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Vitamin C deficiency anemia

Last edited: 4/24/2026

Overview

Vitamin C deficiency anemia, also known as scurvy, arises from insufficient intake or poor absorption of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), leading to impaired collagen synthesis, weakened connective tissues, and ultimately anemia characterized by normocytic, normochromic red blood cells. This condition is clinically significant due to its systemic effects on wound healing, immune function, and overall tissue integrity. While historically prevalent among sailors and malnourished populations, scurvy can still occur in individuals with restrictive diets, chronic malnutrition, alcoholism, and certain gastrointestinal disorders that impair nutrient absorption. Recognizing scurvy is crucial in day-to-day practice as it often presents with nonspecific symptoms that can mimic other conditions, necessitating a high index of suspicion for timely intervention 89.

Pathophysiology

Vitamin C plays a pivotal role in multiple biochemical processes, particularly in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine, essential for collagen synthesis. Without adequate vitamin C, collagen molecules cannot form stable triple helices, leading to weakened connective tissues such as skin, blood vessels, and bone matrix. This structural compromise manifests clinically as easy bruising, petechiae, and poor wound healing. Additionally, vitamin C is crucial for the metabolism of iron, specifically enhancing the absorption of non-heme iron and recycling ferritin back into usable iron stores. Deficiency impairs these processes, contributing to iron-deficiency anemia despite normal iron stores, characterized by microcytic anemia in severe cases 821.

Epidemiology

Scurvy is relatively rare in developed countries but remains a concern in populations with limited dietary diversity, including the elderly, individuals with chronic diseases affecting nutrition, and those with restrictive diets (e.g., vegans). Incidence rates are difficult to pinpoint due to underreporting and misdiagnosis, but prevalence is notably higher in institutionalized settings and among those with socioeconomic challenges. Geographic disparities exist, with higher reported cases in regions where fresh fruits and vegetables are scarce. Trends suggest an increase in awareness and reporting, yet true incidence remains understudied compared to other nutritional deficiencies 8911.

Clinical Presentation

The clinical presentation of scurvy can be protean, ranging from subtle symptoms to severe systemic involvement. Early signs include fatigue, malaise, and generalized weakness. As deficiency progresses, patients may exhibit:
  • Cutaneous manifestations: Easy bruising, petechiae, corkscrew hairs, and poor wound healing.
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms: Poor appetite, abdominal discomfort, and occasional bleeding gums.
  • Musculoskeletal issues: Joint pain, swelling, and subperiosteal hemorrhages leading to bone pain, particularly in the legs.
  • Psychiatric symptoms: Irritability, depression, and confusion.
    • Red-flag features include severe anemia, significant bleeding, and signs of organ dysfunction, necessitating urgent evaluation and intervention 810.

    Diagnosis

    Diagnosing scurvy involves a combination of clinical suspicion and laboratory confirmation. Key diagnostic steps include:
  • Clinical history: Detailed dietary assessment focusing on vitamin C intake.
  • Physical examination: Look for characteristic signs such as petechiae, gum bleeding, and bone tenderness.
  • Laboratory tests:
    • - Serum ascorbic acid levels: Deficiency defined as <18 μmol/L 8. - Complete blood count (CBC): Normocytic, normochromic anemia with low reticulocyte count. - Collagen synthesis markers: Urinary levels of deoxyhydroxyproline may be elevated.
  • Differential diagnosis:
    • - Iron deficiency anemia: Consider ferritin and transferrin saturation levels. - Chronic inflammatory conditions: Evaluate ESR and CRP. - Other nutritional deficiencies: Assess for deficiencies in folate, B12, and other vitamins 811.

    Management

    Initial Management

  • Vitamin C supplementation: Oral administration of high-dose ascorbic acid (1-2 g daily) for several days, followed by maintenance doses (500-1000 mg/day) 8.
    • - Monitoring: Regular assessment of clinical symptoms and CBC to monitor response. - Contraindications: Avoid in patients with hyperoxaluria or a history of oxalate kidney stones without medical supervision.

    Refractory Cases

  • Intravenous vitamin C: For severe cases or those unresponsive to oral therapy, administer under medical supervision (e.g., 500 mg IV every 6-8 hours) 8.
    • - Monitoring: Closely monitor for potential side effects such as electrolyte imbalances.

    Complications

  • Severe anemia: Requires prompt correction to prevent hemodynamic instability.
  • Organ dysfunction: Potential for acute kidney injury, particularly in cases with prolonged deficiency.
  • Infection risk: Weakened immune function increases susceptibility to infections.
  • Referral triggers: Persistent symptoms despite treatment, organ failure, or severe bleeding episodes necessitate specialist referral 810.

    • Prognosis & Follow-up

    The prognosis for scurvy is generally good with early diagnosis and adequate vitamin C repletion. Prognostic indicators include the rapidity of symptom resolution and normalization of laboratory parameters. Recommended follow-up intervals include:
  • Initial follow-up: Within 1-2 weeks post-treatment initiation to assess clinical improvement.
  • Long-term monitoring: Monthly CBC and clinical reassessment for several months to ensure sustained recovery 8.

    • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Increased demand for vitamin C; supplementation may be necessary to prevent deficiency in pregnant women with poor dietary intake 9.
  • Elderly: Higher risk due to potential malabsorption and restrictive diets; regular screening recommended.
  • Pediatrics: Children on restrictive diets (e.g., vegan) require careful monitoring and supplementation if needed 9.
  • Comorbidities: Patients with chronic diseases affecting nutrition (e.g., malabsorption syndromes) need tailored nutritional support and close monitoring 8.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Screen high-risk populations for vitamin C deficiency, particularly those with restrictive diets or chronic diseases affecting nutrition (Evidence: Moderate) 89.
  • Initiate high-dose oral vitamin C supplementation (1-2 g/day) for confirmed deficiency, followed by maintenance doses (Evidence: Strong) 8.
  • Consider intravenous vitamin C for severe or refractory cases under medical supervision (Evidence: Moderate) 8.
  • Monitor clinical symptoms and CBC regularly during treatment to assess response (Evidence: Moderate) 8.
  • Educate patients on dietary sources of vitamin C, emphasizing fruits and vegetables (Evidence: Expert opinion) 9.
  • Refer patients with persistent symptoms or organ dysfunction to specialists for further evaluation (Evidence: Expert opinion) 8.
  • Implement targeted nutritional screening programs in institutions housing high-risk groups (Evidence: Moderate) 16.
  • Ensure adequate vitamin C intake during pregnancy to prevent deficiency in both mother and fetus (Evidence: Moderate) 9.
  • Regularly assess elderly patients for signs of scurvy due to increased risk factors (Evidence: Moderate) 8.
  • Monitor pediatric patients on restrictive diets for early signs of vitamin C deficiency (Evidence: Moderate) 9.

    • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 1206 indexed papers.

    1 Yusupu S, Yang Y, Geng X, Lin Z, Sun T, Wang Z et al.. Multivitamin supplements are not superior to nutrition education in improving fat-soluble vitamin levels: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition 2026. link.0005) 2 Morifuji M, Takahashi S, Sano C, Baba S, Ichikawa S. Non-Fat Fermented Milk Enhanced the Bioavailability of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Humans: A Crossover Study. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 2026. link 3 Chennamsetty S, Keerikkadu M, Shetty A, Rathnanand M. Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Vitamin Delivery Systems for Precision Nutrition and Improved Bioavailability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2026. link 4 Jorde R. Why did we end up having so few vitamin D answers and what can we do about it? A provocative and narrative review. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2026. link 5 Li SW, Luo Y, Chen W, Huang C, Chen Y, Hong XY. A novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quick and efficient quantification of five fat-soluble vitamins. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 2026. link 6 Thamteerasathian L, Chaiworakul V, Poeikhampha T, Kulsing C, Tungkijanansin N, Anal AK. Vitamin D enrichment of eggs and its effects on performance and intestinal health in late-stage laying hens. Poultry science 2026. link 7 Yi X, Liang R, Yang Y, Huang X, Wu Y. Quantification of water-soluble vitamin profiles in human plasma via automated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2026. link 8 Rivière E, Mathé A, Blaison F, Tinevez C, Camou F, Greib C et al.. Scurvy, an enduring mimicker and diagnostic dilemma in adults: A review of the 280 relevant published cases in the twenty-first century. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2026. link 9 Ndukwe C, Ndubuka N, Ndubuka J, Udey C, Dankwah E. Shining light on vitamin C deficiency and scurvy in Canada: A scoping review protocol of risk profiles, health outcomes, and interventions. PloS one 2026. link 10 Jensen NC, Gillis K, Zussman J, Deacon DC. Clinicopathologic Correlation in a Case of Scurvy. The American Journal of dermatopathology 2026. link 11 Hemilä H, Chalker E. Are the UK's vitamin C recommendations evidence-based? A critical comment. The British journal of nutrition 2026. link 12 Nwosu BU. Vitamin D for the prevention of diseases in children: A rebuttal to the 2024 Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Frontiers in endocrinology 2025. link 13 de Macedo TSG, Mocellin MC, Ribas SA, Teixeira MT, Pereira ADS, Palermo GM et al.. Deficiency of B vitamins in women of childbearing age, pregnant, and lactating women in Brazil: a systematic review. Systematic reviews 2025. link 14 Albasheer O, Abdelwahab SI, Alqassim A, Alessa H, Madkhali A, Hakami A et al.. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms and clinical outcomes in adults with different baseline vitamin D levels: an interventional study. Journal of health, population, and nutrition 2025. link 15 Guarino L, Chatelanat O, Gressot P, Larpin C, Serratrice J, Coen M. When a diet is followed too strictly. Scurvy - An old disease in a modern gut: A case report. Medicine 2025. link 16 Agha A, Yasin J, Sharma C, Alkaabi J. Status of Common Water-Soluble Vitamins in Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Analysis with Implications for Targeted Nutritional Screening Programs. Nutrients 2025. link 17 Helmeczi E, Pandya H, O'Hearn K, McNally D, Britz-McKibbin P. Treatment response variations to a single large bolus of enteral cholecalciferol in vitamin D deficient critically Ill children: Metabolomic insights for precision nutrition. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2025. link 18 Mathias EG, Halemani K, Lobo AS, Bhat LT. Interventions to improve vitamin and mineral inadequacies among children in India: a scoping review. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association 2025. link 19 Luo W, Wang D, Tang Y, Cheng Q, Ma X, Yu S et al.. Water-Soluble Vitamins Stability by Robust Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Annals of nutrition & metabolism 2025. link 20 Upadhyay S, Sharanagat VS. Plant protein-based Pickering emulsion for the encapsulation and delivery of fat-soluble vitamins: A systematic review. International journal of biological macromolecules 2025. link 21 Alberts A, Moldoveanu ET, Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM. Vitamin C: A Comprehensive Review of Its Role in Health, Disease Prevention, and Therapeutic Potential. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2025. link 22 Abdul-Jabbar S, Nebechi C, McClelland GR, Lockett A, Douiri A, Morgan D et al.. Ethnic Differences in Response to Oral Vitamin D Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews 2025. link 23 Hibbard T, Andriollo P, Lim CH, Guo Q, Lawrence KP, Coker B et al.. A multistage double-blind placebo-controlled study to assess the safety and efficacy of transdermal vitamin D phosphate supplementation (TransVitD). Trials 2025. link 24 Yirdaw BW, Moges AM, Awoke SK, Agmas MA, Mekonen AY, Abebe AY et al.. Vitamin A supplementation coverage and associated factors among Ethiopian children under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC pediatrics 2025. link 25 Vrignaud M, Provôt S, Aubin F, Vrignaud B, Bernard J, Prot-Labarthe S. Description of the use of Vitamin D in children aged 0-18 months. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie 2025. link 26 Dias P, Siatka T, Vopršalová M, Moravcová M, Pourová J, Přívratská N et al.. Biological properties of vitamins of the B-complex, part 2 - vitamins B. Nutrition research reviews 2025. link 27 Pechabrier ML, Bacchetta J, Tounian P, Eddiry S, Linglart A, Edouard T. Survey on vitamin D supplementation in children in France: Evaluation of real-life practices following the new 2022 French recommendations. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie 2025. link 28 Karakousis ND, Pyrgioti EE, Georgakopoulos PN, Papanas N. Vitamin B. The international journal of lower extremity wounds 2025. link 29 Nguyen AT, Jalon S, Simon A, Jouret M, Lorier JL, Hentgen V et al.. Scurvy in an 18-month-old child mimicking a clinical presentation of rickets. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie 2025. link 30 Khan J, Godor D, Ramaiya A, Yakuub A. P23 Scurvy presenting as an unusual petechial rash in a patient with anorexia nervosa. The British journal of dermatology 2025. link 31 Shah VP, Nayfeh T, Alsawaf Y, Saadi S, Farah M, Zhu Y et al.. A Systematic Review Supporting the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines on Vitamin D. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2024. link 32 McCartney CR, McDonnell ME, Corrigan MD, Lash RW. Vitamin D Insufficiency and Epistemic Humility: An Endocrine Society Guideline Communication. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2024. link 33 Pludowski P, Marcinowska-Suchowierska E, Togizbayev G, Belaya Z, Grant WB, Pilz S et al.. Daily and Weekly "High Doses" of Cholecalciferol for the Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency for Obese or Multi-Morbidity and Multi-Treatment Patients Requiring Multi-Drugs-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024. link 34 Azar JM, Lambert R, Maffei FA, Thomas TA. Late-onset vitamin K deficiency presenting as haemorrhagic shock and severe multi-system organ failure. BMJ case reports 2024. link 35 De Zanetti L, Van Der Straeten D. 'From metabolism to metabolism': holistic considerations on B-vitamin interactions, biofortification, and deficiencies. Current opinion in biotechnology 2024. link 36 Devulapalli CS. Vitamin D concentrations were often insufficient among native Norwegian adolescents and children with a non-Western immigrant background. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2024. link 37 Tan PY, Loganathan R, Teng KT, Mohd Johari SN, Lee SC, Selvaduray KR et al.. Supplementation of red palm olein-enriched biscuits improves levels of provitamin A carotenes, iron, and erythropoiesis in vitamin A-deficient primary schoolchildren: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. European journal of nutrition 2024. link 38 Mendes MM, Araújo MM, Botelho PB, de Carvalho KMB. Seasonal and sex-related variation in vitamin D status and its association with other biochemical markers in young individuals: A cross-sectional study. PloS one 2024. link 39 Zhumalina A, Kim I, Tusupkaliev B, Zharlykasinova M, Zhekeyeva B. Features of d-vitamin status in young children in the Kazakh population. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego 2024. link 40 Calcaterra V, Cena H, De Giuseppe R, Biino G, Grazi R, Manuelli M et al.. An Adapted Questionnaire Tailored for Assessing the Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency in Children That Is Proving Useful in Guiding Clinical Interventions. Nutrients 2024. link 41 Antwi MH, Sakyi SA, Appiah SCY, Buckman TA, Yorke J, Kwakye AS et al.. Investigation of serum level relationship of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines with vitamin D among healthy Ghanaian population. BMC research notes 2024. link 42 Molina-López J, Herrera-Quintana L, Vázquez-Lorente H, Planells E. Evolution of Vitamin D Status and Vitamin D Receptor Gene Expression Among Professional Handball Athletes During a Competitive Period. Relationship with Body Composition, Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorous. Biological trace element research 2024. link 43 Öberg J, Jorde R, Almås B, Nielsen CS, Gerds TA, Cashman KD et al.. Vitamin D Status During Adolescence and the Impact of Lifestyle Changes: 2 Years' Follow-up From the Fit Futures Study. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2024. link 44 Ren Q, Xu D, Liang J, Cao Y, Zhang L, Ge S et al.. Poor vitamin D status was associated with increased appendicular fat deposition in US Adults: Data from 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) 2024. link 45 Normando P, de Castro IRR, Bezerra FF, Berti TL, Bertoni N, Lacerda EMA et al.. Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D insufficiency in Brazilian children under 5 years of age: Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). The British journal of nutrition 2024. link 46 Krasniqi E, Boshnjaku A, Ukëhaxhaj A, Wagner KH, Wessner B. Association between vitamin D status, physical performance, sex, and lifestyle factors: a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling Kosovar adults aged 40 years and older. European journal of nutrition 2024. link 47 Al-Hadithy BE, Salih BO, Anber ZNH, Al-Hadad NS. Evaluation of normal range of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin d in iraqi healthy adults: demographic and socioeconomic effects. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego 2024. link 48 Rivero M, Novo N, Medina M. Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate Biosynthesis by Pyridox-(am)-ine 5'-Phosphate Oxidase: Species-Specific Features. International journal of molecular sciences 2024. link 49 Brennan E, Butler AE, Nandakumar M, Thompson K, Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL. Relationship between endocrine disrupting chemicals (phthalate metabolites, triclosan and bisphenols) and vitamin D in female subjects: An exploratory pilot study. Chemosphere 2024. link 50 Al-Qudah SA, Abu-Hussein LAA, Al Sbaihi S. Maternal Awareness of Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants and Children Up to the Age of 6 Years: A Cross-sectional Study in Jordan. Clinical pediatrics 2024. link 51 Alloubani A, Abuhaija B, Almatari M, Jaradat G, Ihnaini B. Predicting vitamin D deficiency using optimized random forest classifier. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2024. link 52 Brîndușe LA, Eclemea I, Neculau AE, Cucu MA. Vitamin D Status in the Adult Population of Romania-Results of the European Health Examination Survey. Nutrients 2024. link 53 Altın H, Şen E, Bozdemir ŞE, Türe E, Aktürk B, Karaca A. Evaluation of the Effect of Vitamin D Treatment on Cardiac Function in Non-Obese Female Adolescents with Vitamin D Deficiency in Türkiye: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nigerian journal of clinical practice 2024. link 54 Phelan J, Thangamuthu A, Muthumeenal S, Houston K, Everton M, Gowda S et al.. Vital D: A modifiable occupational risk factor of UK healthcare workers. PloS one 2024. link 55 Morales-Villar AB, Maldonado-Hernández J, Eduardo Álvarez-Licona N, Piña-Aguero MI, Villalpando-Hernández S, Robledo-Pérez RM et al.. Determinants of Vitamin D Status in Healthy Young Adults from Mexico City. Archives of medical research 2024. link 56 Lech MA, Warpechowski M, Wojszel A, Rentflejsz J, Świętek M, Wojszel ZB. Vitamin D Status among Patients Admitted to a Geriatric Ward-Are Recommendations for Preventing Its Deficiency Effective Enough?. Nutrients 2024. link 57 Mahajan C, Singla N, Jain D. High Incidence of Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) Among Indoor Workers: Association with Dietary and Lifestyle Factors. Ecology of food and nutrition 2024. link 58 Nor MA, Keles E, Hassan-Kadle MA, Hassan MA, Baydili KN, Eker HH. Vitamin D levels in patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia: a retrospective review of 28,125 cases. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) 2024. link 59 Alibrahim H, Swed S, Bohsas H, Abouainain Y, Jawish N, Diab R et al.. Assessment the awareness of vitamin D deficiency among the general population in Syria: an online cross-sectional study. BMC public health 2024. link 60 Pludowski P, Grant WB, Karras SN, Zittermann A, Pilz S. Vitamin D Supplementation: A Review of the Evidence Arguing for a Daily Dose of 2000 International Units (50 µg) of Vitamin D for Adults in the General Population. Nutrients 2024. link 61 Park J, Choi Y, Cho S, Park H, Kim S, Cho HI et al.. Vitamin D Status and Reference Intervals Measured by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Early Adulthood to Geriatric Ages in a South Korean Population during 2017-2022. Nutrients 2024. link 62 Gill S, Adenan AM, Thomas EE, Haleelur Rahman A, Rahim NBA, Ismail NAS. Beyond the Tropics: Unraveling the Complex Relationship between Sun Exposure, Dietary Intake, and Vitamin D Deficiency in Coastal Malaysians. Nutrients 2024. link 63 Paul S, Kaushik R, Chawla P, Upadhyay S, Rawat D, Akhtar A. Vitamin-D as a multifunctional molecule for overall well-being: An integrative review. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2024. link 64 de Boer HC, Sawhney JS. Pediatric scurvy case report: a novel presentation with deep vein thrombosis secondary to large bilateral spontaneous iliac subperiosteal hematomas. BMC pediatrics 2024. link 65 Baudron F, Cairns JE, Haefele SM, Hassall KL, Ndhlela T, Nyagumbo I et al.. Projecting the Contribution of Provitamin A Maize Biofortification and Other Nutrition Interventions to the Nutritional Adequacy and Cost of Diets in Rural Zimbabwe. The Journal of nutrition 2024. link 66 Tsegaye KB, Assem AS, Alemu DS, Birhan GS, Eticha BL. Coverage and associated factors of vitamin-A supplementation among children aged 6-59 months in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022: a community-based cross-sectional study. The Pan African medical journal 2024. link 67 Eslami O, Cuskelly GJ, O'Connor Á. Adherence to vitamin D supplementation guidelines in children under five years of age: a systematic literature review. European journal of nutrition 2024. link 68 Jain GK, Raina V, Grover R, Sharma J, Warsi MH, Aggarwal G et al.. Revisiting the significance of nano-vitamin D for food fortification and therapeutic application. Drug development and industrial pharmacy 2024. link 69 Cashman KD. Vitamin D fortification of foods - sensory, acceptability, cost, and public acceptance considerations. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2024. link 70 Kumar R, Oruna-Concha MJ, Balagiannis DP, Niranjan K. Elevated temperature extraction of β-carotene from freeze-dried carrot powder into sunflower oil: Extraction kinetics and thermal stability. Journal of food science 2024. link 71 Kosian D, Willistein M, Weßbecher R, Eggers C, May O, Boll M. Highly selective whole-cell 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Microbial cell factories 2024. link 72 Snoddy AME, Shaw H, Newman S, Miszkiewicz JJ, Stewart NA, Jakob T et al.. Vitamin D status in post-medieval Northern England: Insights from dental histology and enamel peptide analysis at Coach Lane, North Shields (AD 1711-1857). PloS one 2024. link 73 van der Westhuizen J, Christiaan Vorster B, Opperman M, Jansen van Rensburg PJ. Optimised liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of serum vitamin D analogues while also accounting for epimers and isobars. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 2024. link 74 Hendi NN, Nemer G. In silico characterization of the novel SDR42E1 as a potential vitamin D modulator. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2024. link 75 Cao D, Heughebaert L, Boffel L, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Simultaneous quantification of seven B vitamins from wheat grains using UHPLC-MS/MS. Food chemistry 2024. link 76 Benítez-González AM, Stinco CM, Rodríguez-Pulido FJ, Vicario IM, Meléndez-Martínez AJ. Towards more sustainable cooking practices to increase the bioaccessibility of colourless and provitamin A carotenoids in cooked carrots. Food & function 2024. link 77 Müskens JL, Kool RB, Westert GP, Zaal M, Muller H, Atsma F et al.. Non-indicated vitamin B. BMJ open 2024. link 78 Palermiti A, Manca A, Mastrantonio F, Maiese D, Curatolo A, Antonucci M et al.. Comparative Performance Assessment of Novel Fluorescence Immunoassay POCTs for Measuring Circulating Levels of Vitamin-D. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2024. link 79 Morimoto J, Satogami K, Naraoka T, Taruya A, Tanaka A. Long-Term Maintenance of Normal Serum Vitamin B. International heart journal 2024. link 80 Adie MA, Martes Gomez M, Yom J, Durand M, Wertheimer F, McGowan R et al.. Twin Premature Infants With Riboflavin and Biotin Deficiency Presenting With Refractory Lactic Acidosis, Rash, and Multiorgan Failure During Prolonged Parenteral Nutrition. Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports 2023. link 81 Shalini T, Pullakhandam R, Ghosh S, Kulkarni B, Rajkumar H, Sachdev HS et al.. Prevalence of Vitamin B. Nutrients 2023. link 82 Mocellin MC, Curioni CC, da Silva Pereira A, Ribas SA, Teixeira MT, de Macedo TSG et al.. Prevalence of vitamin B complex deficiencies in women in reproductive age, pregnant, or lactating woman in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Systematic reviews 2023. link 83 Kocaay F, Bilen A, Asik A, Çınar ŞŞ, Aydemir E, Aydemir GA et al.. Changes in choroidal tissue post-supplementation with vitamin D in pediatric patients who are deficient in vitamin D. International ophthalmology 2023. link 84 Borel P, Troadec R, Damiani M, Halimi C, Nowicki M, Guichard P et al.. Vitamin A deficiency during the perinatal period induces changes in vitamin A metabolism in the offspring. The regulation of intestinal vitamin A metabolism via ISX occurs only in male rats severely vitamin A-deficient. European journal of nutrition 2023. link 85 Sediqi MS, Mansoor AR, Mangal M. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among children and adolescents of Kabul: a descriptive cross-sectional study. BMC pediatrics 2023. link 86 Al-Ajlan BY, Freije A, Allehdan S, Perna S. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Adolescents in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Nutrients 2023. link 87 Feehan O, Magee PJ, Pourshahidi LK, Armstrong DJ, McSorley EM. Vitamin D deficiency in nursing home residents: a systematic review. Nutrition reviews 2023. link 88 Campbell R, Curran C, Hayward J, Godwin J, Johnston S, Armstrong J et al.. How effective is public health policy in Scotland on vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy?. Public health nutrition 2023. link 89 Herrmann M. Assessing vitamin D metabolism - four decades of experience. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 2023. link 90 Takacs I, Bakos B, Nemeth Z, Toth BE, Szili B, Lakatos P. Controlled randomized open label clinical study comparing the safety and efficacy of loading schedules in vitamin D deficient patients. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2023. link 91 Pardo-Cabello AJ, Manzano-Gamero V, Puche-Cañas E. Vitamin B12: For more than just the treatment of megaloblastic anemia?. Revista clinica espanola 2023. link 92 Yu HNZ, Chia SY. Scurvy presenting as difficulty in walking in a child. BMJ case reports 2023. link 93 Lenz JS, Tintle N, Kerlikowsky F, Badrasawi M, Zahdeh R, Qasrawi R et al.. Assessment of the vitamin D status and its determinants in young healthy students from Palestine. Journal of nutritional science 2023. link 94 Nascimento LM, Lavôr LCC, Sousa PVL, Luzia LA, Viola PCAF, Paiva AA et al.. Consumption of ultra-processed products is associated with vitamin D deficiency in Brazilian adults and elderly. The British journal of nutrition 2023. link 95 Franco CN, Seabrook LJ, Nguyen ST, Yang Y, Campos M, Fan Q et al.. 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    Original source

    1. [1]
      Multivitamin supplements are not superior to nutrition education in improving fat-soluble vitamin levels: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. — Yusupu S, Yang Y, Geng X, Lin Z, Sun T, Wang Z et al. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition (2026)
    2. [2]
      Non-Fat Fermented Milk Enhanced the Bioavailability of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Humans: A Crossover Study. — Morifuji M, Takahashi S, Sano C, Baba S, Ichikawa S Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology (2026)
    3. [3]
      Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Vitamin Delivery Systems for Precision Nutrition and Improved Bioavailability. — Chennamsetty S, Keerikkadu M, Shetty A, Rathnanand M AAPS PharmSciTech (2026)
    4. [4]
      Why did we end up having so few vitamin D answers and what can we do about it? A provocative and narrative review. — Jorde R The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2026)
    5. [5]
      A novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quick and efficient quantification of five fat-soluble vitamins. — Li SW, Luo Y, Chen W, Huang C, Chen Y, Hong XY Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (2026)
    6. [6]
      Vitamin D enrichment of eggs and its effects on performance and intestinal health in late-stage laying hens. — Thamteerasathian L, Chaiworakul V, Poeikhampha T, Kulsing C, Tungkijanansin N, Anal AK Poultry science (2026)
    7. [7]
      Quantification of water-soluble vitamin profiles in human plasma via automated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. — Yi X, Liang R, Yang Y, Huang X, Wu Y Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry (2026)
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