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Cardiology374 papers

Polyneuropathy in polyarteritis nodosa

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis primarily affecting medium-sized arteries, leading to multiorgan involvement including peripheral neuropathy and polyneuropathy 8.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Constitutional symptoms (fever, weight loss), multisystem involvement (neurological, renal, gastrointestinal) 12345678111215202530354467.
  • Laboratory Tests: Elevated inflammatory markers, ANCA (myeloperoxidase-ANCA) positivity in some cases 111154766.
  • Imaging: Abdominal CT, MRI, and Doppler ultrasonography to identify arterial abnormalities and aneurysms 2229325669.
  • Biopsy: Histopathological confirmation showing necrotizing vasculitis with granulomatous inflammation 8112247.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatment: Corticosteroids (initially high dose) combined with cyclophosphamide 111222303841506167.
  • Adjunctive Therapies: Rituximab for refractory cases 305161.
  • Other Options: Tocilizumab for refractory disease, especially in patients with past hepatitis B infection 182161.
  • Monitoring: Regular assessment of renal function, blood pressure, and neurological status 11115293044.

    • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Early diagnosis crucial; treatment similar to adults but requires careful monitoring of growth and development 1316192636395964.
  • Comorbidities: Consider impact on treatment efficacy and toxicity, especially in hepatitis B coinfection 1860.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate treatment with high-dose corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide for systemic PAN to achieve remission 1112 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Consider rituximab for patients with refractory PAN 3051 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Regularly monitor for organ-specific complications, including neurological involvement such as polyneuropathy 11529 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Tailor management in pediatric patients with close attention to growth and developmental milestones 1316 (Evidence: Expert opinion).
  • Evaluate and manage comorbidities, particularly hepatitis B, which may influence treatment choices and outcomes 1860 (Evidence: Moderate).

    • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 335 indexed papers.

    1 Iturgoyen-Fuentes DP. Drug-induced renal function deterioration in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa. Farmaceuticos comunitarios 2026. link 2 Yaprak Bayrak B, Kabul S, Seday SZ, Ozsoy S, Solak HT, Yorukoglu K et al.. Polyarteritis nodosa with isolated organ involvement requiring resection in the genitourinary system. Annals of diagnostic pathology 2026. link 3 Yagi I, Yagi S, Nakanishi K, Tezuka K, Matsuyama K, Aibara Y et al.. Critical Limb Threatening Ischemia Due to Severe Polyarteritis Nodosa. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2025. link 4 Ichimata S, Hata Y, Yoshida K, Tanaka R, Nishida N. Sudden unexpected death of a young adult due to subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with polyarteritis nodosa: Clinicopathological appearance and literature review. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2024. link 5 Cao F, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Cao Y. Cutaneous nodular polyarteritis presenting as refractory ulcers on both lower extremities: A case report. Explore (New York, N.Y.) 2024. link 6 Mehrabi Nasab E, Athari SS. Reporting complete heart block in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa after COVID-19 vaccination. ESC heart failure 2023. link 7 Zhao L, Kong X, Zhao J, Zhou J, Zhang S, Xu D et al.. Identifying risk and prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa patients with digital gangrene. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2023. link 8 Puéchal X. Polyarteritis Nodosa: State of the art. Joint bone spine 2022. link 9 Bettuzzi T, Jachiet M, Sbidian E, Frumholtz L, Cordoliani F, Mouthon L et al.. Efficacy and safety of treatments in cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: A French observational retrospective study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2022. link 10 Nomura S, Shimojima Y, Kondo Y, Kishida D, Sekijima Y. Hypertrophic pachymeningitis in polyarteritis nodosa: a case-based review. Clinical rheumatology 2022. link 11 Chung SA, Gorelik M, Langford CA, Maz M, Abril A, Guyatt G et al.. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Polyarteritis Nodosa. Arthritis care & research 2021. link 12 Chung SA, Gorelik M, Langford CA, Maz M, Abril A, Guyatt G et al.. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Polyarteritis Nodosa. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2021. link 13 Kasap Cuceoglu M, Sener S, Batu ED, Kaya Akca U, Demir S, Sag E et al.. Systematic review of childhood-onset polyarteritis nodosa and DADA2. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2021. link 14 Papachristodoulou E, Kakoullis L, Tiniakou E, Parperis K. Therapeutic options for cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2021. link 15 Miyagawa T, Iwata Y, Oshima M, Ogura H, Sato K, Nakagawa S et al.. Polyarteritis nodosa with perirenal hematoma due to the rupture of a renal artery aneurysm. CEN case reports 2021. link 16 Lai J, Zhao L, Zhong H, Zhou J, Guo X, Xu D et al.. Characteristics and Outcomes of Coronary Artery Involvement in Polyarteritis Nodosa. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2021. link 17 Li L, Lao YH. Bacterial-Infection-Associated Polyarteritis Nodosa Presenting as Acute, Rapidly Progressive Multiple Hepatic Artery Aneurysms. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2021. link 18 Carrión-Barberà I, Pros A, Salman-Monte TC, Vílchez-Oya F, Sánchez-Schmidt JM, Pérez-García C et al.. Safe and successful treatment of refractory polyarteritis nodosa with tocilizumab in a patient with past hepatitis B virus infection: a case-based review. Clinical rheumatology 2021. link 19 Ungprasert P, Koster MJ, Cheungpasitporn W, Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Kroner PT. Inpatient burden and association with comorbidities of polyarteritis nodosa: National Inpatient Sample 2014. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2020. link 20 Ganeshanandan LR, Brusch AM, Dyke JM, McLean-Tooke APC. Polyarteritis nodosa isolated to muscles-A case series with a review of the literature. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2020. link 21 Krusche M, Ruffer N, Kötter I. Tocilizumab treatment in refractory polyarteritis nodosa: a case report and review of the literature. Rheumatology international 2019. link 22 Sönmez HE, Armağan B, Ayan G, Barut K, Batu ED, Erden A et al.. Polyarteritis nodosa: lessons from 25 years of experience. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2019. link 23 Salvadori C, Vezzosi T, Marchetti V, Cantile C. Polyarteritis Nodosa in a Cat with Involvement of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Journal of comparative pathology 2019. link 24 Calvo R, Negri M, Ortiz A, Roverano S, Paira S. Myositis as the initial presentation of panarteritis nodosa. Reumatologia clinica 2019. link 25 Salgado-Lopez L, de Quintana-Schmidt C, Catala-Antunez I, Aibar-Duran J, San Roman-Manzanera L, Molet-Teixido J. [Non-aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage secondary to panarteritis nodosa at paediatric age: a case report]. Revista de neurologia 2018. link 26 Abe Y, Tada K, Yamaji K, Takasaki Y, Tamura N. Association of five-factor score with the mortality in Japanese patients with polyarteritis nodosa. Modern rheumatology 2018. link 27 Kizawa T, Yoto Y, Mizukami M, Tsugawa T, Takeuchi T, Kamasaki H et al.. A case report of cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa in siblings. Modern rheumatology 2018. link 28 Matsumoto A, Al-Rohil RN, Bravin M, Anderson L, Wroblewski D, Carlson JA. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa localized to a region of lymphedema secondary to Streptococcus viridans cellulitis and multiple surgeries. Journal of cutaneous pathology 2017. link 29 Sharma A, Pinto B, Dhooria A, Rathi M, Singhal M, Dhir V et al.. Polyarteritis nodosa in north India: clinical manifestations and outcomes. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2017. link 30 Seri Y, Shoda H, Hanata N, Nagafuchi Y, Sumitomo S, Fujio K et al.. A case of refractory polyarteritis nodosa successfully treated with rituximab. Modern rheumatology 2017. link 31 Martinez Santos J, Kaderali Z, Spears J, Rubin LA, Marotta TR. Flow diversion in vasculitic intracranial aneurysms? Repair of giant complex cavernous carotid aneurysm in polyarteritis nodosa using Pipeline embolization devices: first reported case. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2016. link 32 Singhal M, Gupta P, Sharma A, Lal A, Rathi M, Khandelwal N. Role of multidetector abdominal CT in the evaluation of abnormalities in polyarteritis nodosa. Clinical radiology 2016. link 33 Yamamoto T, Inoue Y, Tomiita M, Oikawa M, Kambe N, Arima T et al.. Successful treatment of Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus infection-associated juvenile cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa with tonsillectomy. Modern rheumatology 2015. link 34 Srinivasaraghavan R, Krishnamurthy S, Mahadevan S. Catastrophic intracranial hemorrhage as a presenting feature of juvenile polyarteritis nodosa. Journal of child neurology 2014. link 35 Guirola R, Hunter JV, Perez M, Muscal E. Childhood polyarteritis nodosa presenting with central nervous system manifestations and the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Journal of child neurology 2014. link 36 Mondal R, Sarkar S, Pal P, Nandi M, Hazra A, Sabui TK. Childhood Polyarteritis Nodosa: a prospective multicentre study from eastern India. Indian journal of pediatrics 2014. link 37 Zoshima T, Matsumura M, Suzuki Y, Kakuchi Y, Mizushima I, Fujii H et al.. A case of refractory cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa in a patient with hepatitis B carrier status successfully treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade. Modern rheumatology 2013. link 38 Jelusic M, Vikic-Topic M, Batinic D, Milosevic D, Malenica B, Malcic I. Polyarteritis nodosa in Croatian children: a retrospective study over the last 20 years. Rheumatology international 2013. link 39 Buonuomo PS, El Hachem M, Callea F, Bracaglia C, Diociaiuti A, Pardeo M et al.. Necrosis of the tongue as first symptom of Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN): unusual presentation of a rare disease in children. Rheumatology international 2013. link 40 Ferreras MC, Benavides J, Fuertes M, García-Pariente C, Muñoz M, Delgado L et al.. Pathological features of systemic necrotizing vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa) in sheep. Journal of comparative pathology 2013. link 41 Wang H, Li J, Jiang Y, Dai Q, Jiang Y, Hou Y et al.. Polyarteritis nodosa with multiple aneurysms and renal arteriovenous fistula successfully diagnosed by colour Doppler sonography. Clinical rheumatology 2013. link 42 Tabriziani H, Wilcox CS, Gilbert ON, Lipkowitz MS. Minocycline-induced renal polyarteritis nodosa. BMJ case reports 2012. link 43 Fernanda F, Serena C, Giustina R, Antonella B, Alessandra D, Alessio M. Mycophenolate mofetil treatment in two children with severe polyarteritis nodosa refractory to immunosuppressant drugs. Rheumatology international 2012. link 44 Shields LB, Burge M, Hunsaker JC. Sudden death due to polyarteritis nodosa. Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 2012. link 45 Haroon M, Bermingham N, Keohane C, Harney S. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting with clinical and radiologic features suggestive of polymyositis. Rheumatology international 2012. link 46 Kluger N, Guillot B, Bessis D. Ulcerative cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa treated with mycophenolate mofetil and pentoxifylline. The Journal of dermatological treatment 2011. link 47 Sakaguchi Y, Uehata T, Kawabata H, Niihata K, Shimomura A, Suzuki A et al.. An autopsy-proven case of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive polyarteritis nodosa with acute renal failure and alveolar hemorrhage. Clinical and experimental nephrology 2011. link 48 Peters BS, Kuttler B, Beineke A, Lorenz G, Thiele A, Nicolai O et al.. The renin-angiotensin system as a primary cause of polyarteritis nodosa in rats. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2010. link 49 Naumann-Bartsch N, Stachel D, Morhart P, Staatz G, Jüngert J, Schwarz K et al.. Childhood polyarteritis nodosa in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Pediatrics 2010. link 50 Thapa R, Mallick D, Pal P, Ghosh A. Childhood cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: an unusual presentation. Rheumatology international 2010. link 51 Parent BA, Cho SW, Buck DG, Nalesnik MA, Gamblin TC. Spontaneous rupture of hepatic artery aneurysm associated with polyarteritis nodosa. The American surgeon 2010. link 52 Joglekar S, Deroee AF, Morita N, Cureoglu S, Schachern PA, Paparella M. Polyarteritis nodosa: a human temporal bone study. American journal of otolaryngology 2010. link 53 Nakamura T, Kanazawa N, Ikeda T, Yamamoto Y, Nakabayashi K, Ozaki S et al.. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: revisiting its definition and diagnostic criteria. Archives of dermatological research 2009. link 54 Lee SH, Chae JK, Lim ST, Ko JK. Disseminated multiple ostial stenoses in a young woman presenting as unstable angina. Rheumatology international 2009. link 55 Giannarini G, Pomara G, Moro U, Mogorovich A, Fabris FM, Morelli G et al.. Isolated polyarteritis nodosa of the genitourinary tract presenting with severe erectile dysfunction: a case report with long-term follow-up. The journal of sexual medicine 2009. link 56 Tsai WL, Tsai IC, Lee T, Hsieh CW. Polyarteritis nodosa: MDCT as a "one-stop shop" modality for whole-body arterial evaluation. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2008. link 57 de Carvalho JF, Pereira RM, Shoenfeld Y. Systemic polyarteritis nodosa following hepatitis B vaccination. European journal of internal medicine 2008. link 58 Tehrani R, Nash-Goelitz A, Adams E, Dahiya M, Eilers D. Minocycline-induced cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2007. link 59 Park HJ, Choi YJ, Kim JE, Ye YM, Park HS, Suh CH. Successful treatment of pediatric systemic polyarteritis nodosa with cholestatic hepatitis. Clinical rheumatology 2007. link 60 Belot A, Ranchin B, Canterino I, Trepo C, Dubourg L, Cochat P. Hypertensive crisis, hepatitis B virus and polyarteritis nodosa in a child. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2007. link 61 Nakashima M, Suzuki K, Okada M, Takada K, Kobayashi H, Hama Y. Successful coil embolization of a ruptured hepatic aneurysm in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa accompanied by angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma. Clinical rheumatology 2007. link 62 Emad Y, Basaffar S, Ragab Y, Zeinhom F, Gheita T. A case of polyarteritis nodosa complicated by left central retinal artery occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy, and retinal vasculitis. Clinical rheumatology 2007. link 63 Psillas G, Kyriafinis G, Daniilidis J. Polyarteritis nodosa and cochlear implantation. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2007. link 64 Yalçinkaya F, Ozçakar ZB, Kasapçopur O, Oztürk A, Akar N, Bakkaloğlu A et al.. Prevalence of the MEFV gene mutations in childhood polyarteritis nodosa. The Journal of pediatrics 2007. link 65 Sugimoto T, Kanasaki K, Koyama T, Yokomaku Y, Yasuda H, Kashiwagi A et al.. A case of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive-polyarteritis nodosa complicated by interstitial pneumonia and rapidly progressive renal failure. Clinical rheumatology 2007. link 66 Kawakami T, Yamazaki M, Mizoguchi M, Soma Y. High titer of anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibodies in patients with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis and rheumatism 2007. link 67 Williams DS. Polyarteritis nodosa. Journal of insurance medicine (New York, N.Y.) 2006. link 68 Kato T, Fujii K, Wakabayashi T, Tanaka A, Hidaka Y. A case of cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa manifested by spiking high fever, arthralgia and macular eruption like adult-onset Still's disease. Clinical rheumatology 2006. link 69 Ozçakar ZB, Yalçinkaya F, Fitoz S, Yüksel S, Acar B, Caltik A et al.. Polyarteritis nodosa: successful diagnostic imaging utilizing pulsed and color Doppler ultrasonography and computed tomography angiography. European journal of pediatrics 2006. link 70 Asano Y, Ihn H, Maekawa T, Kadono T, Tamaki K. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin infusion in polyarteritis nodosa: report on one case and review of the literature. Clinical rheumatology 2006. link 71 Shimbo J, Miwa A, Aoki K. Cryofibrinogenemia associated with polyarteritis nodosa. Clinical rheumatology 2006. link 72 Kendirli T, Yüksel S, Oral M, Unal N, Tulunay M, Dilek US et al.. Fatal polyarteritis nodosa with gastrointestinal involvement in a child. Pediatric emergency care 2006. link 73 Fernandes SR, Samara AM, Magalhães EP, Sachetto Z, Metze K. Acute cholecystitis at initial presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. Clinical rheumatology 2005. link 74 Akar S, Goktay Y, Akinci B, Tekis D, Biberoglu K, Birlik M et al.. A case of familial Mediterranean fever and polyarteritis nodosa complicated by spontaneous perirenal and subcapsular hepatic hemorrhage requiring multiple arterial embolizations. Rheumatology international 2005. link 75 Kato T, Fujii K, Ishii E, Wada R, Hidaka Y. A case of polyarteritis nodosa with lesions of the superior mesenteric artery illustrating the diagnostic usefulness of three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography. Clinical rheumatology 2005. link 76 Kamimura T, Hatakeyama M, Torigoe K, Nara H, Kaneko N, Satou H et al.. Muscular polyarteritis nodosa as a cause of fever of undetermined origin: a case report and review of the literature. Rheumatology international 2005. link 77 Faller G, Kala UK, Hale MJ. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting with a leg mass. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2005. link 78 Tesar V, Kazderová M, Hlavácková L. Rokitansky and his first description of polyarteritis nodosa. Journal of nephrology 2004. link 79 Papadopoulos DP, Moyssakis I, Votteas VE. Polyarteritis nodosa and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A true association?. Clinical rheumatology 2004. link 80 Ozen S, Anton J, Arisoy N, Bakkaloglu A, Besbas N, Brogan P et al.. Juvenile polyarteritis: results of a multicenter survey of 110 children. The Journal of pediatrics 2004. link 81 Shuster TA, Almeida J, Coats R, Kalra A, Silver D. Gastrointestinal bleeding as the initial manifestation of a polyarteritis nodosa-associated hepatic artery aneurysm-duodenal fistula--a case report. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2004. link 82 Begier EM, Langford CA, Sneller MC, Wise RP, Ball R. Polyarteritis nodosa reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS): implications for assessment of suspected vaccine-provoked vasculitis. The Journal of rheumatology 2004. link 83 Pelletier F, Puzenat E, Blanc D, Faivre B, Humbert P, Aubin F. Minocycline-induced cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. European journal of dermatology : EJD 2003. link 84 Kamali S, Gul A, Poyanli A, Cefle A, Sayarlioglu M, Inanc M et al.. A patient with classical polyarteritis nodosa evolving into end stage renal failure. Renal failure 2003. link 85 Valeyrie L, Bachot N, Roujeau JC, Authier J, Gherardi R, Hosseini H. Neurological manifestations of polyarteritis nodosa associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Annales de medecine interne 2003. link 86 Sugisaki K, Takeda I, Kanno T, Oguchi Y, Kasukawa R. A case of polyarteritis nodosa limited to lower legs with a high titer of MPO-ANCA under precedence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Fukushima journal of medical science 2003. link 87 Gorgun E, Ozmen V. Acalculous gangrenous cholecystitis in a young adult: a gastrointestinal manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa. Surgical laparoscopy, endoscopy & percutaneous techniques 2002. link 88 Stone JH. Polyarteritis nodosa. JAMA 2002. link 89 Nguan C, Leone E. A case of spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage secondary to polyarteritis nodosa. The Canadian journal of urology 2002. link 90 Cheung YF, Brogan PA, Pilla CB, Dillon MJ, Redington AN. Arterial distensibility in children and teenagers: normal evolution and the effect of childhood vasculitis. Archives of disease in childhood 2002. link 91 Okada M, Suzuki K, Hidaka T, Shinohara T, Takada K, Nakajima M et al.. Polyarteritis associated with hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2002. link 92 Bapuraj JR, Mani NB, Khandelwal N, Behera A, Suri S. Extracranial head and neck circulation aneurysms in a case of polyarteritis nodosa. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2002. link 93 Henderson J, Cohen J, Jackson J, Wiselka M. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as a pyrexia of unknown origin. Postgraduate medical journal 2002. link 94 Morfín-Maciel B, Medina A, Espinosa Rosales F, Berrón R, Huerta López J. Central nervous system involvement in a child with polyarteritis nodosa and severe atopic dermatitis. Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993) 2002. link 95 Hashiguchi Y, Matsuo Y, Torii Y, Kajiwara T, Kayajima T, Irie K et al.. Polyarteritis nodosa of the epididymis. Abdominal imaging 2001. link 96 Stein RH, Phelps RG, Sapadin AN. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa after streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis. The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York 2001. link 97 Wedderburn LR, Jeffery R, White H, Patel A, Varsani H, Linch D et al.. Autologous stem cell transplantation for paediatric-onset polyarteritis nodosa: changes in autoimmune phenotype in the context of reduced diversity of the T- and B-cell repertoires, and evidence for reversion from the CD45RO(+) to RA(+) phenotype. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2001. link 98 Misago N, Mochizuki Y, Sekiyama-Kodera H, Shirotani M, Suzuki K, Inokuchi A et al.. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: therapy and clinical course in four cases. The Journal of dermatology 2001. link 99 Letellier E, Longhurst H, Diaz-Cano SJ, D'Cruz D. Polyarteritis nodosa developing after discoid lupus erythematosus. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2001. link 100 Bedani PL, Bergami M, Cavazzini PL, Strumia R, Morelli MC, Stabellini G et al.. HBV-related cutaneous periarteritis nodosa in a patient 16 years after renal transplantation: efficacy of lamivudine. Journal of nephrology 2001. link

    Original source

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      Drug-induced renal function deterioration in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa. — Iturgoyen-Fuentes DP Farmaceuticos comunitarios (2026)
    2. [2]
      Polyarteritis nodosa with isolated organ involvement requiring resection in the genitourinary system. — Yaprak Bayrak B, Kabul S, Seday SZ, Ozsoy S, Solak HT, Yorukoglu K et al. Annals of diagnostic pathology (2026)
    3. [3]
      Critical Limb Threatening Ischemia Due to Severe Polyarteritis Nodosa. — Yagi I, Yagi S, Nakanishi K, Tezuka K, Matsuyama K, Aibara Y et al. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (2025)
    4. [4]
      Sudden unexpected death of a young adult due to subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with polyarteritis nodosa: Clinicopathological appearance and literature review. — Ichimata S, Hata Y, Yoshida K, Tanaka R, Nishida N Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology (2024)
    5. [5]
      Cutaneous nodular polyarteritis presenting as refractory ulcers on both lower extremities: A case report. — Cao F, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Cao Y Explore (New York, N.Y.) (2024)
    6. [6]
      Reporting complete heart block in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa after COVID-19 vaccination. — Mehrabi Nasab E, Athari SS ESC heart failure (2023)
    7. [7]
      Identifying risk and prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa patients with digital gangrene. — Zhao L, Kong X, Zhao J, Zhou J, Zhang S, Xu D et al. International journal of rheumatic diseases (2023)
    8. [8]
      Polyarteritis Nodosa: State of the art. — Puéchal X Joint bone spine (2022)
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      Efficacy and safety of treatments in cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: A French observational retrospective study. — Bettuzzi T, Jachiet M, Sbidian E, Frumholtz L, Cordoliani F, Mouthon L et al. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2022)
    10. [10]
      Hypertrophic pachymeningitis in polyarteritis nodosa: a case-based review. — Nomura S, Shimojima Y, Kondo Y, Kishida D, Sekijima Y Clinical rheumatology (2022)
    11. [11]
      2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Polyarteritis Nodosa. — Chung SA, Gorelik M, Langford CA, Maz M, Abril A, Guyatt G et al. Arthritis care & research (2021)
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      2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Polyarteritis Nodosa. — Chung SA, Gorelik M, Langford CA, Maz M, Abril A, Guyatt G et al. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2021)
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      Systematic review of childhood-onset polyarteritis nodosa and DADA2. — Kasap Cuceoglu M, Sener S, Batu ED, Kaya Akca U, Demir S, Sag E et al. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2021)
    14. [14]
      Therapeutic options for cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic review. — Papachristodoulou E, Kakoullis L, Tiniakou E, Parperis K Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021)
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      Polyarteritis nodosa with perirenal hematoma due to the rupture of a renal artery aneurysm. — Miyagawa T, Iwata Y, Oshima M, Ogura H, Sato K, Nakagawa S et al. CEN case reports (2021)
    16. [16]
      Characteristics and Outcomes of Coronary Artery Involvement in Polyarteritis Nodosa. — Lai J, Zhao L, Zhong H, Zhou J, Guo X, Xu D et al. The Canadian journal of cardiology (2021)
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      Bacterial-Infection-Associated Polyarteritis Nodosa Presenting as Acute, Rapidly Progressive Multiple Hepatic Artery Aneurysms. — Li L, Lao YH Vascular and endovascular surgery (2021)
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      Safe and successful treatment of refractory polyarteritis nodosa with tocilizumab in a patient with past hepatitis B virus infection: a case-based review. — Carrión-Barberà I, Pros A, Salman-Monte TC, Vílchez-Oya F, Sánchez-Schmidt JM, Pérez-García C et al. Clinical rheumatology (2021)
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      Inpatient burden and association with comorbidities of polyarteritis nodosa: National Inpatient Sample 2014. — Ungprasert P, Koster MJ, Cheungpasitporn W, Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Kroner PT Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2020)
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      Polyarteritis nodosa isolated to muscles-A case series with a review of the literature. — Ganeshanandan LR, Brusch AM, Dyke JM, McLean-Tooke APC Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2020)
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      Tocilizumab treatment in refractory polyarteritis nodosa: a case report and review of the literature. — Krusche M, Ruffer N, Kötter I Rheumatology international (2019)
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      Polyarteritis nodosa: lessons from 25 years of experience. — Sönmez HE, Armağan B, Ayan G, Barut K, Batu ED, Erden A et al. Clinical and experimental rheumatology (2019)
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      Polyarteritis Nodosa in a Cat with Involvement of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. — Salvadori C, Vezzosi T, Marchetti V, Cantile C Journal of comparative pathology (2019)
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      Myositis as the initial presentation of panarteritis nodosa. — Calvo R, Negri M, Ortiz A, Roverano S, Paira S Reumatologia clinica (2019)
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      [Non-aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage secondary to panarteritis nodosa at paediatric age: a case report]. — Salgado-Lopez L, de Quintana-Schmidt C, Catala-Antunez I, Aibar-Duran J, San Roman-Manzanera L, Molet-Teixido J Revista de neurologia (2018)
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      Association of five-factor score with the mortality in Japanese patients with polyarteritis nodosa. — Abe Y, Tada K, Yamaji K, Takasaki Y, Tamura N Modern rheumatology (2018)
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      A case report of cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa in siblings. — Kizawa T, Yoto Y, Mizukami M, Tsugawa T, Takeuchi T, Kamasaki H et al. Modern rheumatology (2018)
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      Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa localized to a region of lymphedema secondary to Streptococcus viridans cellulitis and multiple surgeries. — Matsumoto A, Al-Rohil RN, Bravin M, Anderson L, Wroblewski D, Carlson JA Journal of cutaneous pathology (2017)
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      Polyarteritis nodosa in north India: clinical manifestations and outcomes. — Sharma A, Pinto B, Dhooria A, Rathi M, Singhal M, Dhir V et al. International journal of rheumatic diseases (2017)
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      A case of refractory polyarteritis nodosa successfully treated with rituximab. — Seri Y, Shoda H, Hanata N, Nagafuchi Y, Sumitomo S, Fujio K et al. Modern rheumatology (2017)
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      Flow diversion in vasculitic intracranial aneurysms? Repair of giant complex cavernous carotid aneurysm in polyarteritis nodosa using Pipeline embolization devices: first reported case. — Martinez Santos J, Kaderali Z, Spears J, Rubin LA, Marotta TR Journal of neurointerventional surgery (2016)
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