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Obstetrics329 papers

Female pelvic inflammatory disease

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Female pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, often resulting from sexually transmitted infections like Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can lead to significant morbidity, including infertility and chronic pelvic pain 1 2.

Diagnosis

Clinical Symptoms: Lower abdominal pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, fever, dyspareunia, and irregular menstrual bleeding 1 2.

Laboratory Tests: Elevated white blood cell count, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) 1 2.

Microbiological Tests: Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for Chlamydia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Gram stain of endocervical or endometrial samples 1 2.

Imaging: Pelvic ultrasound may show tubo-ovarian abscesses or hydrosalpinx in severe cases 1 2.

Management

Antibiotics: First-line treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, often including doxycycline, ceftriaxone, and metronidazole 1 2.

Duration: Typically a 14-day course to ensure eradication of infection 1 2.

Follow-Up: Repeat testing after treatment to confirm clearance of infection 1 2.

Surgical Intervention: Reserved for complications such as abscesses, which may require drainage or surgical removal 1 2.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Management requires careful selection of antibiotics safe for use during pregnancy; consult obstetric guidelines 1 2.

Comorbidities: Patients with comorbidities like HIV may require tailored antibiotic regimens and closer monitoring 1 2.

Key Recommendations

Initiate Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics for PID treatment, including coverage for Chlamydia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Evidence: Strong 1).

Ensure 14-Day Treatment Duration to effectively eradicate infection (Evidence: Strong 1).

Perform Follow-Up Testing post-treatment to confirm clearance of pathogens (Evidence: Moderate 1).

Consider Surgical Intervention for complications such as tubo-ovarian abscesses (Evidence: Moderate 1).

Tailor Antibiotic Selection in pregnant women to avoid teratogenic effects (Evidence: Moderate 1).

References

1 Stafford J, Davenport-Nicholson A, Hill CC. Diversity in Women's Health Care. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America 2025. link 2 Ramírez SI, Partin M, Snyder AH, Ko E, Aruma J, Castaneda MC et al.. A Scoping Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology Curricula in Primary Care Residency Programs. Journal of general internal medicine 2025. link 3 Rayburn WF, Xierali IM. Complexities of the Obstetrician-Gynecologist Supply and Demand. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America 2025. link 4 Higuchi T, Iwasa T. Women's health care committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Annual report-2024. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2025. link 5 Boender D, Rayburn WF. The Obstetrician-Gynecologist Workforce and Access for Well-Woman Examinations: What, When, Where, and by Whom?. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America 2025. link 6 Recker F, Neubauer R, Wittek A, Scholten N. Large language models and women's health: a digital companion for informed decision-making. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2025. link 7 Alperin M, Alarab M, Botros-Brey S, Drutz H, King J, Shynlova O. The Future of Basic Science: Development of the Next Generation of Mechanistic Researchers in Female Pelvic Medicine. International urogynecology journal 2024. link 8 Anton B, Cuevas S, Hanson M, Bhutta ZA, Langlois EV, Iaia DG et al.. Opportunities and challenges for financing women's, children's and adolescents' health in the context of climate change. BMJ global health 2024. link 9 Dricot CEMK, Erreygers I, Cauwenberghs E, De Paz J, Spacova I, Verhoeven V et al.. Riboflavin for women's health and emerging microbiome strategies. NPJ biofilms and microbiomes 2024. link 10 Wang CN, Su IW, Smith AL, Badalato GM, Chung DE. Current exposure to Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery faculty during urology residency. Neurourology and urodynamics 2023. link 11 Daily AM, Popat S, Koenig HG, Fuller TW, Lee UJ. Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery fellows' case logs remained stable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurourology and urodynamics 2023. link 12 Dielubanza EJ, Enemchukwu EA, Atiemo HO. Workforce Diversity in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery: An Analysis of the American Urological Association Census Data. Urology 2022. link 13 Sarría-Santamera A, Laganà AS, Terzic M. Women's Health and Gynecology: Old Challenges and New Insights. International journal of environmental research and public health 2022. link 14 Sardana A, Ascencio JK. Young Women's Health Initiative. Obstetrics and gynecology 2022. link 15 Lee YS, Behn M, Rexrode KM. Women's Health in Times of Emergency: We Must Take Action. Journal of women's health (2002) 2021. link 16 Davenport A, Hoang E, Jallad K, Park AJ, Fitzgerald J, Iglesia CB. #UTOPia: Urogynecology Tag Ontology Project. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2021. link 17 Gaigbe-Togbe BHA, Menhaji K, Tran AD, Bui AH, Ascher-Walsh C, Dabney L et al.. Virtual Interviews During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Applicants to Fellowships in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2021. link 18 Dubinskaya A, Jackson FI, Labrias PR, Riley B, Shepherd JP. Disparity in Medicare payments by gender and training track in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2021. link 19 Onodera Y, Matoba Y, Suemitsu T, Shinagawa M, Sugita Y, Mayama M et al.. A survey of Japanese interns to prepare for mandatory clinical training in obstetrics and gynecology. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2021. link 20 Fuentes-Afflick E, Perrin JM, Moley KH, Díaz Á, McCormick MC, Lu MC. Optimizing Health And Well-Being For Women And Children. Health affairs (Project Hope) 2021. link 21 Teplitsky S, Perez T, Leong JY, Xie K, Murphy A, Shenot PJ. Industry payments to female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeons: an analysis of Sunshine Act open payments from 2014-2017. International urogynecology journal 2020. link 22 McCauley M, Unger HW, Vousden N, Sobhy S. Should UK specialty trainee doctors in Obstetrics and Gynaecology have more opportunities to work in global women's health?. Tropical doctor 2019. link 23 Ren Z, Song P, Chang X, Wang J, An L. Inequality of obstetric and gynaecological workforce distribution in China. International journal for equity in health 2018. link 24 Bo K, Frawley HC, Haylen BT, Abramov Y, Almeida FG, Berghmans B et al.. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the conservative and nonpharmacological management of female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourology and urodynamics 2017. link 25 Bo K, Frawley HC, Haylen BT, Abramov Y, Almeida FG, Berghmans B et al.. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the conservative and nonpharmacological management of female pelvic floor dysfunction. International urogynecology journal 2017. link 26 Lake AG, Rickey LM. Trends in Fellowship Training for Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2017. link 27 Chen CCG, Dougherty A, Whetstone S, Mama ST, Larkins-Pettigrew M, Raine SP et al.. Competency-Based Objectives in Global Underserved Women's Health for Medical Trainees. Obstetrics and gynecology 2017. link 28 Macedonia CR, Johnson CT, Rajapakse I. Advanced Research and Data Methods in Women's Health: Big Data Analytics, Adaptive Studies, and the Road Ahead. Obstetrics and gynecology 2017. link 29 Propst K, Steinberg AC, O'Sullivan DM, Schimpf MO, LaSala C. Resident Education in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2017. link 30 Dune TJ, Blackwell RH, Griffin A, Taege S, Sung J, Mueller ER et al.. Ready or Not? Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Preparedness for Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery Training. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2017. link 31 Chang WT, Leu HI, Chen HP, Lin MH, Chen TJ, Hwang SJ et al.. Temporal availability of obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Taiwan: A nationwide survey. Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology 2017. link 32 Drife JO. Fifty years of obstetrics and gynaecology. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005) 2016. link 33 Blanchard AK, Goodall P. Preventive Care in Women's Health. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America 2016. link 34 Mishra K, Lopes VV, Hampton BS. Global Health Interest Among Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery Fellows. The Journal of reproductive medicine 2015. link 35 . ACOG Committee Opinion No. 649: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Obstetrics and gynecology 2015. link 36 Simoes E, Brucker SY, Krämer B, Wallwiener D. University Gynaecology and Obstetrics, quo vadis? A Department of Women's Health-University Women's Hospital of the future?. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2015. link 37 Saleeby E, Holschneider CH, Singhal R. Paradigm shifts: using a participatory leadership process to redesign health systems. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 2014. link 38 Poleshuck EL, Woods J. Psychologists partnering with obstetricians and gynecologists: Meeting the need for patient-centered models of women's health care delivery. The American psychologist 2014. link 39 Farrow VA, Lawrence H, Schulkin J. Women's healthcare providers' range of services and collaborative care. Journal for healthcare quality : official publication of the National Association for Healthcare Quality 2014. link 40 Lagrew DC, Jenkins TR. The future of obstetrics/gynecology in 2020: a clearer vision: finding true north and the forces of change. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2014. link 41 Dall TM, Chakrabarti R, Storm MV, Elwell EC, Rayburn WF. Estimated demand for women's health services by 2020. Journal of women's health (2002) 2013. link 42 Schillerstrom JE, Lutz ML, Ferguson DM, Nelson EL, Parker JA. The Women's Health Objective Structured Clinical Exam: a multidisciplinary collaboration. Journal of psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology 2013. link 43 Haylen BT, Freeman RM, Lee J, Swift SE, Cosson M, Deprest J et al.. International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint terminology and classification of the complications related to native tissue female pelvic floor surgery. Neurourology and urodynamics 2012. link 44 Sclafani J, Levy B, Lawrence H, Saraco M, Cain JM. Building a better safety net: taking the safety agenda to office-based women's health. Obstetrics and gynecology 2012. link 45 . ACOG Committee Opinion No. 483: Primary and preventive care: periodic assessments. Obstetrics and gynecology 2011. link 46 Gee RE, Brindis CD, Diaz A, Garcia F, Gregory K, Peck MG et al.. Recommendations of the IOM clinical preventive services for women committee: implications for obstetricians and gynecologists. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 2011. link 47 Cohen D, Coco A. Trends in the provision of preventive women's health services by family physicians. Family medicine 2011. link 48 Johnson KA. Women's health and health reform: implications of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 2010. link 49 Spencer AL, McNeil M. Interdisciplinary curriculum to train internal medicine and obstetrics-gynecology residents in ambulatory women's health: adapting problem-based learning to residency education. Journal of women's health (2002) 2009. link 50 Miller D, Roberts H, Wilson D. Future practice of graduates of the New Zealand Diploma of Obstetrics and Gynaecology or Certificate in Women's Health. The New Zealand medical journal 2008. link 51 Ogburn T, Voss C, Espey E. Barriers to women's health: why is it so hard for women to stay healthy?. The Medical clinics of North America 2008. link 52 Muffly TM, Weeks WB. Income differentials required to make fellowship training in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive pelvic surgery financially neutral. International urogynecology journal and pelvic floor dysfunction 2008. link 53 Williams RA. Women's health content validity of the Family Medicine In-training Examination. Family medicine 2007. link 54 Obias-Manno D, Scott PE, Kaczmarczyk J, Miller M, Pinnow E, Lee-Bishop L et al.. The Food and Drug Administration Office of Women's Health: impact of science on regulatory policy. Journal of women's health (2002) 2007. link 55 . ACOG Committee Opinion No. 357: Primary and preventive care: periodic assessments. Obstetrics and gynecology 2006. link 56 Hale RW. Legal issues impacting women's access to care in the United States-the malpractice insurance crisis. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2006. link 57 Lentz GM, Ayala L, Eckert LO. A comprehensive women's health care center: are gynecologists offering primary care?. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2006. link 58 Daneshgari F, Novick AC. National urology resident preceptorship program in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery. The Journal of urology 2005. link 59 Chongsiriwatana KM, Phelan ST, Skipper BJ, Rhyne RL, Rayburn WF. Required research by medical students and their choice of a women's health care residency. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2005. link 60 Coleman VH, Power ML, Zinberg S, Schulkin J. Contemporary clinical issues in outpatient obstetrics and gynecology: findings of the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network, 2001-2004: part I. Obstetrical & gynecological survey 2004. link 61 Scholle SH, Chang J, Harman J, McNeil M. Characteristics of patients seen and services provided in primary care visits in obstetrics/gynecology: data from NAMCS and NHAMCS. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2004. link 62 Schneck LH. Let your name be known. OB-GYN practice's marketing strategies keep it prominent in community. MGMA connexion 2003. link 63 Wehrmacher WH, Bellows RT. Women's health: meeting the challenges of primary care in the age of managed care. Comprehensive therapy 2002. link 64 Rinto BA, Hillard PJ. Women's health in the medical school curriculum: Building support for the adoption of core competencies. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2002. link 65 Erickson SS, Bachicha J, Bienstock J, Ciotti MC, Hartmann DM, Cox S et al.. The process of translating women's health care competencies into educational objectives. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2002. link 66 Lyon DS. Graduate education in women's health care: where have all the young men gone?. Current women's health reports 2002. link 67 Hill LD, Erickson K, Holzman GB, Power ML, Schulkin J. Practice trends in outpatient obstetrics and gynecology: findings of the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network, 1995--2000. Obstetrical & gynecological survey 2001. link 68 Seppälä M. The role of FIGO in the advancement of women's health - in the year 2000. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2000. link00239-3) 69 Hoffman E. Women's health and complexity science. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2000. link 70 Carey JC. Integrating prevention into obstetrics/gynecology. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2000. link 71 Paine LL, Johnson TR, Lang JM, Gagnon D, Declercq ER, DeJoseph J et al.. A comparison of visits and practices of nurse-midwives and obstetrician-gynecologists in ambulatory care settings. Journal of midwifery & women's health 2000. link00030-6) 72 Shelley D, Hoffman E, Menitoff R, Maraldo P. Quality in women's health: the organizing principles for the NAWH (National Association for Women's Health) trade association. Quality management in health care 2000. link 73 Brown CV. Primary care for women: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 1999. link 74 Burd ID, Mass S, Karshenboyem A, Bachmann G. An ACOG-affiliated medical student obstetrics and gynecology club. Obstetrics and gynecology 1999. link00458-5) 75 Jennings RH. The patient advocate. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1997. link70183-2) 76 Higgins RV, Hall JB, Laurent S. Primary care by obstetricians and gynecologists: attitudes of the members of The South Atlantic Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1997. link70192-3) 77 Gannon L, Stevens J, Stecker T. A content analysis of obstetrics and gynecology scholarship: implications for women's health. Women & health 1997. link 78 Robertson PA, Brown JS, Flanagan TA, Goldman ME, Learman LA, Stevens AE et al.. The Women's Health Curriculum by a problem-based learning method for medical students at the University of California, San Francisco. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1997. link70360-0) 79 Scroggs JA, Griffin LP, Bayerl M, Schulkin J. Obstetrician-gynecologists as primary care physicians: the perspectives of health maintenance organization medical directors and obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstetrics and gynecology 1997. link00224-X) 80 Magrane DM, McIntyre-Settman K. Women's health care issues for medical students: an education proposal. Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 1996. link00018-7) 81 Gore MJ. The Women's Health Initiative: studying interventions over the long term. Clinical laboratory science : journal of the American Society for Medical Technology 1995. link 82 Leader S, Perales PJ. Provision of primary-preventive health care services by obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstetrics and gynecology 1995. link00411-6) 83 Beard RW, Künzel W. The future of obstetrics and gynaecology in Europe. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 1994. link90290-9) 84 Humphrey MD, Dudgeon GI, Smith WJ. FROGS (Far North Regional Obstetric and Gynaecological Service)--the development of a specialist outreach service. Australian health review : a publication of the Australian Hospital Association 1993. link 85 Pinotti JA, Faúndes A. Obstetric and gynecological care for Third World women. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 1984. link90037-7) 86 Pearse WH, Mendenhall RC, Radecki SE, Shipp DA, Fielden JG. Manpower for obstetrics-gynecology. III. Contributions to total female medical care. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1982. link 87 Willson JR, Burkons DM. Obstetrician-gynecologists are primary physicians to women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1976. link90663-3) 88 Burkons DM, Willson JR. 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Original source

[1]
Diversity in Women's Health Care. — Stafford J, Davenport-Nicholson A, Hill CC Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America (2025)
[2]
A Scoping Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology Curricula in Primary Care Residency Programs. — Ramírez SI, Partin M, Snyder AH, Ko E, Aruma J, Castaneda MC et al. Journal of general internal medicine (2025)
[3]
Complexities of the Obstetrician-Gynecologist Supply and Demand. — Rayburn WF, Xierali IM Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America (2025)
[4]
Women's health care committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Annual report-2024. — Higuchi T, Iwasa T The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (2025)
[5]
The Obstetrician-Gynecologist Workforce and Access for Well-Woman Examinations: What, When, Where, and by Whom? — Boender D, Rayburn WF Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America (2025)
[6]
Large language models and women's health: a digital companion for informed decision-making. — Recker F, Neubauer R, Wittek A, Scholten N Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2025)
[7]
The Future of Basic Science: Development of the Next Generation of Mechanistic Researchers in Female Pelvic Medicine. — Alperin M, Alarab M, Botros-Brey S, Drutz H, King J, Shynlova O International urogynecology journal (2024)
[8]
Opportunities and challenges for financing women's, children's and adolescents' health in the context of climate change. — Anton B, Cuevas S, Hanson M, Bhutta ZA, Langlois EV, Iaia DG et al. BMJ global health (2024)
[9]
Riboflavin for women's health and emerging microbiome strategies. — Dricot CEMK, Erreygers I, Cauwenberghs E, De Paz J, Spacova I, Verhoeven V et al. NPJ biofilms and microbiomes (2024)
[10]
Current exposure to Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery faculty during urology residency. — Wang CN, Su IW, Smith AL, Badalato GM, Chung DE Neurourology and urodynamics (2023)
[11]
Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery fellows' case logs remained stable during the COVID-19 pandemic. — Daily AM, Popat S, Koenig HG, Fuller TW, Lee UJ Neurourology and urodynamics (2023)
[12]
Workforce Diversity in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery: An Analysis of the American Urological Association Census Data. — Dielubanza EJ, Enemchukwu EA, Atiemo HO Urology (2022)
[13]
Women's Health and Gynecology: Old Challenges and New Insights. — Sarría-Santamera A, Laganà AS, Terzic M International journal of environmental research and public health (2022)
[14]
Young Women's Health Initiative. — Sardana A, Ascencio JK Obstetrics and gynecology (2022)
[15]
Women's Health in Times of Emergency: We Must Take Action. — Lee YS, Behn M, Rexrode KM Journal of women's health (2002) (2021)
[16]
#UTOPia: Urogynecology Tag Ontology Project. — Davenport A, Hoang E, Jallad K, Park AJ, Fitzgerald J, Iglesia CB Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery (2021)
[17]
Virtual Interviews During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Applicants to Fellowships in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. — Gaigbe-Togbe BHA, Menhaji K, Tran AD, Bui AH, Ascher-Walsh C, Dabney L et al. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery (2021)
[18]
Disparity in Medicare payments by gender and training track in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery. — Dubinskaya A, Jackson FI, Labrias PR, Riley B, Shepherd JP American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2021)
[19]
A survey of Japanese interns to prepare for mandatory clinical training in obstetrics and gynecology. — Onodera Y, Matoba Y, Suemitsu T, Shinagawa M, Sugita Y, Mayama M et al. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (2021)
[20]
Optimizing Health And Well-Being For Women And Children. — Fuentes-Afflick E, Perrin JM, Moley KH, Díaz Á, McCormick MC, Lu MC Health affairs (Project Hope) (2021)
[21]
Industry payments to female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeons: an analysis of Sunshine Act open payments from 2014-2017. — Teplitsky S, Perez T, Leong JY, Xie K, Murphy A, Shenot PJ International urogynecology journal (2020)
[22]
Should UK specialty trainee doctors in Obstetrics and Gynaecology have more opportunities to work in global women's health? — McCauley M, Unger HW, Vousden N, Sobhy S Tropical doctor (2019)
[23]
Inequality of obstetric and gynaecological workforce distribution in China. — Ren Z, Song P, Chang X, Wang J, An L International journal for equity in health (2018)
[24]
An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the conservative and nonpharmacological management of female pelvic floor dysfunction. — Bo K, Frawley HC, Haylen BT, Abramov Y, Almeida FG, Berghmans B et al. Neurourology and urodynamics (2017)
[25]
An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the conservative and nonpharmacological management of female pelvic floor dysfunction. — Bo K, Frawley HC, Haylen BT, Abramov Y, Almeida FG, Berghmans B et al. International urogynecology journal (2017)
[26]
Trends in Fellowship Training for Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. — Lake AG, Rickey LM Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery (2017)
[27]
Competency-Based Objectives in Global Underserved Women's Health for Medical Trainees. — Chen CCG, Dougherty A, Whetstone S, Mama ST, Larkins-Pettigrew M, Raine SP et al. Obstetrics and gynecology (2017)
[28]
Advanced Research and Data Methods in Women's Health: Big Data Analytics, Adaptive Studies, and the Road Ahead. — Macedonia CR, Johnson CT, Rajapakse I Obstetrics and gynecology (2017)
[29]
Resident Education in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. — Propst K, Steinberg AC, O'Sullivan DM, Schimpf MO, LaSala C Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery (2017)
[30]
Ready or Not? Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Preparedness for Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery Training. — Dune TJ, Blackwell RH, Griffin A, Taege S, Sung J, Mueller ER et al. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery (2017)
[31]
Temporal availability of obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Taiwan: A nationwide survey. — Chang WT, Leu HI, Chen HP, Lin MH, Chen TJ, Hwang SJ et al. Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology (2017)
[32]
Fifty years of obstetrics and gynaecology. — Drife JO British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005) (2016)
[33]
Preventive Care in Women's Health. — Blanchard AK, Goodall P Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America (2016)
[34]
Global Health Interest Among Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery Fellows. — Mishra K, Lopes VV, Hampton BS The Journal of reproductive medicine (2015)
[35]
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 649: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Obstetrics and gynecology (2015)
[36]
University Gynaecology and Obstetrics, quo vadis? A Department of Women's Health-University Women's Hospital of the future? — Simoes E, Brucker SY, Krämer B, Wallwiener D Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2015)
[37]
Paradigm shifts: using a participatory leadership process to redesign health systems. — Saleeby E, Holschneider CH, Singhal R Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology (2014)
[38]
Psychologists partnering with obstetricians and gynecologists: Meeting the need for patient-centered models of women's health care delivery. — Poleshuck EL, Woods J The American psychologist (2014)
[39]
Women's healthcare providers' range of services and collaborative care. — Farrow VA, Lawrence H, Schulkin J Journal for healthcare quality : official publication of the National Association for Healthcare Quality (2014)
[40]
The future of obstetrics/gynecology in 2020: a clearer vision: finding true north and the forces of change. — Lagrew DC, Jenkins TR American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2014)
[41]
Estimated demand for women's health services by 2020. — Dall TM, Chakrabarti R, Storm MV, Elwell EC, Rayburn WF Journal of women's health (2002) (2013)
[42]
The Women's Health Objective Structured Clinical Exam: a multidisciplinary collaboration. — Schillerstrom JE, Lutz ML, Ferguson DM, Nelson EL, Parker JA Journal of psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology (2013)
[43]
International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint terminology and classification of the complications related to native tissue female pelvic floor surgery. — Haylen BT, Freeman RM, Lee J, Swift SE, Cosson M, Deprest J et al. Neurourology and urodynamics (2012)
[44]
Building a better safety net: taking the safety agenda to office-based women's health. — Sclafani J, Levy B, Lawrence H, Saraco M, Cain JM Obstetrics and gynecology (2012)
[45]
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 483: Primary and preventive care: periodic assessments. Obstetrics and gynecology (2011)
[46]
Recommendations of the IOM clinical preventive services for women committee: implications for obstetricians and gynecologists. — Gee RE, Brindis CD, Diaz A, Garcia F, Gregory K, Peck MG et al. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology (2011)
[47]
Trends in the provision of preventive women's health services by family physicians. — Cohen D, Coco A Family medicine (2011)
[48]
Women's health and health reform: implications of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. — Johnson KA Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology (2010)
[49]
Interdisciplinary curriculum to train internal medicine and obstetrics-gynecology residents in ambulatory women's health: adapting problem-based learning to residency education. — Spencer AL, McNeil M Journal of women's health (2002) (2009)
[50]
Future practice of graduates of the New Zealand Diploma of Obstetrics and Gynaecology or Certificate in Women's Health. — Miller D, Roberts H, Wilson D The New Zealand medical journal (2008)
[51]
Barriers to women's health: why is it so hard for women to stay healthy? — Ogburn T, Voss C, Espey E The Medical clinics of North America (2008)
[52]
Income differentials required to make fellowship training in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive pelvic surgery financially neutral. — Muffly TM, Weeks WB International urogynecology journal and pelvic floor dysfunction (2008)
[53]
Women's health content validity of the Family Medicine In-training Examination. — Williams RA Family medicine (2007)
[54]
The Food and Drug Administration Office of Women's Health: impact of science on regulatory policy. — Obias-Manno D, Scott PE, Kaczmarczyk J, Miller M, Pinnow E, Lee-Bishop L et al. Journal of women's health (2002) (2007)
[55]
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 357: Primary and preventive care: periodic assessments. Obstetrics and gynecology (2006)
[56]
Legal issues impacting women's access to care in the United States-the malpractice insurance crisis. — Hale RW International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2006)
[57]
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