HemoChat

Evidence-Based AI Medical Search

← Back to guidelines
Vascular Surgery60 papers

Infected varicose ulcer

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Infected varicose ulcers are chronic wounds associated with venous insufficiency, characterized by dilated and tortuous veins, often complicated by infection that requires targeted antimicrobial therapy and wound care.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical signs include chronic leg ulcers with surrounding edema, erythema, and purulent discharge 1229.
  • Duplex ultrasound to assess venous reflux and identify incompetent veins 115.
  • Histopathological examination may reveal signs of chronic inflammation and infection 1431.

    • Management

  • Antimicrobial Therapy: Broad-spectrum antibiotics covering common pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species) based on wound culture and sensitivity 1229.
  • Wound Care: Regular debridement, appropriate dressing (e.g., Unna boot for compression and moisture balance) 612.
  • Compression Therapy: Application of compression stockings post-infection resolution to prevent recurrence 712.
  • Endovenous Ablation: Radiofrequency ablation shown effective for underlying venous insufficiency 27.
  • Surgical Intervention: For refractory cases or significant venous abnormalities, surgical options like stripping or endovenous laser therapy may be considered 1525.

    • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Increased risk of varicose vein complications; close monitoring and conservative management preferred 41.
  • Elderly: Higher likelihood of comorbidities affecting treatment choices; individualized care plans essential 5.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting common pathogens in infected varicose ulcers (Evidence: Moderate 1229).
  • Implement regular wound debridement and appropriate wound dressings, such as the Unna boot, to manage infection and promote healing (Evidence: Moderate 612).
  • Apply compression therapy post-infection resolution to reduce recurrence risk (Evidence: Moderate 712).
  • Consider endovenous ablation techniques like radiofrequency ablation for underlying venous insufficiency to prevent future ulceration (Evidence: Moderate 27).
  • Tailor management strategies for elderly patients considering comorbidities (Evidence: Expert opinion).

    • References

    1 Kanbur Üreyen E, Talas Z, Erşen E, Beşirli K, Bozkurt AK, Balkanay OO. Investigation of the effects of endovenous thermocoagulation methods on perivenous and venous tissue in an ex-vivo animal model. Lasers in medical science 2025. link 2 Wang H, Guo J, Hua G, Qi L, Zhang Y, Ye B et al.. Clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation using a radiofrequency needle device for varicose ulcer: A non-randomized controlled prospective study. Vascular 2025. link 3 Bock R, Fontenot D, Bock S, Eiler G, Worley-Fry K, Blebea J. Protocol-based treatment of spontaneous hemorrhage from varicose veins prevents recurrence of bleeding. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2025. link 4 Smetanina MA, Korolenya VA, Sipin FA, Oscorbin IP, Sevostyanova KS, Gavrilov KA et al.. Loci cg06256735 and cg15815843 in the MFAP5 gene regulatory regions are hypomethylated in varicose veins apparently due to active demethylation. Bioscience reports 2024. link 5 Shrestha B, Karmacharya RM. Influence of Body Mass Index (BMI), Age and Gender on Stages of Varicose Vein in Newly Diagnosed Cases Following Screening Doppler in Outpatient Clinic. Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ) 2020. link 6 Tekiner H, Karamanou M. The Unna Boot: A Historical Dressing for Varicose Ulcers. Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC 2019. link 7 Chou JH, Chen SY, Chen YT, Hsieh CH, Huang TW, Tam KW. Optimal duration of compression stocking therapy following endovenous thermal ablation for great saphenous vein insufficiency: A meta-analysis. International journal of surgery (London, England) 2019. link 8 Karmacharya RM, Shrestha B, Shrestha BK, Devbhandari M, Tuladhar SM, Hodde A et al.. Abnormal Venous Dilatation other than Typical Varicose Vein, Rare Encounters. Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ) 2018. link 9 Smetanina MA, Kel AE, Sevost'ianova KS, Maiborodin IV, Shevela AI, Zolotukhin IA et al.. DNA methylation and gene expression profiling reveal MFAP5 as a regulatory driver of extracellular matrix remodeling in varicose vein disease. Epigenomics 2018. link 10 Zmudzinski M, Malo P, Hall C, Hayashi A. CHIVA - A prospective study of a vein sparing technique for the management of varicose vein disease. American journal of surgery 2017. link 11 Obi AT, Sutzko DC, Almeida JI, Kabnick L, Cronenwett JL, Osborne NH et al.. First 10-month results of the Vascular Quality Initiative Varicose Vein Registry. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2017. link 12 Rocha-Neves J, Ferreria A, Sousa J, Dias-Neto M, Gamas L, Vilaça I et al.. Amniotic Membrane in the Treatment of Varicose Ulcers: a Center Experience. Revista portuguesa de cirurgia cardio-toracica e vascular : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cirurgia Cardio-Toracica e Vascular 2017. link 13 Recek C. Hemodynamics-based treatment of varices: A therapeutic concept counteracting the intrinsic tendency of varicose veins to recur. Phlebology 2016. link 14 Naik B, Kumar M, Khanna AK, Suman PK. Clinico-histopathological study of varicose vein and role of matrix metalloproteinases-1, matrix metalloproteinases-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in varicose vein formation. Indian journal of pathology & microbiology 2016. link 15 Shaidakov EV, Grigoryan AG, Ilyukhin EA, Bulatov VL, Rosukhovskiy DA. Radiofrequency ablation or stripping of large-diameter incompetent great saphenous varicose veins with C2 or C3 disease. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2016. link 16 Atasoy MM, Gümüş B, Caymaz I, Oğuzkurt L. Targeted endovenous treatment of Giacomini vein insufficiency-associated varicose disease: considering the reflux patterns. Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) 2014. link 17 Filis K, Kavantzas N, Dalainas I, Galyfos G, Karanikola E, Toutouzas K et al.. Evaluation of apoptosis in varicose vein disease complicated by superficial vein thrombosis. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 2014. link 18 Wang X, Zhao R, Liu C, Qiao T. Abnormal expression of Tie1 on the valves of great saphenous varicose vein. Phlebology 2013. link 19 Teraa M, Schellekens PP, Moll FL, de Borst GJ. Symptomatic varix of the facial vein. Annals of vascular surgery 2013. link 20 de Alvarenga Yoshida R, Yoshida WB, Sardenberg T, Sobreira ML, Rollo HA, Moura R. Fibular nerve injury after small saphenous vein surgery. Annals of vascular surgery 2012. link 21 Guzik B, Chwała M, Matusik P, Ludew D, Skiba D, Wilk G et al.. Mechanisms of increased vascular superoxide production in human varicose veins. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2011. link 22 Val-Bernal JF, Val D, Garijo MF, Gómez-Román JJ. Nodular spindle cell proliferation in the wall of a varicose vein mimicking Kaposi's sarcoma. Journal of cutaneous pathology 2011. link 23 Wang XP, Zhang Y, Su WJ, Wang SS, Wang Y. Oral administration and external application of Chinese drugs combined with micro-invasive operation for the treatment of varicose ulcers in the lower extremities. Chinese journal of integrative medicine 2009. link 24 Pavei P, Vecchiato M, Spreafico G, Giraldi E, Ferrini M, Baccaglini U et al.. Natural history of recurrent varices undergoing reintervention: a retrospective study. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] 2008. link 25 Florio G, Del Papa M, Mari A, Carnì D. Endovenous laser therapy combined with a surgical approach for primary varicose veins of the lower limbs. Chirurgia italiana 2008. link 26 Butnaru C, Pascu M, Mircea C, Agoroaei L, Solovăstru L, Vâţă D et al.. Serum zinc and copper levels in some dermatological diseases. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 2008. link 27 Breu FX, Guggenbichler S, Wollmann JC. Duplex ultrasound and efficacy criteria in foam sclerotherapy from the 2nd European Consensus Meeting on Foam Sclerotherapy 2006, Tegernsee, Germany. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 2008. link 28 Pokrovsky AV, Saveljev VS, Kirienko AI, Bogachev VY, Zolotukhin IA, Sapelkin SV et al.. Surgical correction of varicose vein disease under micronized diosmin protection (results of the Russian multicenter controlled trial DEFANS). Angiologiia i sosudistaia khirurgiia = Angiology and vascular surgery 2007. link 29 Sauvageau A, Schellenberg M, Racette S, Julien F. Bloodstain pattern analysis in a case of fatal varicose vein rupture. The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology 2007. link 30 Sansilvestri-Morel P, Fioretti F, Rupin A, Senni K, Fabiani JN, Godeau G et al.. Comparison of extracellular matrix in skin and saphenous veins from patients with varicose veins: does the skin reflect venous matrix changes?. Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 2007. link 31 Somers P, Knaapen M. The histopathology of varicose vein disease. Angiology 2006. link 32 Saarinen J, Suominen V, Heikkinen M, Saaristo R, Zeitlin R, Vainio J et al.. The profile of leg symptoms, clinical disability and reflux in legs with previously operated varicose disease. Scandinavian journal of surgery : SJS : official organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society 2005. link 33 Bogachev VIu, Kirienko AI, Zolotukhin IA, Briushkov AIu, Zhuravleva OV. Endovasal laser obliteration of the greater saphenous vein in patients with varicosis. Angiologiia i sosudistaia khirurgiia = Angiology and vascular surgery 2004. link 34 Ziganshin AU, Khaziakhmetov DF, Ziganshina LE, Khaziakhmetova VN, Jourjikiya RK, Ziganshin BA et al.. Varicose disease affects the P2 receptor-mediated responses of human greater saphenous vein. Vascular pharmacology 2004. link 35 Baldassarre D, Pustina L, Castelnuovo S, Bondioli A, Carlà M, Sirtori CR. A new noninvasive method for the accurate and precise assessment of varicose vein diameters. Angiology 2003. link 36 Brunner F, Hoffmann C, Schuller-Petrovic S. Responsiveness of human varicose saphenous veins to vasoactive agents. British journal of clinical pharmacology 2001. link 37 Marangoni O, Melato M. Surgical cleansing of varicose ulcers of the leg using a CO2 laser with rotating mirror scanner. Journal of clinical laser medicine & surgery 1998. link 38 Parra JR, Cambria RA, Hower CD, Dassow MS, Freischlag JA, Seabrook GR et al.. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 is increased in the saphenofemoral junction of patients with varices in the leg. Journal of vascular surgery 1998. link70093-x) 39 Tretbar LL. Treatment of small bleeding varicose veins with injection sclerotherapy. Bleeding blue blebs. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] 1996. link 40 Fuchs B, Philipp C, Engel-Murke F, Shaltout J, Berlien HP. Techniques for endoscopic and non-endoscopic intracorporeal laser applications. Endoscopic surgery and allied technologies 1993. link 41 Dindelli M, Parazzini F, Basellini A, Rabaiotti E, Corsi G, Ferrari A. Risk factors for varicose disease before and during pregnancy. Angiology 1993. link 42 Bucek M, Malínský J, Ditrichová D, Kolárová H. Morphology of epithelizing varicose ulcers following He-Ne laser therapy. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultatis Medicae 1991. link 43 Corder AP, Schache DJ, Farquharson SM, Tristram S. Wound infection following high saphenous ligation. A trial comparing two skin closure techniques: subcuticular polyglycolic acid and interrupted monofilament nylon mattress sutures. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 1991. link 44 Todd DJ, Heylings DJ, Allen GE, McMillin WP. Treatment of chronic varicose ulcers with pulsed electromagnetic fields: a controlled pilot study. Irish medical journal 1991. link 45 Ackerman Z, Loewenthal E, Seidenbaum M, Rubinow A, Gorodetsky R. Skin zinc concentrations in patients with varicose ulcers. International journal of dermatology 1990. link 46 Teitelbaum GP, Davis PS. Spontaneous rupture of a lower extremity varix: case report. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 1989. link 47 Gargan TJ, Slavin SA. Varix of the digit. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 1988. link 48 Wigle RL, Anderson GV. Exsanguinating hemorrhage from peripheral varicosities. Annals of emergency medicine 1988. link80511-0) 49 Al-Najjar AA, Harrington CI, Slater DN. Angiosarcoma: a complication of varicose leg ulceration. Acta dermato-venereologica 1986. link 50 Ajuluchuku EU, Da-Rocha Afodu JT, Bode C, Adebanjo AK, Elesha SO. Varix of the external jugular vein. The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon 1986. link 51 Morrison JD. Debrisan: an effective new wound cleanser. Scottish medical journal 1978. link 52 Skjennald A. Amipaque as contrast medium for intraosseous phlebography. Acta radiologica: diagnosis 1978. link 53 Kaisary AV. A temporary biological dressing in the treatment of varicose ulcers and skin defects. Postgraduate medical journal 1977. link 54 Dyson M, Franks C, Suckling J. Stimulation of healing of varicose ulcers by ultrasound. Ultrasonics 1976. link90024-x) 55 Eriksson E, Allander E, Andersson B, Landegren J. Varicose ulcers. Scandinavian journal of social medicine 1975. link 56 Henry ME, Fegan WG, Pegum JM. Five-year survey of the treatment of varicose ulcers. British medical journal 1971. link 57 Bass BH. The treatment of varicose leg ulcers by hyperbaric oxygen. Postgraduate medical journal 1970. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Investigation of the effects of endovenous thermocoagulation methods on perivenous and venous tissue in an ex-vivo animal model. — Kanbur Üreyen E, Talas Z, Erşen E, Beşirli K, Bozkurt AK, Balkanay OO Lasers in medical science (2025)
    2. [2]
      Clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation using a radiofrequency needle device for varicose ulcer: A non-randomized controlled prospective study. — Wang H, Guo J, Hua G, Qi L, Zhang Y, Ye B et al. Vascular (2025)
    3. [3]
      Protocol-based treatment of spontaneous hemorrhage from varicose veins prevents recurrence of bleeding. — Bock R, Fontenot D, Bock S, Eiler G, Worley-Fry K, Blebea J Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders (2025)
    4. [4]
      Loci cg06256735 and cg15815843 in the MFAP5 gene regulatory regions are hypomethylated in varicose veins apparently due to active demethylation. — Smetanina MA, Korolenya VA, Sipin FA, Oscorbin IP, Sevostyanova KS, Gavrilov KA et al. Bioscience reports (2024)
    5. [5]
      Influence of Body Mass Index (BMI), Age and Gender on Stages of Varicose Vein in Newly Diagnosed Cases Following Screening Doppler in Outpatient Clinic. — Shrestha B, Karmacharya RM Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ) (2020)
    6. [6]
      The Unna Boot: A Historical Dressing for Varicose Ulcers. — Tekiner H, Karamanou M Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC (2019)
    7. [7]
      Optimal duration of compression stocking therapy following endovenous thermal ablation for great saphenous vein insufficiency: A meta-analysis. — Chou JH, Chen SY, Chen YT, Hsieh CH, Huang TW, Tam KW International journal of surgery (London, England) (2019)
    8. [8]
      Abnormal Venous Dilatation other than Typical Varicose Vein, Rare Encounters. — Karmacharya RM, Shrestha B, Shrestha BK, Devbhandari M, Tuladhar SM, Hodde A et al. Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ) (2018)
    9. [9]
      DNA methylation and gene expression profiling reveal MFAP5 as a regulatory driver of extracellular matrix remodeling in varicose vein disease. — Smetanina MA, Kel AE, Sevost'ianova KS, Maiborodin IV, Shevela AI, Zolotukhin IA et al. Epigenomics (2018)
    10. [10]
      CHIVA - A prospective study of a vein sparing technique for the management of varicose vein disease. — Zmudzinski M, Malo P, Hall C, Hayashi A American journal of surgery (2017)
    11. [11]
      First 10-month results of the Vascular Quality Initiative Varicose Vein Registry. — Obi AT, Sutzko DC, Almeida JI, Kabnick L, Cronenwett JL, Osborne NH et al. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders (2017)
    12. [12]
      Amniotic Membrane in the Treatment of Varicose Ulcers: a Center Experience. — Rocha-Neves J, Ferreria A, Sousa J, Dias-Neto M, Gamas L, Vilaça I et al. Revista portuguesa de cirurgia cardio-toracica e vascular : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cirurgia Cardio-Toracica e Vascular (2017)
    13. [13]
      Hemodynamics-based treatment of varices: A therapeutic concept counteracting the intrinsic tendency of varicose veins to recur. — Recek C Phlebology (2016)
    14. [14]
      Clinico-histopathological study of varicose vein and role of matrix metalloproteinases-1, matrix metalloproteinases-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in varicose vein formation. — Naik B, Kumar M, Khanna AK, Suman PK Indian journal of pathology & microbiology (2016)
    15. [15]
      Radiofrequency ablation or stripping of large-diameter incompetent great saphenous varicose veins with C2 or C3 disease. — Shaidakov EV, Grigoryan AG, Ilyukhin EA, Bulatov VL, Rosukhovskiy DA Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders (2016)
    16. [16]
      Targeted endovenous treatment of Giacomini vein insufficiency-associated varicose disease: considering the reflux patterns. — Atasoy MM, Gümüş B, Caymaz I, Oğuzkurt L Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) (2014)
    17. [17]
      Evaluation of apoptosis in varicose vein disease complicated by superficial vein thrombosis. — Filis K, Kavantzas N, Dalainas I, Galyfos G, Karanikola E, Toutouzas K et al. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten (2014)
    18. [18]
      Abnormal expression of Tie1 on the valves of great saphenous varicose vein. — Wang X, Zhao R, Liu C, Qiao T Phlebology (2013)
    19. [19]
      Symptomatic varix of the facial vein. — Teraa M, Schellekens PP, Moll FL, de Borst GJ Annals of vascular surgery (2013)
    20. [20]
      Fibular nerve injury after small saphenous vein surgery. — de Alvarenga Yoshida R, Yoshida WB, Sardenberg T, Sobreira ML, Rollo HA, Moura R Annals of vascular surgery (2012)
    21. [21]
      Mechanisms of increased vascular superoxide production in human varicose veins. — Guzik B, Chwała M, Matusik P, Ludew D, Skiba D, Wilk G et al. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej (2011)
    22. [22]
      Nodular spindle cell proliferation in the wall of a varicose vein mimicking Kaposi's sarcoma. — Val-Bernal JF, Val D, Garijo MF, Gómez-Román JJ Journal of cutaneous pathology (2011)
    23. [23]
      Oral administration and external application of Chinese drugs combined with micro-invasive operation for the treatment of varicose ulcers in the lower extremities. — Wang XP, Zhang Y, Su WJ, Wang SS, Wang Y Chinese journal of integrative medicine (2009)
    24. [24]
      Natural history of recurrent varices undergoing reintervention: a retrospective study. — Pavei P, Vecchiato M, Spreafico G, Giraldi E, Ferrini M, Baccaglini U et al. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] (2008)
    25. [25]
      Endovenous laser therapy combined with a surgical approach for primary varicose veins of the lower limbs. — Florio G, Del Papa M, Mari A, Carnì D Chirurgia italiana (2008)
    26. [26]
      Serum zinc and copper levels in some dermatological diseases. — Butnaru C, Pascu M, Mircea C, Agoroaei L, Solovăstru L, Vâţă D et al. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi (2008)
    27. [27]
      Duplex ultrasound and efficacy criteria in foam sclerotherapy from the 2nd European Consensus Meeting on Foam Sclerotherapy 2006, Tegernsee, Germany. — Breu FX, Guggenbichler S, Wollmann JC VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten (2008)
    28. [28]
      Surgical correction of varicose vein disease under micronized diosmin protection (results of the Russian multicenter controlled trial DEFANS). — Pokrovsky AV, Saveljev VS, Kirienko AI, Bogachev VY, Zolotukhin IA, Sapelkin SV et al. Angiologiia i sosudistaia khirurgiia = Angiology and vascular surgery (2007)
    29. [29]
      Bloodstain pattern analysis in a case of fatal varicose vein rupture. — Sauvageau A, Schellenberg M, Racette S, Julien F The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology (2007)
    30. [30]
      Comparison of extracellular matrix in skin and saphenous veins from patients with varicose veins: does the skin reflect venous matrix changes? — Sansilvestri-Morel P, Fioretti F, Rupin A, Senni K, Fabiani JN, Godeau G et al. Clinical science (London, England : 1979) (2007)
    31. [31]
      The histopathology of varicose vein disease. — Somers P, Knaapen M Angiology (2006)
    32. [32]
      The profile of leg symptoms, clinical disability and reflux in legs with previously operated varicose disease. — Saarinen J, Suominen V, Heikkinen M, Saaristo R, Zeitlin R, Vainio J et al. Scandinavian journal of surgery : SJS : official organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society (2005)
    33. [33]
      Endovasal laser obliteration of the greater saphenous vein in patients with varicosis. — Bogachev VIu, Kirienko AI, Zolotukhin IA, Briushkov AIu, Zhuravleva OV Angiologiia i sosudistaia khirurgiia = Angiology and vascular surgery (2004)
    34. [34]
      Varicose disease affects the P2 receptor-mediated responses of human greater saphenous vein. — Ziganshin AU, Khaziakhmetov DF, Ziganshina LE, Khaziakhmetova VN, Jourjikiya RK, Ziganshin BA et al. Vascular pharmacology (2004)
    35. [35]
      A new noninvasive method for the accurate and precise assessment of varicose vein diameters. — Baldassarre D, Pustina L, Castelnuovo S, Bondioli A, Carlà M, Sirtori CR Angiology (2003)
    36. [36]
      Responsiveness of human varicose saphenous veins to vasoactive agents. — Brunner F, Hoffmann C, Schuller-Petrovic S British journal of clinical pharmacology (2001)
    37. [37]
      Surgical cleansing of varicose ulcers of the leg using a CO2 laser with rotating mirror scanner. — Marangoni O, Melato M Journal of clinical laser medicine & surgery (1998)
    38. [38]
      Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 is increased in the saphenofemoral junction of patients with varices in the leg. — Parra JR, Cambria RA, Hower CD, Dassow MS, Freischlag JA, Seabrook GR et al. Journal of vascular surgery (1998)
    39. [39]
      Treatment of small bleeding varicose veins with injection sclerotherapy. Bleeding blue blebs. — Tretbar LL Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] (1996)
    40. [40]
      Techniques for endoscopic and non-endoscopic intracorporeal laser applications. — Fuchs B, Philipp C, Engel-Murke F, Shaltout J, Berlien HP Endoscopic surgery and allied technologies (1993)
    41. [41]
      Risk factors for varicose disease before and during pregnancy. — Dindelli M, Parazzini F, Basellini A, Rabaiotti E, Corsi G, Ferrari A Angiology (1993)
    42. [42]
      Morphology of epithelizing varicose ulcers following He-Ne laser therapy. — Bucek M, Malínský J, Ditrichová D, Kolárová H Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultatis Medicae (1991)
    43. [43]
      Wound infection following high saphenous ligation. A trial comparing two skin closure techniques: subcuticular polyglycolic acid and interrupted monofilament nylon mattress sutures. — Corder AP, Schache DJ, Farquharson SM, Tristram S Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (1991)
    44. [44]
      Treatment of chronic varicose ulcers with pulsed electromagnetic fields: a controlled pilot study. — Todd DJ, Heylings DJ, Allen GE, McMillin WP Irish medical journal (1991)
    45. [45]
      Skin zinc concentrations in patients with varicose ulcers. — Ackerman Z, Loewenthal E, Seidenbaum M, Rubinow A, Gorodetsky R International journal of dermatology (1990)
    46. [46]
      Spontaneous rupture of a lower extremity varix: case report. — Teitelbaum GP, Davis PS Cardiovascular and interventional radiology (1989)
    47. [47]
      Varix of the digit. — Gargan TJ, Slavin SA Plastic and reconstructive surgery (1988)
    48. [48]
      Exsanguinating hemorrhage from peripheral varicosities. — Wigle RL, Anderson GV Annals of emergency medicine (1988)
    49. [49]
      Angiosarcoma: a complication of varicose leg ulceration. — Al-Najjar AA, Harrington CI, Slater DN Acta dermato-venereologica (1986)
    50. [50]
      Varix of the external jugular vein. — Ajuluchuku EU, Da-Rocha Afodu JT, Bode C, Adebanjo AK, Elesha SO The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon (1986)
    51. [51]
      Debrisan: an effective new wound cleanser. — Morrison JD Scottish medical journal (1978)
    52. [52]
      Amipaque as contrast medium for intraosseous phlebography. — Skjennald A Acta radiologica: diagnosis (1978)
    53. [53]
      A temporary biological dressing in the treatment of varicose ulcers and skin defects. — Kaisary AV Postgraduate medical journal (1977)
    54. [54]
      Stimulation of healing of varicose ulcers by ultrasound. — Dyson M, Franks C, Suckling J Ultrasonics (1976)
    55. [55]
      Varicose ulcers. — Eriksson E, Allander E, Andersson B, Landegren J Scandinavian journal of social medicine (1975)
    56. [56]
      Five-year survey of the treatment of varicose ulcers. — Henry ME, Fegan WG, Pegum JM British medical journal (1971)
    57. [57]
      The treatment of varicose leg ulcers by hyperbaric oxygen. — Bass BH Postgraduate medical journal (1970)
    Share:TwitterRedditLinkedIn

    HemoChat

    by SPINAI

    Evidence-based clinical decision support powered by SNOMED-CT, Neo4j GraphRAG, and NASS/AO/NICE guidelines.

    ⚕ For clinical reference only. Not a substitute for professional judgment.

    © 2026 HemoChat. All rights reserved.
    Research·Pricing·Privacy & Terms·Refund·SNOMED-CT · NASS · AO Spine · NICE · GraphRAG