HemoChat

Evidence-Based AI Medical Search

← Back to guidelines
Cardiology641 papers

Pregnancy-related glycosuria

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Glycosuria detected during pregnancy, often referred to as glucosuria, typically indicates elevated blood glucose levels and may suggest gestational diabetes or other metabolic conditions. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Diagnosis

  • Key Diagnostic Criteria: Elevated glucose levels in urine samples, often confirmed with fasting blood glucose or oral glucose tolerance tests 29.
  • Recommended Tests: Urinalysis for glycosuria followed by blood glucose testing (fasting and postprandial) 29.
  • Grading: Positive glycosuria warrants further blood glucose assessment to diagnose gestational diabetes or other metabolic disorders 29.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatments: Dietary modifications and increased physical activity 9.
  • Adjunctive Treatments: Insulin therapy if lifestyle changes are insufficient 29.
  • Monitoring: Regular blood glucose monitoring and obstetric follow-ups to manage complications 29.

    • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Close monitoring and early intervention are essential to mitigate risks to both mother and fetus 29.
  • Comorbidities: Women with pre-existing diabetes or obesity require heightened vigilance and tailored management plans 929.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Screen for glycosuria early in pregnancy and confirm with blood glucose tests to identify gestational diabetes promptly (Evidence: Moderate 29).
  • Implement lifestyle modifications including diet and exercise as initial management strategies for glycosuria (Evidence: Strong 9).
  • Initiate pharmacological treatment (e.g., insulin) when lifestyle changes are inadequate to control blood glucose levels (Evidence: Moderate 29).
  • Regularly monitor blood glucose levels throughout pregnancy to prevent complications (Evidence: Expert opinion 29).
  • Provide specialized care for women with comorbid conditions to address increased risks associated with glycosuria (Evidence: Moderate 929).

    • References

    1 Zhang Q, Zhang G, Yang S, Zhang M, Shu S, Zhao M. Multidisciplinary DRG management for rational medication in obstetrics: a cost analysis in Zhejiang Province. BMC health services research 2025. link 2 Padhani ZA, Rahim KA, Avery JC, Tessema GA, Castleton P, Nisa S et al.. Preconception care interventions among adolescents and young adults to prevent adverse maternal, perinatal and child health outcomes: An evidence gap map. Public health 2025. link 3 Zhang D, Bo K, Montejo R, Sánchez-Polán M, Silva-José C, Palacio M et al.. Influence of pelvic floor muscle training alone or as part of a general physical activity program during pregnancy on urinary incontinence, episiotomy and third- or fourth-degree perineal tear: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2024. link 4 Kamondo D, Mwancha-Kwasa M, Kamita M, Mwangi C, Murage M, Juttla PK et al.. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on reproductive, maternal, neonatal, and child health care services in Kiambu County, Kenya. African journal of reproductive health 2024. link 5 Bradley SL, Tatsis V, Wolfe K, Pagano T, Tucker A, Bartlett A et al.. The obstetrical emergency department: need, rationale, and guide to implementation. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2024. link 6 Ricci CA, Crysup B, Phillips NR, Ray WC, Santillan MK, Trask AJ et al.. Machine learning: a new era for cardiovascular pregnancy physiology and cardio-obstetrics research. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2024. link 7 Padhani ZA, Tessema GA, Avery JC, Rahim KA, Boyle JA, Meherali S et al.. Preconception Care Interventions for Adolescents and Young Adults to Prevent Adverse Maternal and Child Health Outcomes: Protocol for an Evidence Gap Map. JMIR research protocols 2024. link 8 Lakhoo DP, Chersich MF, Jack C, Maimela G, Cissé G, Solarin I et al.. Protocol of an individual participant data meta-analysis to quantify the impact of high ambient temperatures on maternal and child health in Africa (HE. BMJ open 2024. link 9 Suh H, Kalai S, Trivedi N, Underwood C, Hendrickson ZM. Effects of women's economic empowerment interventions on antenatal care outcomes: a systematic review. BMJ open 2023. link 10 Benzie C, Newton M, Forster D, McLachlan H. How are women with a disability identified in maternity services in Australia? A cross-sectional survey of maternity managers. Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives 2023. link 11 Healy A, Davidson C, Allbert J, Bauer S, Toner L, Combs CA. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Telemedicine in obstetrics-quality and safety considerations. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2023. link 12 Merz E, Evans DH, Dong Y, Jenssen C, Dietrich CF. History of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynaecology from 1971 to 2021 on occasion of the 50 years anniversary of EFSUMB. Medical ultrasonography 2023. link 13 Buksh MM, Al Naib S, Al Samaraee A. Round ligament varicosity: a rare but important differential diagnosis of groin lumps during pregnancy. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005) 2023. link 14 Hromadnikova I. Pathogenesis of Pregnancy-Related Complications 1.0 and 2.0. International journal of molecular sciences 2022. link 15 Gimovsky AC, Pham A, Gimovsky M, Wolf A. A Novel Simulation Model for Resident Education in Mechanical Cervical Ripening. American journal of perinatology 2022. link 16 Lojo Lendoiro S, Moreno Sánchez T. Occupational radiation and pregnancy: reality or disinformation? A review of the literature and summary of current clinical guidelines. Radiologia 2022. link 17 Jain V, O'Quinn C, Van den Hof M. Guideline No. 421: Point of Care Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2021. link 18 Wolf LA, Delao AM, Evanovich Zavotsky K, Baker KM. Triage Decisions Involving Pregnancy-Capable Patients: Educational Deficits and Emergency Nurses' Perceptions of Risk. Journal of continuing education in nursing 2021. link 19 Wallace M, Dyer L, Felker-Kantor E, Benno J, Vilda D, Harville E et al.. Maternity Care Deserts and Pregnancy-Associated Mortality in Louisiana. Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 2021. link 20 Kumar MB, Madan JJ, Auguste P, Taegtmeyer M, Otiso L, Ochieng CB et al.. Cost-effectiveness of community health systems strengthening: quality improvement interventions at community level to realise maternal and child health gains in Kenya. BMJ global health 2021. link 21 Liao J, Kirby MA, Pillarisetti A, Piedrahita R, Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S et al.. LPG stove and fuel intervention among pregnant women reduce fine particle air pollution exposures in three countries: Pilot results from the HAPIN trial. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 2021. link 22 Kitawaki J, Kato K. Annual report of the Women's Health Care Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2019. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2020. link 23 Moyo J, Madziyire G. Use of telemedicine in obstetrics and gynaecology in Zimbabwe during a lockdown period. The Pan African medical journal 2020. link 24 Lee H, Hirai AH, Lin CC, Snyder JE. Determinants of rural-urban differences in health care provider visits among women of reproductive age in the United States. PloS one 2020. link 25 Kitawaki J, Kato K. Annual report of the Women's Health Care Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2018. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2019. link 26 Burgess APH, Clark SL. Opportunities for hospitals, hospital systems and leadership to improve VTE prophylaxis. Seminars in perinatology 2019. link 27 von Websky K, Hasan AA, Reichetzeder C, Tsuprykov O, Hocher B. Impact of vitamin D on pregnancy-related disorders and on offspring outcome. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2018. link 28 Bolz M, Körber S, Reimer T, Buchmann J, Schober HC, Briese V. The Treatment of Illnesses Arising in Pregnancy. Deutsches Arzteblatt international 2017. link 29 . Committee Opinion No. 723 Summary: Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstetrics and gynecology 2017. link 30 Witteveen T, de Koning I, Bezstarosti H, van den Akker T, van Roosmalen J, Bloemenkamp KW. Validating the WHO Maternal Near Miss Tool in a high-income country. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2016. link 31 De Wilde K, Tency I, Steckel S, Temmerman M, Boudrez H, Maes L. Which role do midwives and gynecologists have in smoking cessation in pregnant women? - A study in Flanders, Belgium. Sexual & reproductive healthcare : official journal of the Swedish Association of Midwives 2015. link 32 Aborigo RA, Allotey P, Reidpath DD. The traditional healer in obstetric care: A persistent wasted opportunity in maternal health. Social science & medicine (1982) 2015. link 33 Grzeskowiak M, Kuczkowski KM, Drobnik L. Management of pregnancy-related emergencies: what do Polish anesthesiologists know?. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion 2013. link 34 Curtis M, Silk HJ, Savageau JA. Prenatal oral health education in U.S. dental schools and obstetrics and gynecology residencies. Journal of dental education 2013. link 35 Chang JC, Alexander SC, Holland CL, Arnold RM, Landsittel D, Tulsky JA et al.. Smoking is bad for babies: obstetric care providers' use of best practice smoking cessation counseling techniques. American journal of health promotion : AJHP 2013. link 36 Roth DE, Perumal N, Al Mahmud A, Baqui AH. Maternal vitamin D3 supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy: effects on infant growth in a longitudinal follow-up study in Bangladesh. The Journal of pediatrics 2013. link 37 Lythgoe J. How complimentary can midwives be about acupuncture?. The practising midwife 2012. link 38 Taylor DJ. Professional leadership in obstetrics and gynecology and its contribution to Millennium Development Goal 5. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2012. link 39 Harrigan JT. Patient disclosure of the use of complementary and alternative medicine to their obstetrician/gynaecologist. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2011. link 40 Athwal R, Hoar F. Round ligament varicosity: a rare cause of inguinal swelling. Phlebology 2011. link 41 Kumar R, Hayhurst KL, Robson AK. Ear, nose, and throat manifestations during pregnancy. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2011. link 42 Amini H, Casimassimo PS. Prenatal dental care: a review. General dentistry 2010. link 43 Uzun M, Akkan K, Coşkun B. Round ligament varicosities mimicking inguinal hernias in pregnancy: importance of color Doppler sonography. Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) 2010. link 44 Fisk NM, Atun R. Systematic analysis of research underfunding in maternal and perinatal health. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2009. link 45 Iyengar K, Iyengar SD, Suhalka V, Dashora K. Pregnancy-related deaths in rural Rajasthan, India: exploring causes, context, and care-seeking through verbal autopsy. Journal of health, population, and nutrition 2009. link 46 Mason MC. Pain relief to a point. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2008. link 47 Quinn GP, Detman LA, Bell-Ellison BA. Missed appointments in perinatal care: response variations in quantitative versus qualitative instruments. The Journal of medical practice management : MPM 2008. link 48 Oumeish OY, Al-Fouzan AW. Miscellaneous diseases affected by pregnancy. Clinics in dermatology 2006. link 49 Tough SC, Clarke M, Hicks M, Cook J. Pre-conception practices among family physicians and obstetrician-gynaecologists: results from a national survey. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2006. link32259-9) 50 Mollart L. Single-blind trial addressing the differential effects of two reflexology techniques versus rest, on ankle and foot oedema in late pregnancy. Complementary therapies in nursing & midwifery 2003. link00054-4) 51 . Modest steps produce major results in initiative aimed at improving birth outcomes. Disease management advisor 2002. link 52 Burdon J. Breathlessness and pregnancy. Australian family physician 2000. link 53 Felter-Wernsdorfer R, Nass J, Smith JW. Educational experience in a correctional facility setting. Journal of midwifery & women's health 2000. link00046-5) 54 Rabhi Y, Charras-Arthapignet C, Gris JC, Ayoub J, Brun JF, Lopez FM et al.. Lower limb vein enlargement and spontaneous blood flow echogenicity are normal sonographic findings during pregnancy. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2000. link28:8<407::aid-jcu5>3.0.co;2-s) 55 Freda MC, Damus K, Merkatz IR. Evaluation of the readability of ACOG patient education pamphlets. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstetrics and gynecology 1999. link00518-3) 56 Chez RA. Cervical ripening. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 1998. link 57 Bowsher J. Oral care during pregnancy. Professional care of mother and child 1997. link 58 Kafle KK, Madden JM, Shrestha AD, Karkee SB, Das PL, Pradhan YM et al.. Can licensed drug sellers contribute to safe motherhood? A survey of the treatment of pregnancy-related anaemia in Nepal. Social science & medicine (1982) 1996. link00294-4) 59 Lelekis M, Economou E, Adamis G, Gargalianos P, Kosmidis J. Asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnancy: do obstetricians bother?. Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) 1994. link 60 Davidson EC, Gibbs CE, Chapin J. The challenge of care for the poor and underserved in the United States. An American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists perspective on access to care for underserved women. American journal of diseases of children (1960) 1991. link 61 Mikhailov VM. Secretory function of cells in the rat metrial gland. Biomedical science 1991. link 62 Alcalay J. Skin diseases unique to the pregnant woman. Dermatology nursing 1990. link 63 Chan WY, Tease LA, Borjigin J, Chan PK, Rennert OM, Srinivasan B et al.. Pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein mRNA is present in placental as well as non-placental tissues. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 1988. link 64 Chan WY, Tease LA, Bates JM, Borjigin J, Shupert WL. Pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein in rat: tissue distribution of the mRNA and identification of testicular cDNA clones. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 1988. link 65 Zaharopoulos P, Wong JY, Edmonston G, Keagy N. Crystalline bodies in cervicovaginal smears. A cytochemical and immunochemical study. Acta cytologica 1985. link 66 Armentano G, Bracco PL, Pellegrini A. Decalcifying algodystrophy of the hip in pregnancy. A case report. Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology 1984. link 67 Goodlin RC, Hoffmann KL, Williams NE, Buchan P. Shoulder-out immersion in pregnant women. Journal of perinatal medicine 1984. link 68 Spitzberg DH. Retinal phlebitis associated with pregnancy. Annals of ophthalmology 1982. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Multidisciplinary DRG management for rational medication in obstetrics: a cost analysis in Zhejiang Province. — Zhang Q, Zhang G, Yang S, Zhang M, Shu S, Zhao M BMC health services research (2025)
    2. [2]
      Preconception care interventions among adolescents and young adults to prevent adverse maternal, perinatal and child health outcomes: An evidence gap map. — Padhani ZA, Rahim KA, Avery JC, Tessema GA, Castleton P, Nisa S et al. Public health (2025)
    3. [3]
      Influence of pelvic floor muscle training alone or as part of a general physical activity program during pregnancy on urinary incontinence, episiotomy and third- or fourth-degree perineal tear: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. — Zhang D, Bo K, Montejo R, Sánchez-Polán M, Silva-José C, Palacio M et al. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica (2024)
    4. [4]
      The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on reproductive, maternal, neonatal, and child health care services in Kiambu County, Kenya. — Kamondo D, Mwancha-Kwasa M, Kamita M, Mwangi C, Murage M, Juttla PK et al. African journal of reproductive health (2024)
    5. [5]
      The obstetrical emergency department: need, rationale, and guide to implementation. — Bradley SL, Tatsis V, Wolfe K, Pagano T, Tucker A, Bartlett A et al. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2024)
    6. [6]
      Machine learning: a new era for cardiovascular pregnancy physiology and cardio-obstetrics research. — Ricci CA, Crysup B, Phillips NR, Ray WC, Santillan MK, Trask AJ et al. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology (2024)
    7. [7]
      Preconception Care Interventions for Adolescents and Young Adults to Prevent Adverse Maternal and Child Health Outcomes: Protocol for an Evidence Gap Map. — Padhani ZA, Tessema GA, Avery JC, Rahim KA, Boyle JA, Meherali S et al. JMIR research protocols (2024)
    8. [8]
      Protocol of an individual participant data meta-analysis to quantify the impact of high ambient temperatures on maternal and child health in Africa (HE — Lakhoo DP, Chersich MF, Jack C, Maimela G, Cissé G, Solarin I et al. BMJ open (2024)
    9. [9]
      Effects of women's economic empowerment interventions on antenatal care outcomes: a systematic review. — Suh H, Kalai S, Trivedi N, Underwood C, Hendrickson ZM BMJ open (2023)
    10. [10]
      How are women with a disability identified in maternity services in Australia? A cross-sectional survey of maternity managers. — Benzie C, Newton M, Forster D, McLachlan H Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives (2023)
    11. [11]
      Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Telemedicine in obstetrics-quality and safety considerations. — Healy A, Davidson C, Allbert J, Bauer S, Toner L, Combs CA American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2023)
    12. [12]
      History of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynaecology from 1971 to 2021 on occasion of the 50 years anniversary of EFSUMB. — Merz E, Evans DH, Dong Y, Jenssen C, Dietrich CF Medical ultrasonography (2023)
    13. [13]
      Round ligament varicosity: a rare but important differential diagnosis of groin lumps during pregnancy. — Buksh MM, Al Naib S, Al Samaraee A British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005) (2023)
    14. [14]
      Pathogenesis of Pregnancy-Related Complications 1.0 and 2.0. — Hromadnikova I International journal of molecular sciences (2022)
    15. [15]
      A Novel Simulation Model for Resident Education in Mechanical Cervical Ripening. — Gimovsky AC, Pham A, Gimovsky M, Wolf A American journal of perinatology (2022)
    16. [16]
      Occupational radiation and pregnancy: reality or disinformation? A review of the literature and summary of current clinical guidelines. — Lojo Lendoiro S, Moreno Sánchez T Radiologia (2022)
    17. [17]
      Guideline No. 421: Point of Care Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. — Jain V, O'Quinn C, Van den Hof M Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2021)
    18. [18]
      Triage Decisions Involving Pregnancy-Capable Patients: Educational Deficits and Emergency Nurses' Perceptions of Risk. — Wolf LA, Delao AM, Evanovich Zavotsky K, Baker KM Journal of continuing education in nursing (2021)
    19. [19]
      Maternity Care Deserts and Pregnancy-Associated Mortality in Louisiana. — Wallace M, Dyer L, Felker-Kantor E, Benno J, Vilda D, Harville E et al. Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health (2021)
    20. [20]
      Cost-effectiveness of community health systems strengthening: quality improvement interventions at community level to realise maternal and child health gains in Kenya. — Kumar MB, Madan JJ, Auguste P, Taegtmeyer M, Otiso L, Ochieng CB et al. BMJ global health (2021)
    21. [21]
      LPG stove and fuel intervention among pregnant women reduce fine particle air pollution exposures in three countries: Pilot results from the HAPIN trial. — Liao J, Kirby MA, Pillarisetti A, Piedrahita R, Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S et al. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) (2021)
    22. [22]
      Annual report of the Women's Health Care Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2019. — Kitawaki J, Kato K The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (2020)
    23. [23]
      Use of telemedicine in obstetrics and gynaecology in Zimbabwe during a lockdown period. — Moyo J, Madziyire G The Pan African medical journal (2020)
    24. [24]
      Determinants of rural-urban differences in health care provider visits among women of reproductive age in the United States. — Lee H, Hirai AH, Lin CC, Snyder JE PloS one (2020)
    25. [25]
      Annual report of the Women's Health Care Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2018. — Kitawaki J, Kato K The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (2019)
    26. [26]
      Opportunities for hospitals, hospital systems and leadership to improve VTE prophylaxis. — Burgess APH, Clark SL Seminars in perinatology (2019)
    27. [27]
      Impact of vitamin D on pregnancy-related disorders and on offspring outcome. — von Websky K, Hasan AA, Reichetzeder C, Tsuprykov O, Hocher B The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2018)
    28. [28]
      The Treatment of Illnesses Arising in Pregnancy. — Bolz M, Körber S, Reimer T, Buchmann J, Schober HC, Briese V Deutsches Arzteblatt international (2017)
    29. [29]
      Committee Opinion No. 723 Summary: Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstetrics and gynecology (2017)
    30. [30]
      Validating the WHO Maternal Near Miss Tool in a high-income country. — Witteveen T, de Koning I, Bezstarosti H, van den Akker T, van Roosmalen J, Bloemenkamp KW Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica (2016)
    31. [31]
      Which role do midwives and gynecologists have in smoking cessation in pregnant women? - A study in Flanders, Belgium. — De Wilde K, Tency I, Steckel S, Temmerman M, Boudrez H, Maes L Sexual & reproductive healthcare : official journal of the Swedish Association of Midwives (2015)
    32. [32]
      The traditional healer in obstetric care: A persistent wasted opportunity in maternal health. — Aborigo RA, Allotey P, Reidpath DD Social science & medicine (1982) (2015)
    33. [33]
      Management of pregnancy-related emergencies: what do Polish anesthesiologists know? — Grzeskowiak M, Kuczkowski KM, Drobnik L Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion (2013)
    34. [34]
      Prenatal oral health education in U.S. dental schools and obstetrics and gynecology residencies. — Curtis M, Silk HJ, Savageau JA Journal of dental education (2013)
    35. [35]
      Smoking is bad for babies: obstetric care providers' use of best practice smoking cessation counseling techniques. — Chang JC, Alexander SC, Holland CL, Arnold RM, Landsittel D, Tulsky JA et al. American journal of health promotion : AJHP (2013)
    36. [36]
      Maternal vitamin D3 supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy: effects on infant growth in a longitudinal follow-up study in Bangladesh. — Roth DE, Perumal N, Al Mahmud A, Baqui AH The Journal of pediatrics (2013)
    37. [37]
      How complimentary can midwives be about acupuncture? — Lythgoe J The practising midwife (2012)
    38. [38]
      Professional leadership in obstetrics and gynecology and its contribution to Millennium Development Goal 5. — Taylor DJ International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2012)
    39. [39]
      Patient disclosure of the use of complementary and alternative medicine to their obstetrician/gynaecologist. — Harrigan JT Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2011)
    40. [40]
      Round ligament varicosity: a rare cause of inguinal swelling. — Athwal R, Hoar F Phlebology (2011)
    41. [41]
      Ear, nose, and throat manifestations during pregnancy. — Kumar R, Hayhurst KL, Robson AK Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2011)
    42. [42]
      Prenatal dental care: a review. — Amini H, Casimassimo PS General dentistry (2010)
    43. [43]
      Round ligament varicosities mimicking inguinal hernias in pregnancy: importance of color Doppler sonography. — Uzun M, Akkan K, Coşkun B Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) (2010)
    44. [44]
      Systematic analysis of research underfunding in maternal and perinatal health. — Fisk NM, Atun R BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2009)
    45. [45]
      Pregnancy-related deaths in rural Rajasthan, India: exploring causes, context, and care-seeking through verbal autopsy. — Iyengar K, Iyengar SD, Suhalka V, Dashora K Journal of health, population, and nutrition (2009)
    46. [46]
      Pain relief to a point. — Mason MC Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) (2008)
    47. [47]
      Missed appointments in perinatal care: response variations in quantitative versus qualitative instruments. — Quinn GP, Detman LA, Bell-Ellison BA The Journal of medical practice management : MPM (2008)
    48. [48]
      Miscellaneous diseases affected by pregnancy. — Oumeish OY, Al-Fouzan AW Clinics in dermatology (2006)
    49. [49]
      Pre-conception practices among family physicians and obstetrician-gynaecologists: results from a national survey. — Tough SC, Clarke M, Hicks M, Cook J Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2006)
    50. [50]
      Single-blind trial addressing the differential effects of two reflexology techniques versus rest, on ankle and foot oedema in late pregnancy. — Mollart L Complementary therapies in nursing & midwifery (2003)
    51. [51]
      Modest steps produce major results in initiative aimed at improving birth outcomes. Disease management advisor (2002)
    52. [52]
      Breathlessness and pregnancy. — Burdon J Australian family physician (2000)
    53. [53]
      Educational experience in a correctional facility setting. — Felter-Wernsdorfer R, Nass J, Smith JW Journal of midwifery & women's health (2000)
    54. [54]
      Lower limb vein enlargement and spontaneous blood flow echogenicity are normal sonographic findings during pregnancy. — Rabhi Y, Charras-Arthapignet C, Gris JC, Ayoub J, Brun JF, Lopez FM et al. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU (2000)
    55. [55]
      Evaluation of the readability of ACOG patient education pamphlets. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. — Freda MC, Damus K, Merkatz IR Obstetrics and gynecology (1999)
    56. [56]
      Cervical ripening. — Chez RA Clinical obstetrics and gynecology (1998)
    57. [57]
      Oral care during pregnancy. — Bowsher J Professional care of mother and child (1997)
    58. [58]
      Can licensed drug sellers contribute to safe motherhood? A survey of the treatment of pregnancy-related anaemia in Nepal. — Kafle KK, Madden JM, Shrestha AD, Karkee SB, Das PL, Pradhan YM et al. Social science & medicine (1982) (1996)
    59. [59]
      Asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnancy: do obstetricians bother? — Lelekis M, Economou E, Adamis G, Gargalianos P, Kosmidis J Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) (1994)
    60. [60]
      The challenge of care for the poor and underserved in the United States. An American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists perspective on access to care for underserved women. — Davidson EC, Gibbs CE, Chapin J American journal of diseases of children (1960) (1991)
    61. [61]
      Secretory function of cells in the rat metrial gland. — Mikhailov VM Biomedical science (1991)
    62. [62]
      Skin diseases unique to the pregnant woman. — Alcalay J Dermatology nursing (1990)
    63. [63]
      Pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein mRNA is present in placental as well as non-placental tissues. — Chan WY, Tease LA, Borjigin J, Chan PK, Rennert OM, Srinivasan B et al. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) (1988)
    64. [64]
      Pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein in rat: tissue distribution of the mRNA and identification of testicular cDNA clones. — Chan WY, Tease LA, Bates JM, Borjigin J, Shupert WL Human reproduction (Oxford, England) (1988)
    65. [65]
      Crystalline bodies in cervicovaginal smears. A cytochemical and immunochemical study. — Zaharopoulos P, Wong JY, Edmonston G, Keagy N Acta cytologica (1985)
    66. [66]
      Decalcifying algodystrophy of the hip in pregnancy. A case report. — Armentano G, Bracco PL, Pellegrini A Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology (1984)
    67. [67]
      Shoulder-out immersion in pregnant women. — Goodlin RC, Hoffmann KL, Williams NE, Buchan P Journal of perinatal medicine (1984)
    68. [68]
      Retinal phlebitis associated with pregnancy. — Spitzberg DH Annals of ophthalmology (1982)
    Share:TwitterRedditLinkedIn

    HemoChat

    by SPINAI

    Evidence-based clinical decision support powered by SNOMED-CT, Neo4j GraphRAG, and NASS/AO/NICE guidelines.

    ⚕ For clinical reference only. Not a substitute for professional judgment.

    © 2026 HemoChat. All rights reserved.
    Research·Pricing·Privacy & Terms·Refund·SNOMED-CT · NASS · AO Spine · NICE · GraphRAG