. Primary aldosteronism in pregnancy. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2023. link 55 Nakano Y, Murakami M, Hara K, Fukuda T, Horino M, Takeuchi A et al.. Long-term effects of primary aldosteronism treatment on patients with primary aldosteronism and chronic kidney disease. Clinical endocrinology 2023. link 56 Szabo Yamashita T, Shariq OA, Foster TR, Lyden ML, Dy BM, Young WF et al.. Unilateral Adrenalectomy for Primary Aldosteronism Due to Bilateral Adrenal Disease Can Result in Resolution of Hypokalemia and Amelioration of Hypertension. World journal of surgery 2023. link 57 Marzano L, Husain-Syed F, Reis T, Ronco C, Zanella M. Assessment of performance of stratum-specific likelihood ratios of the aldosteronoma resolution score for predicting hypertension cure after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of human hypertension 2023. link 58 Obeid H, Chen Cardenas SM, Khairi S, Turcu AF. Personalized Treatment of Patients With Primary Aldosteronism. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2023. link 59 Parra Ramírez P, Martín Rojas-Marcos P, Cuesta Hernández M, Ruiz-Sánchez JG, Lamas Oliveira C, Hanzu FA et al.. First survey on the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism by Spanish Endocrinology and Nutrition specialists. Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion 2023. link 60 Sakaguchi S, Okamoto R, Inoue C, Akao M, Kamemura K, Kurihara I et al.. Associated factors and effects of comorbid atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients due to primary aldosteronism. Journal of human hypertension 2023. link 61 Ling G, Bruno J, Albert SG, Dhindsa S. Fatty acids as a direct regulator of aldosterone hypersecretion. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 2023. link 62 Pizzolo F, Bertolone L, Castagna A, Morandini F, Sartori G, De Santis D et al.. Urinary extracellular vesicle mRNA analysis of sodium chloride cotransporter in hypertensive patients under different conditions. Journal of human hypertension 2023. link 63 Hoshi S, Onagi A, Tanji R, Honda-Takinami R, Matsuoka K, Hata J et al.. Unilateral adrenalectomy for a drug-resistant bilateral primary aldosteronism with heart failure: pathophysiology and surgical indication. BMC endocrine disorders 2023. link 64 Naruse M, Katabami T, Shibata H, Sone M, Takahashi K, Tanabe A et al.. Japan Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism 2021. Endocrine journal 2022. link 65 Sanga V, Rossitto G, Seccia TM, Rossi GP. Management and Outcomes of Primary Aldosteronism in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2022. link 66 Ishikawa T, Morimoto S, Ichihara A. Effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists on sex hormones and body composition in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2022. link 67 Delić R, Pavalec M, Koren J. Primary aldosteronism in pregnancy: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Endokrynologia Polska 2022. link 68 Memon SS, Lila A, Barnabas R, Goroshi M, Sarathi V, Shivane V et al.. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: A prospective study from Western India. Clinical endocrinology 2022. link 69 Funder J. Primary aldosteronism. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2022. link 70 Liang S, Li Q, Lai Q, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Chen X et al.. Beta-2-Microglobulin is an Independent Risk Factor for Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 2022. link 71 Haze T, Yano Y, Hatano Y, Tamura K, Kurihara I, Kobayashi H et al.. Association of achieved blood pressure after treatment for primary aldosteronism with long-term kidney function. Journal of human hypertension 2022. link 72 Ohara N, Kobayashi M, Yoneoka Y, Hasegawa G, Aoki Y, Nakamura Y et al.. Primary Aldosteronism Presenting with Hypertension Five Days after Delivery: A Case Report and Literature Review. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2022. link 73 Yuan Y, Li N, Liu Y, Wang M, Heizhati M, Zhu Q et al.. Plasma aldosterone concentration is associated with white matter lesions in patients with primary aldosteronism. Endocrine 2022. link 74 Ishihara Y, Umakoshi H, Kaneko H, Nanba K, Tsuiki M, Kusakabe T et al.. Prediction of long-term biochemical cure in patients with unilateral primary hyperaldosteronism treated surgically based on the early post-operative plasma aldosterone value. Endocrine journal 2022. link 75 Gkaliagkousi E, Lazaridis A, Anyfanti P, Stavropoulos K, Imprialos K, Triantafyllou A et al.. Assessment of skin microcirculation in primary aldosteronism: impaired microvascular responses compared to essential hypertensives and normotensives. Journal of human hypertension 2022. link 76 Jansen PM, Stowasser M. Aldosterone-producing adenoma associated with non-suppressed renin: a case series. Journal of human hypertension 2022. link 77 Araujo-Castro M, Parra-Ramírez P. Diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism. Medicina clinica 2022. link 78 Chen SY, Chen JY, Huang WC, Puar THK, Chin Kek P, Chueh JS et al.. Cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in primary aldosteronism after adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment: a meta-analysis. European journal of endocrinology 2022. link 79 Brown JM, Wijkman MO, Claggett BL, Shah AM, Ballantyne CM, Coresh J et al.. Cardiac Structure and Function Across the Spectrum of Aldosteronism: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2022. link 80 Huang WC, Chen YY, Lin YH, Chueh JS. Composite Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism Undergoing Medical Versus Surgical Treatment: A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology 2021. link 81 Yang J, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Wu Y, He Z. Adrenal venous sampling with adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation: A meta-analysis. International journal of clinical practice 2021. link 82 Suurd DPD, Vorselaars WMCM, Van Beek DJ, Spiering W, Borel Rinkes IHM, Valk GD et al.. Trends in blood pressure-related outcomes after adrenalectomy in patients with primary aldosteronism: A systematic review. American journal of surgery 2021. link 83 Xu F, Gao Z, Wang G, Gao Y, Guo Y, Guo Y et al.. Prevalence, Subtype Classification, and Outcomes of Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism: A Prospective Study in China. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2021. link 84 Wu A, Wolley MJ, Wu Q, Gordon RD, Fenton RA, Stowasser M. The Cl. Journal of human hypertension 2021. link 85 Buffolo F, Cavaglià G, Burrello J, Amongero M, Tetti M, Pecori A et al.. Quality of life in primary aldosteronism: A prospective observational study. European journal of clinical investigation 2021. link 86 Yozamp N, Hundemer GL, Moussa M, Underhill J, Fudim T, Sacks B et al.. Intraindividual Variability of Aldosterone Concentrations in Primary Aldosteronism: Implications for Case Detection. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2021. link 87 Satoh F, Ito S, Itoh H, Rakugi H, Shibata H, Ichihara A et al.. Efficacy and safety of esaxerenone (CS-3150), a newly available nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, in hypertensive patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2021. link 88 Liu B, Hu J, Song Y, He W, Cheng Q, Wang Z et al.. Seated Saline Suppression Test Is Comparable With Captopril Challenge Test for the Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism: A Prospective Study. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2021. link 89 Chen S, Liu H, Luo P, Yu Y. Computed tomography combined with confirmatory tests for the diagnosis of aldosterone-producing adenoma. Endocrine journal 2021. link 90 Anceschi U, Tuderti G, Fiori C, Zappalà O, Ferriero MC, Brassetti A et al.. Minimally Invasive Partial Versus Total Adrenalectomy for the Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism: Results of a Multicenter Series According to the PASO Criteria. European urology focus 2021. link 91 Araujo-Castro M, Bengoa Rojano N, Fernández Argüeso M, Pascual-Corrales E, Jiménez Mendiguchía L, García Cano AM. Cardiometabolic risk in patients with primary aldosteronism and autonomous cortisol secretion. Case-control study. Medicina clinica 2021. link 92 Funder JW. Primary Aldosteronism: Where Are We Now? Where to from Here?. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 2020. link 93 Fujii Y, Takeda Y, Kurihara I, Itoh H, Katabami T, Ichijo T et al.. Historical changes and between-facility differences in adrenal venous sampling for primary aldosteronism in Japan. Journal of human hypertension 2020. link 94 Gershuni VM, Ermer JP, Kelz RR, Roses RE, Cohen DL, Trerotola SO et al.. Clinical presentation and surgical outcomes in primary aldosteronism differ by race. Journal of surgical oncology 2020. link 95 Yang Y, Reincke M, Williams TA. Prevalence, diagnosis and outcomes of treatment for primary aldosteronism. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2020. link 96 Lin C, Yang J, Fuller PJ, Jing H, Song Y, He W et al.. A combination of captopril challenge test after saline infusion test improves diagnostic accuracy for primary aldosteronism. Clinical endocrinology 2020. link 97 Asbach E, Bekeran M, König A, Lang K, Hanslik G, Treitl M et al.. Primary and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism - Findings From the German Conn's Registry. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association 2020. link 98 Chang YH, Chung SD, Wu CH, Chueh JS, Chen L, Lin PC et al.. Surgery decreases the long-term incident stroke risk in patients with primary aldosteronism. Surgery 2020. link 99 Liao MT, Liao CW, Tsai CH, Chang YY, Chen ZW, Pan CT et al.. U-shaped relationship between left ventricular mass index and estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with primary aldosteronism. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research 2020. link 100 Xiao L, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Jiang L, Zhou W, Su T et al.. A novel clinical nomogram to predict bilateral hyperaldosteronism in Chinese patients with primary aldosteronism. Clinical endocrinology 2019. link

Original source

[1]
Chronic kidney disease, hyperuricemia, and gout after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism: a 20-year population-based study. — Fang CW, Muo CH, Wu SC Journal of endocrinological investigation (2026)
[2]
Clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism and cardiometabolic risk. — Pascual-Corrales E, Ruiz-Cánovas JM, Peña MMP Vitamins and hormones (2026)
[3]
Gut microbiota signatures in primary aldosteronism and functional identification of an aldosterone-degrading gut bacterium. — Zhang Z, Chen C, Zhang M, Zhu J, Xu X, Wang Z et al. Gut microbes (2026)
[4]
Primary Aldosteronism Causing Aortic Dissection: A Case Report. — Zuo Q, Zhao L, Ge T The American journal of case reports (2026)
[5]
A Retrospective Study on the Impact of Primary Aldosteronism in Pregnancy (H.A.P.P.I. Study Group). — Oprea D, Lefrançois F, St-Jean M, Côté AM, Roy-Lacroix MÈ, Malick M et al. Clinical endocrinology (2026)
[6]
Emerging methods for subtype differentiation in primary aldosteronism. — Ragnarsson O, Juhlin CC, Åkerström T, Dahlqvist P, Falhammar H, Hellman P Journal of internal medicine (2026)
[7]
Hypertension action bundle including training of healthcare professionals to improve the detection of primary aldosteronism: a cohort study. — Franko B, Jost S, Moutel S, Rey I, Collet S, Delory T Blood pressure (2026)
[8]
Is It Time to Retire Aldosterone Suppression Testing? — Kline GA, Leung AA, Orton D, MacFarlane J, Gurnell M American journal of hypertension (2026)
[9]
Diagnostic value of 24-h urinary aldosterone and related biomarkers for screening primary aldosteronism in medication-exposed populations. — Chen S, Chen K, Wu J, Yang J, Shen L, Yuan H Frontiers in endocrinology (2026)
[10]
Aldosterone and Impaired Nocturnal Blood Pressure Decline in Primary Aldosteronism. — Liang NP, Li N, Wu H, Lin ZX, Wang ZJ, Wu CG et al. Journal of the American Heart Association (2026)
[11]
The Story of Aldosterone Escape. — Prasad D, Drysch A, Upadhyay D, Neilson EG Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN (2026)
[12]
Establishment and Validation of a Nomogram for Primary Aldosteronism Patients: Using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)-Logistic Regression Model. — Xu WX, Duan JH, Wu F Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (2026)
[13]
Primary Aldosteronism Surgery Outcomes Under Current Blood Pressure Guidelines. — Zekarias K, Kohlenberg J, Ikramuddin S Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (2026)
[14]
A Systematic Review Supporting the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline on Management of Primary Aldosteronism. — Farah MH, Hegazi M, Firwana M, Abusalih M, Saadi S, Al-Kordi M et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2025)
[15]
Adrenal Vein Sampling for Primary Aldosteronism: Recommendations From the Australian and New Zealand Working Group. — Yang J, Bell DA, Carroll R, Chiang C, Cowley D, Croker E et al. Clinical endocrinology (2025)
[16]
Outcomes after medical treatment for primary aldosteronism: an international consensus and analysis of treatment response in an international cohort. — Yang J, Burrello J, Goi J, Reincke M, Adolf C, Asbach E et al. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2025)
[17]
A systematic review to compare adrenalectomy and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with unilateral primary aldosteronism. — Yoshida Y, Kinouchi K, Nagai S, Sakima A, Takami Y, Arima H et al. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (2025)
[18]
Performance of Pentixafor PET/CT in identifying unilateral primary aldosteronism: A meta-analysis. — Gege Z, Ling Z, Bin J European journal of radiology (2025)
[19]
Predicting Unilateral Aldosterone Secretion in Primary Aldosteronism. — Mimouni E, Amjad W, Passman JE, Ginzberg SP, Trerotola SO, DePietro D et al. The Journal of surgical research (2025)
[20]
Antihypertensive effects and changes in extracellular water content by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism. — Matsuda N, Yoshida Y, Inobe N, Yoshimura M, Iwamoto M, Nagai S et al. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (2025)
[21]
Evolution of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, aldosterone synthase inhibitors, and alternative treatments for managing primary aldosteronism. — Yoshida Y, Shibata H Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (2025)
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