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Soft tissue impingement

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Soft tissue impingement, particularly in the shoulder, involves compression of soft tissues between bony structures leading to pain and functional impairment, commonly seen in subacromial and subcoracoid regions. 123142233

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Pain, especially with overhead activities, weakness, and decreased range of motion.
  • Physical Examination: Positive impingement tests (e.g., Hawkins-Kennedy, Neer's), scapular dyskinesis.
  • Imaging: MRI useful for evaluating ligament degeneration (e.g., coracoacromial ligament 2), acromial morphology, and rotator cuff integrity. 271040
  • Diagnostic Tests: Ultrasound can aid in assessing rotator cuff tears and subacromial inflammation. 36

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatments:
    • - Physical Therapy: Scapular stabilization exercises and rotator cuff strengthening 12232. - Corticosteroid Injections: Subacromial corticosteroid injections for pain relief 15.
  • Adjunctive Treatments:
    • - Arthroscopic Decompression: Considered for persistent symptoms, especially with intact rotator cuff 51422. - Ultrasonophoresis/Iontophoresis: With sodium diclofenac, used alongside exercise programs 24.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Limited evidence; focus on conservative management initially 25.
  • Elderly: Conservative therapy often preferred due to surgical risks; long-term outcomes with decompression show variable results 1422.
  • Comorbidities: Tailor treatment considering overall health; physical therapy remains foundational 28.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate with Scapular Stabilization Exercises: Effective for pain reduction and functional recovery in shoulder impingement 1 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Consider Subacromial Corticosteroid Injections: For patients with refractory pain 15 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Arthroscopic Decompression May Be Indicated: For those with persistent symptoms and intact rotator cuff, though outcomes vary 514 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Long-Term Outcomes of Decompression: Show mixed results; individual patient factors crucial 22 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Physical Therapy Exercises: Demonstrate effectiveness in improving shoulder function 32 (Evidence: Strong).

    • References

    1 Brasileiro A, Sousa C, Schindler I, Tanaca B, Oliveira M, Martins R et al.. Scapular stabilization exercise on pain and functional recovery in people with shoulder impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Physician and sportsmedicine 2025. link 2 Özdemir F, Ayanoğlu T, Dağıstan E, Kalaycıoğlu O, Çelik İ, Kalfaoğlu ME et al.. Can coracoacromial ligament degeneration be evaluated with preoperative MRI?. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2024. link 3 Ting DS, Yang JL, Lin KH, Wang TG, Lin JJ. Alteration in coracohumeral ligament and distance in people with symptoms of subcoracoid impingement. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2023. link 4 Zhu Y, Su P, Xu T, Zhang L, Fu W. Conservative therapy versus arthroscopic surgery of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2022. link 5 Hohmann E, Glatt V, Tetsworth K. Subacromial Decompression in Patients With Shoulder Impingement With an Intact Rotator Cuff: An Expert Consensus Statement Using the Modified Delphi Technique Comparing North American to European Shoulder Surgeons. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2022. link 6 Kiapour AM, Otoukesh B, Hosseinzadeh S. The Readability of Online Educational Materials for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2021. link 7 Ma Q, Sun C, Du R, Liu P, Wu S, Zhang W et al.. Morphological Characteristics of Acromion and Acromioclavicular Joint in Patients with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome and Related Recommendations: A Three-Dimensional Analysis Based on Multiplanar Reconstruction of Computed Tomography Scans. Orthopaedic surgery 2021. link 8 Makhni EC, Ramkumar PN, Cvetanovich G, Nho SJ. Approach to the Patient With Failed Hip Arthroscopy for Labral Tears and Femoroacetabular Impingement. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2020. link 9 Hohmann E, Shea K, Scheiderer B, Millett P, Imhoff A. Indications for Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression. A Level V Evidence Clinical Guideline. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2020. link 10 Konyves A. Editorial Commentary: Doctor, Will My Contralateral Hip Surgery Go as Well as the First One?. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2019. link 11 Vahedi H, Fleischman AN, Salvo JP, Parvizi J. Higher Prevalence of Concomitant Shoulder Labral Tears in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2019. link 12 Peduzzi L, Grimberg J, Chelli M, Lefebvre Y, Levigne C, Kany J et al.. Internal impingement of the shoulder in overhead athletes: Retrospective multicentre study in 135 arthroscopically-treated patients. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2019. link 13 Charbonnier C, Chagué S, Kevelham B, Preissmann D, Kolo FC, Rime O et al.. ArthroPlanner: a surgical planning solution for acromioplasty. International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery 2018. link 14 Farfaras S, Sernert N, Rostgard Christensen L, Hallström EK, Kartus JT. Subacromial Decompression Yields a Better Clinical Outcome Than Therapy Alone: A Prospective Randomized Study of Patients With a Minimum 10-Year Follow-up. The American journal of sports medicine 2018. link 15 Sumanont S, Boonard M, Peradhammanon E, Arirachakaran A, Suwankomonkul P, Oungbumrungpan W et al.. Comparative outcomes of combined corticosteroid with low volume compared to high volume of local anesthetic in subacromial injection for impingement syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie 2018. link 16 Leschinger T, Wallraff C, Müller D, Hackenbroch M, Bovenschulte H, Siewe J. Internal Impingement of the Shoulder: A Risk of False Positive Test Outcomes in External Impingement Tests?. BioMed research international 2017. link 17 Cetinkaya M, Ataoglu MB, Ozer M, Ayanoglu T, Kanatli U. Subscapularis Tendon Slip Number and Coracoid Overlap Are More Related Parameters for Subcoracoid Impingement in Subscapularis Tears: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Comparison Study. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2017. link 18 Konyves A. Editorial Commentary: Workers' Compensation and Hip Arthroscopy. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2016. link 19 Beaulé PE. Editorial Commentary: When Is It Just a Labral Tear and Not Femoroacetabular Impingement?. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2016. link 20 Konyves A. Editorial Commentary: Another Drop of Knowledge on Ischiofemoral Impingement. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2016. link 21 Egger AC, Frangiamore S, Rosneck J. Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Review. Sports medicine and arthroscopy review 2016. link 22 Ketola S, Lehtinen J, Elo P, Kortelainen S, Huhtala H, Arnala I. No difference in long-term development of rotator cuff rupture and muscle volumes in impingement patients with or without decompression. Acta orthopaedica 2016. link 23 Jaeger M, Berndt T, Rühmann O, Lerch S. Patients With Impingement Syndrome With and Without Rotator Cuff Tears Do Well 20 Years After Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2016. link 24 García I, Lobo C, López E, Serván JL, Tenías JM. Comparative effectiveness of ultrasonophoresis and iontophoresis in impingement syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. Clinical rehabilitation 2016. link 25 Al-Ibraheemi A, Folpe AL. Voluntary Second Opinions in Pediatric Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology: A Retrospective Review of 1601 Cases From a Single Mesenchymal Tumor Consultation Service. International journal of surgical pathology 2016. link 26 Menge TJ, Briggs KK, Philippon MJ. Predictors of Length of Career After Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement in Professional Hockey Players. The American journal of sports medicine 2016. link 27 Schwartz C, Atemkeng F, Messaoudi T. Review of 41 Neer's mini-open operations with up to nine-year follow-up and a study of the influence of occupational disease. European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie 2015. link 28 Svendsen SW, Christiansen DH, Haahr JP, Andrea LC, Frost P. Shoulder function and work disability after decompression surgery for subacromial impingement syndrome: a randomised controlled trial of physiotherapy exercises and occupational medical assistance. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2014. link 29 Nawabi DH, Bedi A, Tibor LM, Magennis E, Kelly BT. The demographic characteristics of high-level and recreational athletes undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement: a sports-specific analysis. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2014. link 30 Thomas SJ, Swanik CB, Kaminski TW, Higginson JS, Swanik KA, Nazarian LN. Assessment of subacromial space and its relationship with scapular upward rotation in college baseball players. Journal of sport rehabilitation 2013. link 31 Park JY, Lhee SH, Oh KS, Kim NR, Hwang JT. Is arthroscopic coracoplasty necessary in subcoracoid impingement syndrome?. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2012. link 32 Hanratty CE, McVeigh JG, Kerr DP, Basford JR, Finch MB, Pendleton A et al.. The effectiveness of physiotherapy exercises in subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2012. link 33 Zanca GG, Oliveira AB, Saccol MF, Ejnisman B, Mattiello-Rosa SM. Functional torque ratios and torque curve analysis of shoulder rotations in overhead athletes with and without impingement symptoms. Journal of sports sciences 2011. link 34 Hultenheim Klintberg I, Karlsson J, Svantesson U. Health-related quality of life, patient satisfaction, and physical activity 8-11 years after arthroscopic subacromial decompression. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2011. link 35 Ellenbecker TS, Cools A. Rehabilitation of shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff injuries: an evidence-based review. British journal of sports medicine 2010. link 36 Kelly SM, Brittle N, Allen GM. The value of physical tests for subacromial impingement syndrome: a study of diagnostic accuracy. Clinical rehabilitation 2010. link 37 Tate AR, McClure PW, Kareha S, Irwin D. Effect of the Scapula Reposition Test on shoulder impingement symptoms and elevation strength in overhead athletes. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 2008. link 38 Gervasi E, Causero A, Parodi PC, Raimondo D, Tancredi G. Arthroscopic latissimus dorsi transfer. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2007. link 39 Philippon MJ, Schenker ML. Arthroscopy for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement in the athlete. Clinics in sports medicine 2006. link 40 Chang EY, Moses DA, Babb JS, Schweitzer ME. Shoulder impingement: objective 3D shape analysis of acromial morphologic features. Radiology 2006. link 41 Rao SE, Muzammil S, Hobbs NJ. Subacromial decompression for shoulder impingement syndrome. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2006. link 42 Ardic F, Kahraman Y, Kacar M, Kahraman MC, Findikoglu G, Yorgancioglu ZR. Shoulder impingement syndrome: relationships between clinical, functional, and radiologic findings. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 2006. link 43 Pyne SW. Diagnosis and current treatment options of shoulder impingement. Current sports medicine reports 2004. link 44 Mal RK, Costello CH. Is shoulder impingement syndrome a problem in otolaryngologists?. Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences 2002. link 45 Ingber RS. Shoulder impingement in tennis/racquetball players treated with subscapularis myofascial treatments. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2000. link90053-4) 46 Meister K, Andrews JR, Batts J, Wilk K, Baumgarten T. Symptomatic thrower's exostosis. Arthroscopic evaluation and treatment. The American journal of sports medicine 1999. link 47 Tan RK. A review of the role of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tendon tears. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 1998. link 48 Swain RA, Wilson FD, Harsha DM. The os acromiale: another cause of impingement. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 1996. link 49 Leivseth G, Reikerås O. Changes in muscle fiber cross-sectional area and concentrations of Na,K-ATPase in deltoid muscle in patients with impingement syndrome of the shoulder. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 1994. link 50 Robinson MD, Hussey RW, Ha CY. Surgical decompression of impingement in the weightbearing shoulder. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 1993. link 51 Crues JV, Fareed DO. Magnetic resonance imaging of shoulder impingement. Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI 1991. link 52 Sampson TG, Nisbet JK, Glick JM. Precision acromioplasty in arthroscopic subacromial decompression of the shoulder. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 1991. link90132-h) 53 Hawkins RJ, Hobeika PE. Impingement syndrome in the athletic shoulder. Clinics in sports medicine 1983. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Scapular stabilization exercise on pain and functional recovery in people with shoulder impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Brasileiro A, Sousa C, Schindler I, Tanaca B, Oliveira M, Martins R et al. The Physician and sportsmedicine (2025)
    2. [2]
      Can coracoacromial ligament degeneration be evaluated with preoperative MRI? — Özdemir F, Ayanoğlu T, Dağıstan E, Kalaycıoğlu O, Çelik İ, Kalfaoğlu ME et al. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) (2024)
    3. [3]
      Alteration in coracohumeral ligament and distance in people with symptoms of subcoracoid impingement. — Ting DS, Yang JL, Lin KH, Wang TG, Lin JJ BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2023)
    4. [4]
      Conservative therapy versus arthroscopic surgery of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI): a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Zhu Y, Su P, Xu T, Zhang L, Fu W Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research (2022)
    5. [5]
      Subacromial Decompression in Patients With Shoulder Impingement With an Intact Rotator Cuff: An Expert Consensus Statement Using the Modified Delphi Technique Comparing North American to European Shoulder Surgeons. — Hohmann E, Glatt V, Tetsworth K Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2022)
    6. [6]
      The Readability of Online Educational Materials for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome. — Kiapour AM, Otoukesh B, Hosseinzadeh S The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2021)
    7. [7]
      Morphological Characteristics of Acromion and Acromioclavicular Joint in Patients with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome and Related Recommendations: A Three-Dimensional Analysis Based on Multiplanar Reconstruction of Computed Tomography Scans. — Ma Q, Sun C, Du R, Liu P, Wu S, Zhang W et al. Orthopaedic surgery (2021)
    8. [8]
      Approach to the Patient With Failed Hip Arthroscopy for Labral Tears and Femoroacetabular Impingement. — Makhni EC, Ramkumar PN, Cvetanovich G, Nho SJ The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2020)
    9. [9]
      Indications for Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression. A Level V Evidence Clinical Guideline. — Hohmann E, Shea K, Scheiderer B, Millett P, Imhoff A Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2020)
    10. [10]
      Editorial Commentary: Doctor, Will My Contralateral Hip Surgery Go as Well as the First One? — Konyves A Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2019)
    11. [11]
      Higher Prevalence of Concomitant Shoulder Labral Tears in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement. — Vahedi H, Fleischman AN, Salvo JP, Parvizi J Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2019)
    12. [12]
      Internal impingement of the shoulder in overhead athletes: Retrospective multicentre study in 135 arthroscopically-treated patients. — Peduzzi L, Grimberg J, Chelli M, Lefebvre Y, Levigne C, Kany J et al. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR (2019)
    13. [13]
      ArthroPlanner: a surgical planning solution for acromioplasty. — Charbonnier C, Chagué S, Kevelham B, Preissmann D, Kolo FC, Rime O et al. International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery (2018)
    14. [14]
      Subacromial Decompression Yields a Better Clinical Outcome Than Therapy Alone: A Prospective Randomized Study of Patients With a Minimum 10-Year Follow-up. — Farfaras S, Sernert N, Rostgard Christensen L, Hallström EK, Kartus JT The American journal of sports medicine (2018)
    15. [15]
      Comparative outcomes of combined corticosteroid with low volume compared to high volume of local anesthetic in subacromial injection for impingement syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. — Sumanont S, Boonard M, Peradhammanon E, Arirachakaran A, Suwankomonkul P, Oungbumrungpan W et al. European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie (2018)
    16. [16]
      Internal Impingement of the Shoulder: A Risk of False Positive Test Outcomes in External Impingement Tests? — Leschinger T, Wallraff C, Müller D, Hackenbroch M, Bovenschulte H, Siewe J BioMed research international (2017)
    17. [17]
      Subscapularis Tendon Slip Number and Coracoid Overlap Are More Related Parameters for Subcoracoid Impingement in Subscapularis Tears: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Comparison Study. — Cetinkaya M, Ataoglu MB, Ozer M, Ayanoglu T, Kanatli U Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2017)
    18. [18]
      Editorial Commentary: Workers' Compensation and Hip Arthroscopy. — Konyves A Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2016)
    19. [19]
      Editorial Commentary: When Is It Just a Labral Tear and Not Femoroacetabular Impingement? — Beaulé PE Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2016)
    20. [20]
      Editorial Commentary: Another Drop of Knowledge on Ischiofemoral Impingement. — Konyves A Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2016)
    21. [21]
      Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Review. — Egger AC, Frangiamore S, Rosneck J Sports medicine and arthroscopy review (2016)
    22. [22]
      No difference in long-term development of rotator cuff rupture and muscle volumes in impingement patients with or without decompression. — Ketola S, Lehtinen J, Elo P, Kortelainen S, Huhtala H, Arnala I Acta orthopaedica (2016)
    23. [23]
      Patients With Impingement Syndrome With and Without Rotator Cuff Tears Do Well 20 Years After Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression. — Jaeger M, Berndt T, Rühmann O, Lerch S Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2016)
    24. [24]
      Comparative effectiveness of ultrasonophoresis and iontophoresis in impingement syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. — García I, Lobo C, López E, Serván JL, Tenías JM Clinical rehabilitation (2016)
    25. [25]
      Voluntary Second Opinions in Pediatric Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology: A Retrospective Review of 1601 Cases From a Single Mesenchymal Tumor Consultation Service. — Al-Ibraheemi A, Folpe AL International journal of surgical pathology (2016)
    26. [26]
      Predictors of Length of Career After Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement in Professional Hockey Players. — Menge TJ, Briggs KK, Philippon MJ The American journal of sports medicine (2016)
    27. [27]
      Review of 41 Neer's mini-open operations with up to nine-year follow-up and a study of the influence of occupational disease. — Schwartz C, Atemkeng F, Messaoudi T European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie (2015)
    28. [28]
      Shoulder function and work disability after decompression surgery for subacromial impingement syndrome: a randomised controlled trial of physiotherapy exercises and occupational medical assistance. — Svendsen SW, Christiansen DH, Haahr JP, Andrea LC, Frost P BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2014)
    29. [29]
      The demographic characteristics of high-level and recreational athletes undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement: a sports-specific analysis. — Nawabi DH, Bedi A, Tibor LM, Magennis E, Kelly BT Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2014)
    30. [30]
      Assessment of subacromial space and its relationship with scapular upward rotation in college baseball players. — Thomas SJ, Swanik CB, Kaminski TW, Higginson JS, Swanik KA, Nazarian LN Journal of sport rehabilitation (2013)
    31. [31]
      Is arthroscopic coracoplasty necessary in subcoracoid impingement syndrome? — Park JY, Lhee SH, Oh KS, Kim NR, Hwang JT Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2012)
    32. [32]
      The effectiveness of physiotherapy exercises in subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Hanratty CE, McVeigh JG, Kerr DP, Basford JR, Finch MB, Pendleton A et al. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2012)
    33. [33]
      Functional torque ratios and torque curve analysis of shoulder rotations in overhead athletes with and without impingement symptoms. — Zanca GG, Oliveira AB, Saccol MF, Ejnisman B, Mattiello-Rosa SM Journal of sports sciences (2011)
    34. [34]
      Health-related quality of life, patient satisfaction, and physical activity 8-11 years after arthroscopic subacromial decompression. — Hultenheim Klintberg I, Karlsson J, Svantesson U Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery (2011)
    35. [35]
      Rehabilitation of shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff injuries: an evidence-based review. — Ellenbecker TS, Cools A British journal of sports medicine (2010)
    36. [36]
      The value of physical tests for subacromial impingement syndrome: a study of diagnostic accuracy. — Kelly SM, Brittle N, Allen GM Clinical rehabilitation (2010)
    37. [37]
      Effect of the Scapula Reposition Test on shoulder impingement symptoms and elevation strength in overhead athletes. — Tate AR, McClure PW, Kareha S, Irwin D The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy (2008)
    38. [38]
      Arthroscopic latissimus dorsi transfer. — Gervasi E, Causero A, Parodi PC, Raimondo D, Tancredi G Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2007)
    39. [39]
      Arthroscopy for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement in the athlete. — Philippon MJ, Schenker ML Clinics in sports medicine (2006)
    40. [40]
      Shoulder impingement: objective 3D shape analysis of acromial morphologic features. — Chang EY, Moses DA, Babb JS, Schweitzer ME Radiology (2006)
    41. [41]
      Subacromial decompression for shoulder impingement syndrome. — Rao SE, Muzammil S, Hobbs NJ Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP (2006)
    42. [42]
      Shoulder impingement syndrome: relationships between clinical, functional, and radiologic findings. — Ardic F, Kahraman Y, Kacar M, Kahraman MC, Findikoglu G, Yorgancioglu ZR American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation (2006)
    43. [43]
      Diagnosis and current treatment options of shoulder impingement. — Pyne SW Current sports medicine reports (2004)
    44. [44]
      Is shoulder impingement syndrome a problem in otolaryngologists? — Mal RK, Costello CH Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences (2002)
    45. [45]
      Shoulder impingement in tennis/racquetball players treated with subscapularis myofascial treatments. — Ingber RS Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (2000)
    46. [46]
      Symptomatic thrower's exostosis. Arthroscopic evaluation and treatment. — Meister K, Andrews JR, Batts J, Wilk K, Baumgarten T The American journal of sports medicine (1999)
    47. [47]
      A review of the role of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tendon tears. — Tan RK Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore (1998)
    48. [48]
      The os acromiale: another cause of impingement. — Swain RA, Wilson FD, Harsha DM Medicine and science in sports and exercise (1996)
    49. [49]
      Changes in muscle fiber cross-sectional area and concentrations of Na,K-ATPase in deltoid muscle in patients with impingement syndrome of the shoulder. — Leivseth G, Reikerås O The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy (1994)
    50. [50]
      Surgical decompression of impingement in the weightbearing shoulder. — Robinson MD, Hussey RW, Ha CY Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (1993)
    51. [51]
      Magnetic resonance imaging of shoulder impingement. — Crues JV, Fareed DO Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI (1991)
    52. [52]
      Precision acromioplasty in arthroscopic subacromial decompression of the shoulder. — Sampson TG, Nisbet JK, Glick JM Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (1991)
    53. [53]
      Impingement syndrome in the athletic shoulder. — Hawkins RJ, Hobeika PE Clinics in sports medicine (1983)
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