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Infectious Disease11 papers

Female gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease

Last edited: 4/10/2026

Overview

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper female reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Gonococcal PID is a common cause of PID, often resulting from ascending infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1.

Diagnosis

  • Diagnosis is typically based on clinical criteria, including lower abdominal pain, cervical motion tenderness, uterine tenderness, or adnexal tenderness 1.
    • Laboratory tests may include nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for N. gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis* from cervical or vaginal specimens 1.

    Management

    Treatment for gonococcal PID generally involves a combination of antibiotics to cover N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis*, and anaerobic bacteria 1.
  • Recommended regimens often include ceftriaxone plus doxycycline, with or without metronidazole 1.
  • Outpatient management is appropriate for most patients, while hospitalization may be indicated for severe disease or complications 1.

    • Special Populations

  • The provided abstracts do not contain specific information regarding the management of gonococcal PID in pregnant individuals, pediatric patients, the elderly, or those with comorbidities.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Empiric treatment for PID should be initiated promptly, as delay in treatment can lead to long-term complications 1.
  • Regimens should provide adequate coverage for N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and anaerobic pathogens 1.
  • Consideration should be given to local antimicrobial resistance patterns when selecting treatment regimens 1.

    • References

    1 Shallie PD, Haffejee F. Systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the knowledge and use of the female condom among Nigerians. African health sciences 2021. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the knowledge and use of the female condom among Nigerians. — Shallie PD, Haffejee F African health sciences (2021)
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