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Closed fracture of intracapsular section of femur — Clinical Guidelines

Overview

Closed fracture of the intracapsular section of the femur involves a fracture that extends into the femoral neck or head, often necessitating careful management to prevent complications such as avascular necrosis and nonunion. 26

Diagnosis

Clinical presentation includes severe pain, inability to bear weight, and deformity in the hip region.

Radiographic imaging (X-ray) is essential for initial diagnosis, often supplemented by MRI or CT for detailed assessment of fracture type and displacement. 26

Blood tests to evaluate for fat embolism syndrome and other systemic complications may be indicated. 26

Management

Surgical Intervention: Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using screws, plates, or intramedullary nailing, depending on fracture type and patient factors. 26

Immobilization: Post-operative immobilization with a hip spica cast or skeletal traction initially, followed by functional bracing. 26

Monitoring for Complications: Close monitoring for avascular necrosis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and fat embolism syndrome. Prophylactic anticoagulation may be considered for DVT prevention. 26

Rehabilitation: Gradual mobilization and physical therapy to restore function and prevent stiffness. 26

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Management requires careful consideration of fetal well-being and potential risks associated with anesthesia and surgery. 26

Elderly: Increased risk of complications such as delayed healing and comorbidities necessitating tailored surgical and post-operative care plans. 26

Key Recommendations

Surgical Fixation: Perform surgical fixation promptly for displaced intracapsular femoral fractures to optimize outcomes and reduce complications. (Evidence: Strong 26)

Prophylactic Measures: Implement prophylactic anticoagulation to mitigate the risk of deep vein thrombosis, especially in immobilized patients. (Evidence: Moderate 26)

Early Mobilization: Initiate early mobilization and physical therapy to prevent complications such as joint stiffness and muscle atrophy. (Evidence: Moderate 26)

Close Monitoring: Regularly monitor for signs of avascular necrosis and fat embolism syndrome, particularly in the acute phase post-fracture. (Evidence: Expert opinion 26)

References

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MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 2020. link 10 Yang M, Guo ZW, Deng CJ, Liang X, Tan GJ, Jiang J et al.. A comparative study of three different forecasting methods for trial of labor after cesarean section. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2019. link 11 Pallister M, Ballas J, Kohn J, Eppes CS, Belfort M, Davidson C. A Standardized Approach to Cesarean Surgical Technique and Its Effect on Operative Time and Surgical Morbidity. American journal of perinatology 2019. link 12 Ni L, Elsaharty A, McConachie I. Cesarean birth - What's in a name?. International journal of obstetric anesthesia 2018. link 13 Venturella R, Quaresima P, Micieli M, Rania E, Palumbo A, Visconti F et al.. Non-obstetrical indications for cesarean section: a state-of-the-art review. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2018. link 14 Castelli G, Flaherty A, Jarrett JB. PURLs: Does azithromycin have a role in cesarean sections?. The Journal of family practice 2017. link 15 Melman S, Schreurs RHP, Dirksen CD, Kwee A, Nijhuis JG, Smeets NAC et al.. Identification of barriers and facilitators for optimal cesarean section care: perspective of professionals. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2017. link 16 Josipović LB, Stojkanović JD, Brković I. Analysis of Cesarean section delivery at Nova Bila Hospital according to the Robson classification. Collegium antropologicum 2015. link 17 York SL, Maizels M, Cohen E, Stoltz RS, Jamil A, McGaghie WC et al.. Development and evaluation of cesarean section surgical training using computer-enhanced visual learning. Medical teacher 2014. link 18 Josefsson A, Gunnervik C, Sydsjö A, Sydsjö G. A comparison between Swedish midwives' and obstetricians' & gynecologists' opinions on cesarean section. Maternal and child health journal 2011. link 19 Fuglenes D, Oian P, Gyrd-Hansen D, Olsen JA, Kristiansen IS. Norwegian obstetricians' opinions about cesarean section on maternal request: should women pay themselves?. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2010. link 20 Ye Y, Jiang Z, Diao X, Yang D, Du G. An ontology-based hierarchical semantic modeling approach to clinical pathway workflows. Computers in biology and medicine 2009. link 21 Gunnervik C, Sydsjö G, Sydsjö A, Selling KE, Josefsson A. Attitudes towards cesarean section in a nationwide sample of obstetricians and gynecologists. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2008. link 22 Liu TC, Lin HC, Chen CS, Lee HC. Obstetrician gender and the likelihood of performing a maternal request for a cesarean delivery. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2008. link 23 Johnson D, Truman C. Hospital practice more than specialty influences the choice of regional or general anesthesia for Cesarean section. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 2002. link 24 Studnicki J, Remmel R, Campbell R, Werner DC. The impact of legislatively imposed practice guidelines on cesarean section rates: the Florida experience. American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality 1997. link 25 Wang YP, Cheng YJ, Fan SZ, Liu CC, Shih RL. Conscious sedation by low dose propofol infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Acta anaesthesiologica Sinica 1996. link 26 Burns LR, Geller SE, Wholey DR. The effect of physician factors on the cesarean section decision. Medical care 1995. link 27 Pierre KD, Vayda E, Lomas J, Enkin MW, Hannah WJ, Anderson GM. Obstetrical attitudes and practices before and after the Canadian Consensus Conference Statement on Cesarean Birth. Social science & medicine (1982) 1991. link90044-d) 28 Stafford RS. Alternative strategies for controlling rising cesarean section rates. JAMA 1990. link 29 Goldman G, Pineault R, Bilodeau H, Blais R. Effects of patient, physician and hospital characteristics on the likelihood of vaginal birth after previous cesarean section in Quebec. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne 1990. link

Closed fracture of intracapsular section of femur