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Otolaryngology (ENT)11 papers

Recurrent upper respiratory tract infection

Last edited: 4/14/2026

Overview

Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) involve frequent episodes of pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, and rhinosinusitis, significantly impacting quality of life, particularly in pediatric populations 1.

Diagnosis

  • Frequent episodes of pharyngotonsillitis or otitis media (≥3 episodes in 6 months) 1.
  • Consider adenotonsillar tissue analysis via PCR for atypical bacteria like chlamydia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in cases requiring surgical intervention 2.
  • Evaluate granulocyte function through chemiluminescence assays to assess immune competence 3.
  • Assess adenoid size and lymphocyte subpopulations using E- and EAC-rosetting techniques for immunological profiles 4.
  • Management

  • First-line treatments: No specific pharmacological first-line treatments are strongly recommended across abstracts.
  • Adjunctive therapies: Herbal compound Imoviral® Junior (containing Echinacea angustifolia, Arabinogalactan, Acerola, Beta-Glucan, and Zinc) may reduce frequency of inflammatory episodes and improve quality of life in pediatric patients 1.
  • Targeted antibiotic therapy: Consider identification and treatment of atypical bacteria like chlamydia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in recurrent cases 2.
  • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Herbal compounds like Imoviral® Junior show promise in reducing recurrent infections and improving quality of life 1.
  • Comorbidities: Altered granulocyte function is prevalent in children with recurrent infections and tonsillar hypertrophy, suggesting immune dysfunction as a key factor 3.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Evaluate and consider herbal immunostimulants such as Imoviral® Junior for pediatric patients with recurrent URTIs to potentially reduce infection frequency and enhance quality of life (Evidence: Moderate) 1.
  • Investigate adenoid and tonsillar tissue for atypical bacteria like chlamydia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children requiring surgical intervention for recurrent infections (Evidence: Moderate) 2.
  • Assess granulocyte function in children with recurrent URTIs to identify immune dysfunction, guiding further management (Evidence: Weak) 3.
  • References

    1 Minetti AM, Forti S, Tassone G, Torretta S, Pignataro L. Efficacy of complex herbal compound of Echinacea angustifolia (Imoviral® Junior) in recurrent upper respiratory tract infections during pediatric age: preliminary results. Minerva pediatrica 2011. link 2 Piacentini GL, Peroni DG, Blasi F, Pescollderungg L, Goller P, Gallmetzer L et al.. Atypical bacteria in adenoids and tonsils of children requiring adenotonsillectomy. Acta oto-laryngologica 2010. link 3 Kowalska M, Kowalska H, Zawadzka-Głos L, Debska M, Szerszeń E, Chmielik M et al.. Dysfunction of peripheral blood granulocyte oxidative metabolism in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2003. link00402-0) 4 Yamaguchi T, Isago H, Ara H, Kataura A. Subpopulation of adenoidal lymphocytes of recurrent infection in the upper respiratory tract. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 1980. link90015-4)

    Original source

    1. [1]
    2. [2]
      Atypical bacteria in adenoids and tonsils of children requiring adenotonsillectomy.Piacentini GL, Peroni DG, Blasi F, Pescollderungg L, Goller P, Gallmetzer L et al. Acta oto-laryngologica (2010)
    3. [3]
      Dysfunction of peripheral blood granulocyte oxidative metabolism in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.Kowalska M, Kowalska H, Zawadzka-Głos L, Debska M, Szerszeń E, Chmielik M et al. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2003)
    4. [4]
      Subpopulation of adenoidal lymphocytes of recurrent infection in the upper respiratory tract.Yamaguchi T, Isago H, Ara H, Kataura A International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (1980)

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