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Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety 131029.

Diagnosis

  • Key Diagnostic Criteria: Presence of obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming, cause clinically significant distress, and impair social or occupational functioning 110.
  • Recommended Tests: No specific laboratory tests; neuroimaging (fMRI, VBM) may reveal regional brain abnormalities 3628.
  • Grading: Severity often assessed using standardized scales like the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) 110.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatments:
    • - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), particularly Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) 810. - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine; typical starting dose ranges from 25-50 mg 81033.
  • Adjunctive Treatments:
    • - Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Emerging evidence suggests potential efficacy 1. - Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): Various protocols show comparative efficacy 4. - Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Considered for severe, treatment-refractory cases 12.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Early intervention with CBT and SSRIs recommended; practice parameters emphasize comprehensive assessment 737.
  • Comorbidities: Common comorbidities include anxiety disorders, depression, and tic disorders; treatment should address these concurrently 926.
  • Pregnancy and Elderly: Limited specific guidelines; SSRIs may be cautiously continued if benefits outweigh risks; close monitoring advised 533.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Primary Treatment with CBT and SSRIs: Combination of ERP and SSRIs is highly effective for most patients (Evidence: Strong 810).
  • Consider rTMS for Treatment-Resistant OCD: Repetitive TMS protocols can be effective adjuncts in refractory cases (Evidence: Moderate 4).
  • Early Intervention in Pediatric OCD: Comprehensive assessment and early CBT intervention are crucial for pediatric patients (Evidence: Strong 737).
  • Monitor Comorbid Conditions: Address psychiatric comorbidities concurrently to improve overall outcomes (Evidence: Moderate 9).
  • Evaluate DBS for Severe Cases: Deep brain stimulation should be considered for patients with severe, treatment-refractory OCD (Evidence: Weak 12).

    • References

    1 Yan L, Wang Y, Li M. Transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice 2025. link 2 d'Errico I. THE INNER TYRANT AND THE LABYRINTH OF CONTROL: MEANING-MAKING AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN OBSESSIVE FUNCTIONING. Psychiatria Danubina 2025. link 3 Yang Z, Xiao S, Su T, Gong J, Qi Z, Chen G et al.. A multimodal meta-analysis of regional functional and structural brain abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 2024. link 4 Vinod P, Thatikonda NS, Malo PK, Bhaskarapillai B, Arumugham SS, Janardhan Reddy YC. Comparative efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A network meta-analysis. Asian journal of psychiatry 2024. link 5 Hühne V, Dos Santos-Ribeiro S, Moreira-de-Oliveira ME, de Menezes GB, Fontenelle LF. Towards the correlates of stressful life events as precipitants of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and metanalysis. CNS spectrums 2024. link 6 Pankratz B, Feige B, Runge K, Bechter K, Schiele MA, Domschke K et al.. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, and PANDAS: A systematic literature review. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2024. link 7 Zisler EM, Meule A, Endres D, Schennach R, Jelinek L, Voderholzer U. Effects of inpatient, residential, and day-patient treatment on obsessive-compulsive symptoms in persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of psychiatric research 2024. link 8 Mathis MA, Chacon P, Boavista R, de Oliveira MVS, de Barros PMF, Echevarria MAN et al.. Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders guidelines for the treatment of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder. Part II: cognitive-behavioral therapy. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) 2023. link 9 Rowe C, Deledalle A, Boudoukha AH. Psychiatric comorbidities of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Journal of clinical psychology 2022. link 10 Song Y, Li D, Zhang S, Jin Z, Zhen Y, Su Y et al.. The effect of exposure and response prevention therapy on obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry research 2022. link 11 Mar K, Townes P, Pechlivanoglou P, Arnold P, Schachar R. Obsessive compulsive disorder and response inhibition: Meta-analysis of the stop-signal task. Journal of psychopathology and clinical science 2022. link 12 Cruz S, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, González-Domenech P, Díaz-Atienza F, Martínez-Ortega JM, Jiménez-Fernández S. Deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from meta-analysis. Psychiatry research 2022. link 13 Bora E. Social cognition and empathy in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry research 2022. link 14 Chamberlain SR, Solly JE, Hook RW, Vaghi MM, Robbins TW. Cognitive Inflexibility in OCD and Related Disorders. Current topics in behavioral neurosciences 2021. link 15 Scrandis DA, Duarte AC. Trichotillomania and excoriation disorder: Primary care implications. The Nurse practitioner 2021. link 16 Geller DA, Althoff RR, Novins DK. OCD and Anxiety: The Annual Review Issue. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2020. link 17 Marazziti D. Letter to the editor about "The speed of progression towards obsessive-compulsive disorder". Journal of affective disorders 2020. link 18 Scholl J, Rushworth MFS. Obsessing about Uncertainty?. Neuron 2017. link 19 Celik G, Tas DA, Varmıs DA, Tahiroglu A, Avci A. Vitamin D insufficiency in a boy with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 2016. link 20 Mavrogiorgou P, Bader A, Stockfleth E, Juckel G. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in dermatology. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG 2015. link 21 Besiroglu L, Karaca S, Keskin I. Scrupulosity and obsessive compulsive disorder: the cognitive perspective in Islamic sources. Journal of religion and health 2014. link 22 Lippi G, Plebani M, Franchini M. The syndrome of the "obsessive-compulsory scientist": a new mental disorder?. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 2013. link 23 Kestenbaum T. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in dermatology. Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery 2013. link 24 Wallis L. Resisting the ritual. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2011. link 25 Haig D, Úbeda F. Genomic imprinting: an obsession with depilatory mice. Current biology : CB 2011. link 26 Mabrouk AA, Eapen V. Challenges in the identification and treatment of PANDAS: a case series. Journal of tropical pediatrics 2009. link 27 Harrington P. Obsessive compulsive disorder with associated hypochondriasis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2008. link 28 da Rocha FF, Correa H, Teixeira AL. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and immunology: a review. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 2008. link 29 Rachman S. Unwanted intrusive images in obsessive compulsive disorders. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry 2007. link 30 Vythilingum B, Stein DJ. Obsessive-compulsive disorders and dermatologic disease. Dermatologic clinics 2005. link 31 Inglese M, Haley HR, Elewski BE. Onychotillomania: 2 case reports. Cutis 2004. link 32 O'Connor K, Aardema F. Fusion or confusion in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychological reports 2003. link 33 Fineberg NA, O'Doherty C, Rajagopal S, Reddy K, Banks A, Gale TM. How common is obsessive-compulsive disorder in a dermatology outpatient clinic?. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 2003. link 34 Heubi C, Shott SR. PANDAS: pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections--an uncommon, but important indication for tonsillectomy. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2003. link00158-7) 35 Murphy ML, Pichichero ME. Prospective identification and treatment of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococcal infection (PANDAS). Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2002. link 36 Koran LM. Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Psychiatric clinics of North America 2000. link70177-5) 37 . Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. AACAP. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998. link 38 Rachman S. A cognitive theory of obsessions: elaborations. Behaviour research and therapy 1998. link10041-9) 39 Gournay K. Obsessive compulsive disorder: nature and treatment. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 1998. link 40 Ko SM. Obsessive compulsive disorder following head injury. International journal of clinical practice 1997. link 41 Rosenberg DR, Sweeney JA, Gillen JS, Kim J, Varanelli MJ, O'Hearn KM et al.. Magnetic resonance imaging of children without sedation: preparation with simulation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997. link 42 Cooper M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects on family members. The American journal of orthopsychiatry 1996. link 43 Berk M, Koopowitz LF, Szabo CP. Antidepressant induced mania in obsessive compulsive disorder. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 1996. link00046-r) 44 Caplan R, Komaromi J, Rhodes M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, tattooing and bizarre sexual practices. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 1996. link 45 Tallis F. Compulsive washing in the absence of phobic and illness anxiety. Behaviour research and therapy 1996. link00079-8) 46 Paterson AJ, Watson IB. Case report: prolonged match chewing: an unusual case of tooth wear. The European journal of prosthodontics and restorative dentistry 1995. link 47 Tallis F. Obsessions, responsibility and guilt: two case reports suggesting a common and specific aetiology. Behaviour research and therapy 1994. link90096-5) 48 Roth AD, Church JA. The use of revised habituation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. The British journal of clinical psychology 1994. link 49 DeVeaugh-Geiss J. Diagnosis and treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Annual review of medicine 1993. link 50 Grumet GW. Tyranny of the obsessional character. Psychological reports 1991. link 51 Ratnasuriya RH, Marks IM, Forshaw DM, Hymas NF. Obsessive slowness revisited. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 1991. link 52 Veale D. Management of obsessive-compulsive disorder. British journal of hospital medicine 1990. link 53 Jakes I. Salkovskis on obsessional-compulsive neurosis: a critique. Behaviour research and therapy 1989. link90151-4) 54 Senjo M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in people that abuse codeine. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 1989. link 55 Khanna S. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: is there a frontal lobe dysfunction?. Biological psychiatry 1988. link90171-0) 56 Khanna S, Srinath S. Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. 1. Psychopathology. Psychopathology 1988. link 57 Joffe RT, Swinson RP. Total sleep deprivation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 1988. link 58 Greenberg D, Witztum E, Pisante J. Scrupulosity: religious attitudes and clinical presentations. The British journal of medical psychology 1987. link 59 Khanna S, Rajendra PN, Karur BV, Channabasavanna SM. Inter-rater reliability of a classification of obsessions and compulsions. Psychopathology 1987. link 60 Khanna S, Channabasavanna SM. Towards a classification of compulsions in obsessive compulsive neurosis. Psychopathology 1987. link 61 Jenike MA, Armentano ME, Baer L. Disabling obsessive thoughts responsive to antidepressants. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 1987. link 62 Carey RJ, Baer L, Jenike MA, Minichiello WE, Schwartz C, Regan NJ. MMPI correlates of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 1986. link 63 Salzman L. Psychotherapeutic management of obsessive-compulsive patients. American journal of psychotherapy 1985. link 64 Adams PL. The obsessive child: a therapy update. American journal of psychotherapy 1985. link 65 Kahn RS, Westenberg HG, Jolles J. Zimeldine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological and neuropsychological aspects. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 1984. link 66 Jenike MA, Brotman AW. The EEG in obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 1984. link 67 Fontana D. Obsessionality and reversal theory. The British journal of clinical psychology 1981. link 68 Chia BH. A study of obsessive compulsive neurosis in private practice. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 1981. link 69 Snowdon J. Family-size and birth-order in obsessional neurosis. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 1979. link 70 Manchanda R, Sethi BB, Gupta SC. Hostility and guilt in obsessive-compulsive neurosis. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 1979. link 71 Akhtar S. Obsessional neurosis, marriage, sex and fertility: some transcultural comparisons. The International journal of social psychiatry 1978. link 72 Beaumont G. Some aspects of the measurement of phobias and obsessions. The Journal of international medical research 1977. link 73 Silva FR, Wijewickrama HS. Clomipramine in phobic and obsessional states: preliminary report. The New Zealand medical journal 1976. link 74 Philpott R. Recent advances in the behavioural measurement of obsessional illness. Difficulties common to these and other measures. Scottish medical journal 1975. link 75 Allen JJ, Tune GS. The Lynfield Obsessional/Compulsive Questionnaires. Scottish medical journal 1975. link

    Original source

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      Transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. — Yan L, Wang Y, Li M International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice (2025)
    2. [2]
      THE INNER TYRANT AND THE LABYRINTH OF CONTROL: MEANING-MAKING AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN OBSESSIVE FUNCTIONING. — d'Errico I Psychiatria Danubina (2025)
    3. [3]
      A multimodal meta-analysis of regional functional and structural brain abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder. — Yang Z, Xiao S, Su T, Gong J, Qi Z, Chen G et al. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience (2024)
    4. [4]
      Comparative efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A network meta-analysis. — Vinod P, Thatikonda NS, Malo PK, Bhaskarapillai B, Arumugham SS, Janardhan Reddy YC Asian journal of psychiatry (2024)
    5. [5]
      Towards the correlates of stressful life events as precipitants of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and metanalysis. — Hühne V, Dos Santos-Ribeiro S, Moreira-de-Oliveira ME, de Menezes GB, Fontenelle LF CNS spectrums (2024)
    6. [6]
      Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, and PANDAS: A systematic literature review. — Pankratz B, Feige B, Runge K, Bechter K, Schiele MA, Domschke K et al. Brain, behavior, and immunity (2024)
    7. [7]
      Effects of inpatient, residential, and day-patient treatment on obsessive-compulsive symptoms in persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Zisler EM, Meule A, Endres D, Schennach R, Jelinek L, Voderholzer U Journal of psychiatric research (2024)
    8. [8]
      Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders guidelines for the treatment of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder. Part II: cognitive-behavioral therapy. — Mathis MA, Chacon P, Boavista R, de Oliveira MVS, de Barros PMF, Echevarria MAN et al. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) (2023)
    9. [9]
      Psychiatric comorbidities of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. — Rowe C, Deledalle A, Boudoukha AH Journal of clinical psychology (2022)
    10. [10]
      The effect of exposure and response prevention therapy on obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Song Y, Li D, Zhang S, Jin Z, Zhen Y, Su Y et al. Psychiatry research (2022)
    11. [11]
      Obsessive compulsive disorder and response inhibition: Meta-analysis of the stop-signal task. — Mar K, Townes P, Pechlivanoglou P, Arnold P, Schachar R Journal of psychopathology and clinical science (2022)
    12. [12]
      Deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from meta-analysis. — Cruz S, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, González-Domenech P, Díaz-Atienza F, Martínez-Ortega JM, Jiménez-Fernández S Psychiatry research (2022)
    13. [13]
      Social cognition and empathy in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. — Bora E Psychiatry research (2022)
    14. [14]
      Cognitive Inflexibility in OCD and Related Disorders. — Chamberlain SR, Solly JE, Hook RW, Vaghi MM, Robbins TW Current topics in behavioral neurosciences (2021)
    15. [15]
      Trichotillomania and excoriation disorder: Primary care implications. — Scrandis DA, Duarte AC The Nurse practitioner (2021)
    16. [16]
      OCD and Anxiety: The Annual Review Issue. — Geller DA, Althoff RR, Novins DK Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2020)
    17. [17]
      Letter to the editor about "The speed of progression towards obsessive-compulsive disorder". — Marazziti D Journal of affective disorders (2020)
    18. [18]
      Obsessing about Uncertainty? — Scholl J, Rushworth MFS Neuron (2017)
    19. [19]
      Vitamin D insufficiency in a boy with obsessive-compulsive disorder. — Celik G, Tas DA, Varmıs DA, Tahiroglu A, Avci A Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society (2016)
    20. [20]
      Obsessive-compulsive disorder in dermatology. — Mavrogiorgou P, Bader A, Stockfleth E, Juckel G Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG (2015)
    21. [21]
      Scrupulosity and obsessive compulsive disorder: the cognitive perspective in Islamic sources. — Besiroglu L, Karaca S, Keskin I Journal of religion and health (2014)
    22. [22]
      The syndrome of the "obsessive-compulsory scientist": a new mental disorder? — Lippi G, Plebani M, Franchini M Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (2013)
    23. [23]
      Obsessive-compulsive disorder in dermatology. — Kestenbaum T Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery (2013)
    24. [24]
      Resisting the ritual. — Wallis L Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) (2011)
    25. [25]
      Genomic imprinting: an obsession with depilatory mice. — Haig D, Úbeda F Current biology : CB (2011)
    26. [26]
      Challenges in the identification and treatment of PANDAS: a case series. — Mabrouk AA, Eapen V Journal of tropical pediatrics (2009)
    27. [27]
      Obsessive compulsive disorder with associated hypochondriasis. — Harrington P BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (2008)
    28. [28]
      Obsessive-compulsive disorder and immunology: a review. — da Rocha FF, Correa H, Teixeira AL Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (2008)
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      Unwanted intrusive images in obsessive compulsive disorders. — Rachman S Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry (2007)
    30. [30]
      Obsessive-compulsive disorders and dermatologic disease. — Vythilingum B, Stein DJ Dermatologic clinics (2005)
    31. [31]
      Onychotillomania: 2 case reports. — Inglese M, Haley HR, Elewski BE Cutis (2004)
    32. [32]
      Fusion or confusion in obsessive compulsive disorder. — O'Connor K, Aardema F Psychological reports (2003)
    33. [33]
      How common is obsessive-compulsive disorder in a dermatology outpatient clinic? — Fineberg NA, O'Doherty C, Rajagopal S, Reddy K, Banks A, Gale TM The Journal of clinical psychiatry (2003)
    34. [34]
      PANDAS: pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections--an uncommon, but important indication for tonsillectomy. — Heubi C, Shott SR International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2003)
    35. [35]
      Prospective identification and treatment of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococcal infection (PANDAS). — Murphy ML, Pichichero ME Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine (2002)
    36. [36]
      Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder. — Koran LM The Psychiatric clinics of North America (2000)
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      Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. AACAP. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1998)
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      A cognitive theory of obsessions: elaborations. — Rachman S Behaviour research and therapy (1998)
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      Obsessive compulsive disorder: nature and treatment. — Gournay K Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) (1998)
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      Obsessive compulsive disorder following head injury. — Ko SM International journal of clinical practice (1997)
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      Magnetic resonance imaging of children without sedation: preparation with simulation. — Rosenberg DR, Sweeney JA, Gillen JS, Kim J, Varanelli MJ, O'Hearn KM et al. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1997)
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      Obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects on family members. — Cooper M The American journal of orthopsychiatry (1996)
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      Antidepressant induced mania in obsessive compulsive disorder. — Berk M, Koopowitz LF, Szabo CP European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (1996)
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      Obsessive-compulsive disorder, tattooing and bizarre sexual practices. — Caplan R, Komaromi J, Rhodes M The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science (1996)
    45. [45]
      Compulsive washing in the absence of phobic and illness anxiety. — Tallis F Behaviour research and therapy (1996)
    46. [46]
      Case report: prolonged match chewing: an unusual case of tooth wear. — Paterson AJ, Watson IB The European journal of prosthodontics and restorative dentistry (1995)
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      Obsessions, responsibility and guilt: two case reports suggesting a common and specific aetiology. — Tallis F Behaviour research and therapy (1994)
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      The use of revised habituation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. — Roth AD, Church JA The British journal of clinical psychology (1994)
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      Diagnosis and treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. — DeVeaugh-Geiss J Annual review of medicine (1993)
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      Tyranny of the obsessional character. — Grumet GW Psychological reports (1991)
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      Obsessive slowness revisited. — Ratnasuriya RH, Marks IM, Forshaw DM, Hymas NF The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science (1991)
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      Management of obsessive-compulsive disorder. — Veale D British journal of hospital medicine (1990)
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      Salkovskis on obsessional-compulsive neurosis: a critique. — Jakes I Behaviour research and therapy (1989)
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      Obsessive-compulsive disorder in people that abuse codeine. — Senjo M Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica (1989)
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      Obsessive-compulsive disorder: is there a frontal lobe dysfunction? — Khanna S Biological psychiatry (1988)
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      Total sleep deprivation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. — Joffe RT, Swinson RP Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica (1988)
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      Scrupulosity: religious attitudes and clinical presentations. — Greenberg D, Witztum E, Pisante J The British journal of medical psychology (1987)
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      Inter-rater reliability of a classification of obsessions and compulsions. — Khanna S, Rajendra PN, Karur BV, Channabasavanna SM Psychopathology (1987)
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      Towards a classification of compulsions in obsessive compulsive neurosis. — Khanna S, Channabasavanna SM Psychopathology (1987)
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      Disabling obsessive thoughts responsive to antidepressants. — Jenike MA, Armentano ME, Baer L Journal of clinical psychopharmacology (1987)
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      The obsessive child: a therapy update. — Adams PL American journal of psychotherapy (1985)
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      Zimeldine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological and neuropsychological aspects. — Kahn RS, Westenberg HG, Jolles J Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica (1984)
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      The EEG in obsessive-compulsive disorder. — Jenike MA, Brotman AW The Journal of clinical psychiatry (1984)
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      Family-size and birth-order in obsessional neurosis. — Snowdon J Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica (1979)
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      Some aspects of the measurement of phobias and obsessions. — Beaumont G The Journal of international medical research (1977)
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      Clomipramine in phobic and obsessional states: preliminary report. — Silva FR, Wijewickrama HS The New Zealand medical journal (1976)
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      Recent advances in the behavioural measurement of obsessional illness. Difficulties common to these and other measures. — Philpott R Scottish medical journal (1975)
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      The Lynfield Obsessional/Compulsive Questionnaires. — Allen JJ, Tune GS Scottish medical journal (1975)
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