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Cardiology1535 papers

Pulmonary edema

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Pulmonary edema involves the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, impairing gas exchange and leading to respiratory distress. It can be categorized into cardiogenic (due to heart failure) and non-cardiogenic types (e.g., high-altitude pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome).

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Dyspnea, tachypnea, use of accessory muscles, and crackles on auscultation 1 7 9 49.

Imaging: Chest X-ray often shows bilateral infiltrates; lung ultrasound can be highly sensitive for detecting pulmonary edema 44 50 62.

Laboratory Tests: Elevated BNP and troponin levels may aid in diagnosing cardiogenic pulmonary edema 21 25.

Pulmonary Function Tests: Reduced diffusing capacity and hypoxemia 15 51.

Management

Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema:

- Initial Treatment: Oxygen therapy, diuretics (e.g., furosemide), and inotropes if necessary 25 37. - Advanced Support: Non-invasive ventilation or intubation if respiratory failure ensues 47 50.

High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE):

- Rapid Descent: Immediate descent to lower altitude 7 8 9. - Medical Interventions: Nifedipine, dexamethasone, and hypertonic saline solutions 8 9.

Drug-Induced Pulmonary Edema:

- Identify and Discontinue Trigger: Stop the offending medication 13.

Special Populations

Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH):

- Management: Close monitoring of maternal and fetal status, use of magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis, and careful management of PIH to prevent complications like pulmonary edema 4 6 10 19 20 30 35 41 46.

Neonates with Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension (PPHN):

- Monitoring: Use of arterial to end-tidal CO2 gradient for monitoring 20. - Therapies: Inhaled nitric oxide, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and vasopressors like prostaglandin E1 and vasopressin 23 24 25 31.

Elderly and Comorbidities:

- Consideration of Comorbid Conditions: Tailored management considering coexisting heart failure, COPD, or renal impairment 27 33.

Key Recommendations

Immediate Oxygen Therapy for Pulmonary Edema: Initiate supplemental oxygen to maintain adequate oxygenation 1 7 9 49. (Evidence: Strong)

Rapid Descent for HAPE: For patients with HAPE, immediate descent to lower altitude is crucial 7 8 9. (Evidence: Strong)

Use of Diuretics in Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Administer diuretics such as furosemide to manage fluid overload 25 37. (Evidence: Moderate)

Monitor Arterial to End-Tidal CO2 Gradient in Neonates with PPHN: Utilize this gradient for monitoring PPHN severity and response to treatment 20. (Evidence: Moderate)

Discontinue Trigger Medications in Drug-Induced Pulmonary Edema: Identify and cease the causative medication promptly 13. (Evidence: Weak)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 549 indexed papers.

1 Mooers EA, Rana U, Joshi CN, Afolayan AJ, Teng RJ, Konduri GG. Decreased AMP-kinase function in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells contributes to pulmonary artery remodeling in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 2026. link 2 Li X, Mao Z, Wang C, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Liu J et al.. Intervention effect of small extracellular vesicles derived from dental pulp stem cells on a high-altitude pulmonary edema model in male rats. Physiological reports 2026. link 3 Nakanishi H. From pulmonary to ocular protection: rethinking inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants with pulmonary hypertension. Pediatric research 2026. link 4 Su X, Chi Y, Shen X, Luo J, Qiu X. β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Sodium Alginate Nanocarrier Co-Loaded with Naringenin Attenuates Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Via JAK/STAT3 Pathway Inhibition. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology 2026. link 5 Lu HZ, Jiang TM, Chen ST, Khoo HE, Dong XH, Li HY et al.. Modulation of blood pressure in pregnant rats through probiotic-fermented buffalo milk, propionate-producing bacteria, and the phenylalanine metabolic pathway. Journal of hypertension 2026. link 6 Li Y, He Y, Wang Q, Wang X, Xie Y, Cheng L et al.. The association of maternal serum parameters with pregnancy induced hypertension in Chinese population. PloS one 2026. link 7 Rodriguez JO, Shumway D, Tubbs P, Leek M, Nettlow D. High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema Management in a Special Operator. Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals 2026. link 8 Chen Q, Jia N, Zhang X, Liu J, Shen Z, Chen C et al.. Calycosin ameliorates high-altitude pulmonary edema by regulating macrophage polarization through the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway: a comprehensive analysis of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2026. link 9 Zhang Z, Ma X, Su C, Meng J, Yu H, Liang Z et al.. Perfluorocarbon ameliorates high-altitude pulmonary edema and blood-gas barrier dysfunction in a canine model and a lung-on-chip model by suppressing the HIF-1α/HO-1 pathway. European journal of pharmacology 2026. link 10 Deng J, Song J, Zhang A, Qu F, Wu Y, Chen T. Prediction of adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnancy-induced hypertension using IVIM-DWI-based microstructure, microcirculation, and multisequence MR texture features. Abdominal radiology (New York) 2026. link 11 Chen N, Yin X, Wang D, Zhou D, Kang L, Li X. Downregulation of KLF2 impairs pulmonary endothelial function and promotes persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Biochemical pharmacology 2026. link 12 Wei X, Shi W, Dong X, Kong W, Dong L, Zhang L et al.. Hypobaric hypoxia can lead to an increase in lung dendritic cells and promote T-cell immunosuppression, thereby preventing the excessive progression of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 13 Zhong Z, Liu M, Zhong Q, Zhou M, Di X. Drug-induced pulmonary edema: a real-world pharmacovigilance study using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas 2025. link 14 Sassi C, Habermann S, Coria MA, Grüger A, Kola V, Schmitt HM. Full moon mesencephalon sign: a transient cytotoxic lesion in a hemodialysis patient with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation and severe stenosis of the right vertebral artery. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2025. link 15 Yin L, Wen Y, Liang Z, Guan Z, Yu X, Xu J et al.. Lung function and blood gas of rats after different protocols of hypobaric exposure. Medical gas research 2025. link 16 Miserocchi G. Physiopathology of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. High altitude medicine & biology 2025. link 17 Adamik KN, Guillet C, Hennink I. Postural drainage and high flow nasal oxygen therapy in four cats with decompensated cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Journal of feline medicine and surgery 2025. link 18 Joshi S, Cardona VQ, Poletto E, Menkiti O. Bleeding Complications in Neonates Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Controlled Hypothermia. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 19 Chen M, Shi P, Wang P, Zhang T, Zhao J, Zhao L. Up-regulation of Trim28 in pregnancy-induced hypertension is involved in the injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells through the p38 signaling pathway. Histology and histopathology 2024. link 20 Williams EE, Bednarczuk N, Nanjundappa M, Greenough A, Dassios T. Monitoring persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn using the arterial to end tidal carbon dioxide gradient. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 2024. link 21 Jano E, Vaz MJ, Mally PN, Wachtel EV. Pilot Study Investigating Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Troponin, Galectin-3, and miRNA-126a-5p as Biomarkers of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 22 Li H, Liu S, Dai W, Yao B, Zhou Y, Si S et al.. Pressure-sensitive multivesicular liposomes as a smart drug-delivery system for high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 2024. link 23 Shah S, Dhalait S, Fursule A, Khandare J, Kaul A. Use of Vasopressin as Rescue Therapy in Refractory Hypoxia and Refractory Systemic Hypotension in Term Neonates with Severe Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension-A Prospective Observational Study. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 24 Tsoi SM, Nawaytou H, Almeneisi H, Steurer M, Zhao Y, Fineman JR et al.. Prostaglandin-E1 infusion in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatric pulmonology 2024. link 25 Ball MK, Seabrook RB, Bonachea EM, Chen B, Fathi O, Nankervis CA et al.. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Acute Stabilization and Management of Neonates with Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn. American journal of perinatology 2023. link 26 Mukherjee D, Rana U, Kriegel AJ, Liu P, Michalkiewicz T, Konduri GG. Fetal pulmonary hypertension: dysregulated microRNA-34c-Notch1 axis contributes to impaired angiogenesis in an ovine model. Pediatric research 2023. link 27 Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Hernandez-Vaquero D, Suero-Mendez C, Burillo-PutzE G, Gil V, Calvo-Rodriguez R et al.. Effects of MIdazolam versus MOrphine in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An analysis of MIMO trial. The American journal of emergency medicine 2023. link 28 Whelchel BD, Palerme JS, Tou SP, Ward JL. Retrospective evaluation of the etiology and clinical characteristics of peripheral edema in dogs. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 2023. link 29 Ryan EG, Couturier DL, Heritier S. Bayesian adaptive clinical trial designs for respiratory medicine. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) 2022. link 30 Ogawa K, Morisaki N, Piedvache A, Nagata C, Sago H, Urayama KY et al.. Association Between Birth Weight and Risk of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension and Gestational Diabetes in Japanese Women: JPHC-NEXT Study. Journal of epidemiology 2022. link 31 Mohamed AA, Louis D, Surak A, Weisz DE, McNamara PJ, Jain A. Vasopressin for refractory persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in preterm neonates - a case series. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 32 Nakwan N, Mahasirimongkol S, Satproedprai N, Chaiyasung T, Kunhapan P, Charoenlap C et al.. Possible association between a polymorphism of EPAS1 gene and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a case-control study. Jornal de pediatria 2022. link 33 Rafique Z, McArthur R, Sekhon N, Mesbah H, Almasary A, Peacock WF. Remote dielectric sensing for detecting pulmonary edema in the emergency department. The American journal of emergency medicine 2022. link 34 El Mokadem MO, Hady YAE, Yaquob SM, Fahim AS. Short term cardiovascular risk in normotensive women after hypertensive pregnancy. Hipertension y riesgo vascular 2021. link 35 Bridwell RE, Larson NP, Rosenthal JB, Wray J, Baker Z, Cibrario A et al.. Guanfacine toxic ingestion with subsequent cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The American journal of emergency medicine 2021. link 36 Largeau B, Cracowski JL, Lengellé C, Sautenet B, Jonville-Béra AP. Drug-induced peripheral oedema: An aetiology-based review. British journal of clinical pharmacology 2021. link 37 Van Winden KR, Bearden A, Kono N, Frederick T, Operskalski E, Stek A et al.. Low Bioactive Vitamin D Is Associated with Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension in a Cohort of Pregnant HIV-Infected Women Sampled Over a 23-Year Period. American journal of perinatology 2020. link 38 Nielsen NR, Rangarajan KV, Mao L, Rockman HA, Caron KM. A murine model of increased coronary sinus pressure induces myocardial edema with cardiac lymphatic dilation and fibrosis. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2020. link 39 Chen S, Li N, Mei Z, Ye R, Li Z, Liu J et al.. Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension: A randomized clinical trial. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2019. link 40 Gil V, Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Masip J, Peacock WF, Miró Ò. Morphine Use in the Treatment of Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema and Its Effects on Patient Outcome: A Systematic Review. Current heart failure reports 2019. link 41 Liang C, Wang J, Xia X, Wang Q, Li Z, Tao R et al.. Serum cobalt status during pregnancy and the risks of pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome: A prospective birth cohort study. Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) 2018. link 42 Li X, Tan H, Chen M, Zhou S. Transforming growth factor beta 1 related gene polymorphisms in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: A case-control candidate gene association study. Pregnancy hypertension 2018. link 43 Wu Y, Ruan Y, Shen L, Gong Q. Protective effects of PPAR-γ against pregnancy-induced hypertension by differential ETR expression in rat models. Journal of cellular biochemistry 2018. link 44 Hamamura K, Yanagida M, Ishikawa H, Banzai M, Yoshitake H, Nonaka D et al.. Quantitative measurement of a candidate serum biomarker peptide derived from α2-HS-glycoprotein, and a preliminary trial of multidimensional peptide analysis in females with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Annals of clinical biochemistry 2018. link 45 Tielemans MJ, Erler NS, Franco OH, Jaddoe VWV, Steegers EAP, Kiefte-de Jong JC. Dietary acid load and blood pressure development in pregnancy: The Generation R Study. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2018. link 46 Liu H, Xia W, Xu S, Zhang B, Lu B, Huang Z et al.. Cadmium body burden and pregnancy-induced hypertension. International journal of hygiene and environmental health 2018. link 47 Aliberti S, Rosti VD, Travierso C, Brambilla AM, Piffer F, Petrelli G et al.. A real life evaluation of non invasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a multicenter, perspective, observational study for the ACPE SIMEU study group. BMC emergency medicine 2018. link 48 Zhou Q, Wang D, Liu Y, Yang X, Lucas R, Fischer B. Solnatide Demonstrates Profound Therapeutic Activity in a Rat Model of Pulmonary Edema Induced by Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia and Exercise. Chest 2017. link 49 Morrow-Barnes A. Pulmonary oedema. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2016. link 50 Blanco PA, Cianciulli TF. Pulmonary Edema Assessed by Ultrasound: Impact in Cardiology and Intensive Care Practice. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2016. link 51 Pottier V, Valette X, Seguin A, Masson R, Parienti JJ, Sauneuf B et al.. Diagnostic accuracy of hemoconcentration for pulmonary edema as the cause of weaning failure. Minerva anestesiologica 2016. link 52 Kemse NG, Kale AA, Joshi SR. Supplementation of maternal omega-3 fatty acids to pregnancy induced hypertension Wistar rats improves IL10 and VEGF levels. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids 2016. link 53 Paik J, Kang JH, Chang D, Yang MP. Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in a Dog Following Initiation of Therapy for Concurrent Hypoadrenocorticism and Hypothyroidism. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 2016. link 54 Sabolovic Rudman S, Mustapic M, Kosec V, Pivac N, Rudman F, Muck-Seler D. Serotonin risk factors for the development of hypertension in pregnancy. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2015. link 55 Altamura S, Bärtsch P, Dehnert C, Maggiorini M, Weiss G, Theurl I et al.. Increased hepcidin levels in high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2015. link 56 Sakar MN, Atay AE, Demir S, Bakir VL, Demir B, Balsak D et al.. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene G894T polymorphism and serum nitric oxide levels in patients with preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2015. link 57 Noguchi J, Tanaka H, Koyanagi A, Miyake K, Hata T. Three-dimensional power Doppler indices at 18-22 weeks' gestation for prediction of fetal growth restriction or pregnancy-induced hypertension. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2015. link 58 Regev RH, Arnon S, Litmanovitz I, Bauer-Rusek S, Boyko V, Lerner-Geva L et al.. Outcome of singleton preterm small for gestational age infants born to mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension. A population-based study. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2015. link 59 Santhosh MC, Pai RB, Rao RP. Acute pulmonary edema following inflation of arterial tourniquet. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion 2014. link 60 Guzoglu N, Sari FN, Altug N. An unusual cause of refractory persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery. Cardiology in the young 2014. link 61 Henriques AC, Carvalho FH, Feitosa HN, Macena RH, Mota RM, Alencar JC. Endothelial dysfunction after pregnancy-induced hypertension. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2014. link 62 Rademacher N, Pariaut R, Pate J, Saelinger C, Kearney MT, Gaschen L. Transthoracic lung ultrasound in normal dogs and dogs with cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a pilot study. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association 2014. link 63 Smart DR, Sage M, Davis FM. Two fatal cases of immersion pulmonary oedema - using dive accident investigation to assist the forensic pathologist. Diving and hyperbaric medicine 2014. link 64 Martindale JL, Noble VE, Liteplo A. Diagnosing pulmonary edema: lung ultrasound versus chest radiography. European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine 2013. link 65 Radman MR, Goldhoff P, Jones KD, Azakie A, Datar S, Adatia I et al.. Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis: an unrecognized etiology of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in congenital heart disease?. Pediatric cardiology 2013. link 66 Bouzat P, Walther G, Rupp T, Doucende G, Payen JF, Levy P et al.. Time course of asymptomatic interstitial pulmonary oedema at high altitude. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology 2013. link 67 Aguor EN, van de Kolk CW, Arslan F, Nederhoff MG, Doevendans PA, Pasterkamp G et al.. 23Na chemical shift imaging and Gd enhancement of myocardial edema. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2013. link 68 Wassmuth R, Prothmann M, Utz W, Dieringer M, von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Greiser A et al.. Variability and homogeneity of cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial T2-mapping in volunteers compared to patients with edema. Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2013. link 69 Jan MR, Nazli R, Shah J, Akhtar T. A study of lipoproteins in normal and pregnancy induced hypertensive women in tertiary care hospitals of the north west frontier province-Pakistan. Hypertension in pregnancy 2012. link 70 Wedgwood S, Lakshminrusimha S, Farrow KN, Czech L, Gugino SF, Soares F et al.. Apocynin improves oxygenation and increases eNOS in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 2012. link 71 Erdem M, Harma M, Harma IM, Arikan I, Barut A. Comparative study of oxidative stress in maternal blood with that of cord blood and maternal milk. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2012. link 72 Srivastava S, Bhagi S, Kumari B, Chandra K, Sarkar S, Ashraf MZ. Association of polymorphisms in angiotensin and aldosterone synthase genes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS 2012. link 73 Kyrychenko S, Tishkin S, Dosenko V, Ivanova I, Novokhatska T, Soloviev A. The BK(Ca) channels deficiency as a possible reason for radiation-induced vascular hypercontractility. Vascular pharmacology 2012. link 74 Ferreira VM, Piechnik SK, Dall'Armellina E, Karamitsos TD, Francis JM, Choudhury RP et al.. Non-contrast T1-mapping detects acute myocardial edema with high diagnostic accuracy: a comparison to T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2012. link 75 Pandya GJ, Mukhopadhyay A, Ping CA, Lim TK. Unilateral lobar pulmonary edema. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2012. link 76 Goodacre S, Gray A, Newby D, Dixon S, Masson M, Sampson F et al.. Health utility and survival after hospital admission with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2011. link 77 Nakwan N, Nakwan N, Wannaro J. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn successfully treated with beraprost sodium: a retrospective chart review. Neonatology 2011. link 78 Ehrenthal DB, Jurkovitz C, Hoffman M, Jiang X, Weintraub WS. Prepregnancy body mass index as an independent risk factor for pregnancy-induced hypertension. Journal of women's health (2002) 2011. link 79 Nielsen TF, Rylander R. Urinary calcium and magnesium excretion relates to increase in blood pressure during pregnancy. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2011. link 80 Kamat R, Jain V, Bahl A. Serial estimation of flow mediated dilatation in women at risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. International journal of cardiology 2011. link 81 Nouira S, Boukef R, Bouida W, Kerkeni W, Beltaief K, Boubaker H et al.. Non-invasive pressure support ventilation and CPAP in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a multicenter randomized study in the emergency department. Intensive care medicine 2011. link 82 Bakker R, Steegers EA, Raat H, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW. Maternal caffeine intake, blood pressure, and the risk of hypertensive complications during pregnancy. The Generation R Study. American journal of hypertension 2011. link 83 Charoenpanichkit C, Little WC, Mandapaka S, Dall'Armellina E, Morgan TM, Hamilton CA et al.. Impaired left ventricular stroke volume reserve during clinical dobutamine stress predicts future episodes of pulmonary edema. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011. link 84 Daugherty LE. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as rescue therapy for methadone-induced pulmonary edema. Pediatric emergency care 2011. link 85 van Disseldorp J, Eijkemans R, Fauser B, Broekmans F. Hypertensive pregnancy complications in poor and normal responders after in vitro fertilization. Fertility and sterility 2010. link 86 Miyake H, Iwasaki N, Nakai A, Suzuki S, Takeshita T. The influence of assisted reproductive technology on women with pregnancy-induced hypertension: a retrospective study at a Japanese Regional Perinatal Center. 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Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 2009. link 91 Cosentini R, Aliberti S, Bignamini A, Piffer F, Brambilla AM. Mortality in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Intensive care medicine 2009. link 92 Potts JM. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: effect on mortality in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a pragmatic meta-analysis. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2009. link 93 Vital FM, Saconato H, Ladeira MT, Sen A, Hawkes CA, Soares B et al.. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2008. link 94 Bosomworth J. Rural treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: applying the evidence to achieve success with failure. 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Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn with transposition of the great arteries: successful treatment with bosentan. European journal of pediatrics 2008. link 99 Madias JE. Manual-based versus automation-based measurements of the amplitude of QRS complexes and T waves in patients with changing edematous states: clinical implications. Journal of electrocardiology 2008. link 100 Farrow KN, Groh BS, Schumacker PT, Lakshminrusimha S, Czech L, Gugino SF et al.. Hyperoxia increases phosphodiesterase 5 expression and activity in ovine fetal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Circulation research 2008. link

Original source

[1]
Decreased AMP-kinase function in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells contributes to pulmonary artery remodeling in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. — Mooers EA, Rana U, Joshi CN, Afolayan AJ, Teng RJ, Konduri GG American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology (2026)
[2]
Intervention effect of small extracellular vesicles derived from dental pulp stem cells on a high-altitude pulmonary edema model in male rats. — Li X, Mao Z, Wang C, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Liu J et al. Physiological reports (2026)
[3]
From pulmonary to ocular protection: rethinking inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants with pulmonary hypertension. — Nakanishi H Pediatric research (2026)
[4]
β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Sodium Alginate Nanocarrier Co-Loaded with Naringenin Attenuates Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Via JAK/STAT3 Pathway Inhibition. — Su X, Chi Y, Shen X, Luo J, Qiu X Applied biochemistry and biotechnology (2026)
[5]
Modulation of blood pressure in pregnant rats through probiotic-fermented buffalo milk, propionate-producing bacteria, and the phenylalanine metabolic pathway. — Lu HZ, Jiang TM, Chen ST, Khoo HE, Dong XH, Li HY et al. Journal of hypertension (2026)
[6]
The association of maternal serum parameters with pregnancy induced hypertension in Chinese population. — Li Y, He Y, Wang Q, Wang X, Xie Y, Cheng L et al. PloS one (2026)
[7]
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema Management in a Special Operator. — Rodriguez JO, Shumway D, Tubbs P, Leek M, Nettlow D Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals (2026)
[8]
Calycosin ameliorates high-altitude pulmonary edema by regulating macrophage polarization through the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway: a comprehensive analysis of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation. — Chen Q, Jia N, Zhang X, Liu J, Shen Z, Chen C et al. Journal of ethnopharmacology (2026)
[9]
Perfluorocarbon ameliorates high-altitude pulmonary edema and blood-gas barrier dysfunction in a canine model and a lung-on-chip model by suppressing the HIF-1α/HO-1 pathway. — Zhang Z, Ma X, Su C, Meng J, Yu H, Liang Z et al. European journal of pharmacology (2026)
[10]
Prediction of adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnancy-induced hypertension using IVIM-DWI-based microstructure, microcirculation, and multisequence MR texture features. — Deng J, Song J, Zhang A, Qu F, Wu Y, Chen T Abdominal radiology (New York) (2026)
[11]
Downregulation of KLF2 impairs pulmonary endothelial function and promotes persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. — Chen N, Yin X, Wang D, Zhou D, Kang L, Li X Biochemical pharmacology (2026)
[12]
Hypobaric hypoxia can lead to an increase in lung dendritic cells and promote T-cell immunosuppression, thereby preventing the excessive progression of high-altitude pulmonary edema. — Wei X, Shi W, Dong X, Kong W, Dong L, Zhang L et al. Frontiers in immunology (2026)
[13]
Drug-induced pulmonary edema: a real-world pharmacovigilance study using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). — Zhong Z, Liu M, Zhong Q, Zhou M, Di X Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas (2025)
[14]
Full moon mesencephalon sign: a transient cytotoxic lesion in a hemodialysis patient with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation and severe stenosis of the right vertebral artery. — Sassi C, Habermann S, Coria MA, Grüger A, Kola V, Schmitt HM Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2025)
[15]
Lung function and blood gas of rats after different protocols of hypobaric exposure. — Yin L, Wen Y, Liang Z, Guan Z, Yu X, Xu J et al. Medical gas research (2025)
[16]
Physiopathology of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. — Miserocchi G High altitude medicine & biology (2025)
[17]
Postural drainage and high flow nasal oxygen therapy in four cats with decompensated cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. — Adamik KN, Guillet C, Hennink I Journal of feline medicine and surgery (2025)
[18]
Bleeding Complications in Neonates Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Controlled Hypothermia. — Joshi S, Cardona VQ, Poletto E, Menkiti O American journal of perinatology (2024)
[19]
Up-regulation of Trim28 in pregnancy-induced hypertension is involved in the injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells through the p38 signaling pathway. — Chen M, Shi P, Wang P, Zhang T, Zhao J, Zhao L Histology and histopathology (2024)
[20]
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[21]
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