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Cardiology380 papers

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) results from compression of the brachial plexus within the thoracic outlet, leading to symptoms such as pain, paresthesia, and functional impairment in the upper extremity 1 2 3 23 33.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Symptoms include pain, numbness, weakness, and swelling in the arm and hand 1 2 3 23.

Diagnostic Tests: Scalene and pectoralis minor muscle blocks show diagnostic accuracy 2.

Imaging: Ultrasound and MRI can help identify anatomical anomalies like cervical ribs and scalene muscle hypertrophy 2 3 16 22 51.

Electrodiagnostic Studies: Nerve conduction studies and electromyography may be inconclusive or normal in some cases 2 22.

Venography: Useful for venous thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS) to assess subclavian vein patency 11 51.

Dynamic Imaging: CT angiography can correlate with patient symptoms 66.

Management

Non-Surgical Treatments:

- Physical Therapy: Focus on posture correction, strengthening, and stretching exercises 17. - Botulinum Toxin Injections: For anterior scalene and pectoralis minor muscles to reduce muscle spasm 44 48 80. - Medication: NSAIDs for pain management 17.

Surgical Interventions:

- First Rib Resection: Transaxillary or supraclavicular approaches; robotic techniques show promising outcomes 46 47 53 62 69. - Rib-Sparing Techniques: Anterior scalenectomy without rib resection can be effective 7 49. - Pectoralis Minor Tenotomy: Utilized in surgical management, though effectiveness varies 5.

Endovascular Approaches: Emerging role in arterial TOS for aneurysm management 33 63.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Surgical interventions like first rib resection are safe and effective in pediatric patients 10 44.

Comorbidities: Major depressive disorder may impact surgical outcomes negatively 30.

Athletes: Specific rehabilitation and surgical techniques tailored for overhead and throwing athletes show favorable results 19 22 70.

Key Recommendations

Utilize Scalene and Pectoralis Minor Muscle Blocks for Diagnosis: These blocks have diagnostic accuracy in confirming NTOS 2 (Evidence: Moderate).

Consider First Rib Resection via Transaxillary or Robotic Approaches: Effective for both acute and chronic cases, with robotic techniques showing improved outcomes 46 62 (Evidence: Moderate).

Incorporate Physical Therapy and Botulinum Toxin Injections as First-Line Treatments: Non-surgical management can be effective, especially in less severe cases 17 44 (Evidence: Moderate).

Evaluate for Comorbid Conditions: Assess for comorbidities like depression, as they may influence surgical outcomes 30 (Evidence: Moderate).

Tailor Surgical Approaches for Athletes: Specialized surgical and rehabilitation protocols can optimize recovery in athletes 19 70 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 348 indexed papers.

1 Kakamad FH, Asaad SK, Namiq HS, Ghafour AK, Hattam AS, Arif SO et al.. Current Perspectives on Pectoralis Minor Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 2 Nagarsheth KH, Schweitzer C. Diagnostic Accuracy of Scalene and Pectoralis Minor Muscle Blocks for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The American surgeon 2026. link 3 El Haj M, Beyth S, Hagan RR, Vorobeitchik SA, Chim H. The Association of Long Thoracic Nerve Variants With Medial Scapular Winging in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Clinical and Anatomical Study. The Journal of hand surgery 2026. link 4 Deveze E, Daligault M, Hersant J, Abraham P, Picquet J. Safety of Transaxillary Approach in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Surgery in 484 Cases. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 5 De Silva G, Ohman JW, Henderson KM, Goestenkors DM, Meyer RD, Thompson RW. Utilization and Effectiveness of Pectoralis Minor Tenotomy in the Surgical Management of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Hand (New York, N.Y.) 2026. link 6 Deveze E, Ammi M, Daligault M, Hersant J, Abraham P, Picquet J. Functional Short-Term Outcomes After Transaxillary First Rib Resection in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 7 Ansari D, Maghrabi H, Eslami A, Hanna AS. Rib-Sparing Anterior Scalenectomy Versus First Rib Resection for the Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2026. link 8 Elshinnawy AM, Eraky ZS, Abdallah EA, Elmasry HM, El-Samouly HM. Effect of osteopathic technique on respiratory parameters and pain in thoracic outlet syndrome. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies 2026. link 9 Lecoq S, Davoise G, Henni S, Deveze E, Abraham P, Hersant J. The Mobility of Arm Score: A Short and Side-Specific Tool to Assess Functional Impairment in Patients with Suspected Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 10 Ng JC, Tan LT, Khor KS, Holscher CM, Hicks CW, Lum YW. Transaxillary First Rib Resection in Pediatric Patients with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 11 Corvi ME, Panda N, Fu BJ, Hurd JC, Yang ME, Anderson JN et al.. Association between subclavian vein patency and health-related quality of life outcomes among patients with venous thoracic outlet syndrome. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2026. link 12 Lahjouji O, Mhamdi Alaoui Y, Chaouche I, Ouazzani H, Akammar CA, Alami B et al.. Acute upper limb ischemia due to cervical rib-related thoracic outlet syndrome. Vascular diseases (Paris, France) 2026. link 13 Stegemann E, Larbig J, Portig I, Weiske N, Bürger T, Stegemann B. Reliability of a Standardized Ultrasound Protocol for the Diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980) 2026. link 14 Talutis SD, Ulloa JG, DiPardo BJ, Gelabert HA. Impact of Work-Related Injury on the Recovery of Health-Care Workers after Surgery for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2025. link 15 Jaklin FJ, Platzgummer H, Reissig L, Maierhofer U, Gohritz A, Bergmeister KD et al.. Rib-sparing subclavian vein decompression in venous thoracic outlet syndrome. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2025. link 16 Sun M, Fang L, Tang P, Wang F, Jiang L, Wang T. T1WI Radiomics Analysis of Anterior Scalene Muscle: A Preliminary Application in Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Journal of computer assisted tomography 2025. link 17 Hock G, Johnson A, Barber P, Papa C. Current Clinical Concepts: Rehabilitation of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Journal of athletic training 2024. link 18 Kawano D, Mori H, Taniwaki M, Tsutsui K, Kato R. Venous thoracic outlet syndrome, as a pitfall for cardiac implantable electronic device implantations. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2024. link 19 Talutis SD, Ulloa JG, Gelabert HA. The impact of competitive level of high school and collegiate athletes on outcomes of thoracic outlet syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery 2024. link 20 Issa TZ, Lin JS, Herrera F, Mailey B. Trends in the Surgical Management of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Hand (New York, N.Y.) 2024. link 21 Beason AM, Thayer JA, Arras N, Franke JD, Mailey BA. Anterior Scalene Muscle Block Response Predicts Outcomes Following Thoracic Outlet Decompression. Hand (New York, N.Y.) 2024. link 22 Burton JS, Mackinnon SE, McKee PB, Henderson KM, Goestenkors DM, Thompson RW. Rapid Functional Recovery After Thoracic Outlet Decompression in a Series of Adolescent Athletes With Chronic Atraumatic Shoulder-Girdle Pain, Scapular Winging/Dyskinesis, and Normal Electrodiagnostic Studies. Hand (New York, N.Y.) 2024. link 23 Stutsrim A, Albertson B, Waterman B, Freischlag J. Double Trouble: Combined Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and Superior Labrum Anterior Posterior Tear. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2024. link 24 Tolga G, Nilay YÇ, Umut MO, Çağrı TC. Surgical Management of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Exploring the Efficacy of the Posterior Intermuscular Approach in Cases Involving Bone Anomalies. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2024. link 25 Blondin M, Garner GL, Hones KM, Nichols DS, Cox EA, Chim H. Considerations for Surgical Treatment of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcomes. The Journal of hand surgery 2023. link 26 Ochuba AJ, Mallela DP, Feghali J, Lubelski D, Belzberg AJ, Hicks CW et al.. Development and validation of a prediction model for outcomes after transaxillary first rib resection for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome following strict Society for Vascular Surgery diagnostic criteria. Journal of vascular surgery 2023. link 27 Talutis SD, Ulloa JG, Gelabert HA. Adolescent athletes can get back in the game after surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery 2023. link 28 Tucker DL, Freischlag JA. Anterior Scalene Anomaly in a Patient With Arterial and Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2023. link 29 Rochkind S, Ferraresi S, Denisova N, Garozzo D, Heinen C, Alimehmeti R et al.. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Part II: Consensus on the Management of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies' Section of Peripheral Nerve Surgery. Neurosurgery 2023. link 30 Alnahhal KI, Penukonda S, Lingutla R, Irshad A, Allison GM, Salehi P. The effects of major depression disorder on neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome surgery outcomes. Vascular 2023. link 31 Dadashzadeh ER, Ohman JW, Kavali PK, Henderson KM, Goestenkors DM, Thompson RW. Venographic classification and long-term surgical treatment outcomes for axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis due to venous thoracic outlet syndrome (Paget-Schroetter syndrome). Journal of vascular surgery 2023. link 32 Pesonen LO, Knol MC, Kreimier EL, Jackson MW, Heidenreich MJ, Aziz A. Successful paraclavicular surgical decompression for recurrent venous thoracic outlet syndrome following transaxillary first rib resection in an elite athlete. Vascular 2023. link 33 Troyer W, Gardner JE, Bowers RL. Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome in the overhead and throwing athlete: A narrative review. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation 2023. link 34 Fereydooni A, Ho VT, Olson EM, Dyrek P, Harris T, Kussman A et al.. Impact of Scalene Muscle Botulinum Toxin Injection With and Without Surgery in Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2023. link 35 Palivela N, Burt BM. Transthoracic Robotic First and Cervical Rib Resection for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of surgery 2023. link 36 Diner C, Mathieu L, Vandendries C, Oberlin C, Belkheyar Z. Elective brachial plexus decompression in neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Hand surgery & rehabilitation 2023. link 37 Azenha LF, Kocher GJ, Kestenholz PB, Gioutsos K, Minervini F. Thoracic outlet syndrome: a retrospective analysis of robotic assisted first rib resections. Journal of robotic surgery 2023. link 38 Pantoja JL, Rigberg DA, Gelabert HA. The evolving role of endovascular therapy in the management of arterial thoracic outlet syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery 2022. link 39 Hoexum F, Jongkind V, Coveliers HM, Yeung KK, Wisselink W. Robot-assisted transthoracic first rib resection for venous thoracic outlet syndrome. Vascular 2022. link 40 Goeteyn J, Pesser N, van Sambeek MRHM, Thompson RW, van Nuenen BFL, Teijink JAW. Duplex Ultrasound Studies Are Neither Necessary or Sufficient for the Diagnosis of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2022. link 41 Bellamkonda KS, Perez Lozada JC, Chaar CIO. A rare presentation and management of thrombosis of an aberrant right subclavian artery related to thoracic outlet syndrome. Vascular 2022. link 42 J Gutman M, Gutman BS, D Joyce C, M Kirsch J, B Sherman M, Namdari S. Performance in major league baseball pitchers after surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. The Physician and sportsmedicine 2022. link 43 Martinez Del Carmen DT, Martí Mestre FX, Tripodi P, Macia Vidueira I, Ramos Izquierdo R, Romera Villegas A. Role of Botulinum Toxin in Pectoralis Minor Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2022. link 44 Boglione M, Ortíz R, Teplisky D, Giuseppucci C, Korman L, Reusmann A et al.. Surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome in pediatrics. Journal of pediatric surgery 2022. link 45 Jammeh ML, Ohman JW, Vemuri C, Abuirqeba AA, Thompson RW. Anatomically Complete Supraclavicular Reoperation for Recurrent Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Clinical Characteristics, Operative Findings, and Long-term Outcomes. Hand (New York, N.Y.) 2022. link 46 Palivela N, Lee HS, Jang HJ, Paily P, Montero M, Najafi B et al.. Improvement of Disability in Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome by Robotic First Rib Resection. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 47 Zehnder A, Dorn P, Lutz J, Minervini F, Kestenholz P, Gelpke H et al.. Completely Thoracoscopic 3-Port Robotic First Rib Resection for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 48 Li W, Dissanaike S. Jury verdicts, outcomes, and tort reform features of malpractice cases involving thoracic outlet syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery 2022. link 49 Johansen K. Rib-sparing scalenectomy for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: Early results. Journal of vascular surgery 2021. link 50 Chapman SC, Singh MJ, Lowenkamp MN, Brown JA, Eslami MH. Postoperative outcomes in thoracic outlet decompression for acute versus chronic venous thoracic outlet syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2021. link 51 Farina R, Foti PV, Iannace FA, Conti A, Ferlito A, Conti A et al.. Thoracic outlet syndrome: a rare case with bilateral cervical ribs and bilateral anterior scalene hypertrophy. Journal of ultrasound 2021. link 52 Duarte FH, Zerati AE, Gornati VC, Nomura C, Puech-Leão P. Normal Costoclavicular Distance as a Standard in the Radiological Evaluation of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in the Costoclavicular Space. Annals of vascular surgery 2021. link 53 Burt BM, Palivela N, Cekmecelioglu D, Paily P, Najafi B, Lee HS et al.. Safety of robotic first rib resection for thoracic outlet syndrome. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2021. link 54 Panda N, Phillips WW, Geller AD, Lipsitz S, Colson YL, Donahue DM. Supraclavicular Approach for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Description of a Learning Curve. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 55 Goeteyn J, Pesser N, van Nuenen B, van Sambeek M, Teijink J. Familial predisposition of thoracic outlet syndrome: does a familial syndrome exist? Report of cases and review of literature. Acta chirurgica Belgica 2021. link 56 Bozzay JD, Walker PF, Ronaldi AE, Patel JA, Koelling EE, White PW et al.. Infraclavicular Thoracic Outlet Decompression Compared to Supraclavicular Thoracic Outlet Decompression for the Management of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2020. link 57 Hersant J, Ramondou P, Guilleron C, Picquet J, Henni S, Abraham P. A pilot study of forearm microvascular impairment and pain while using a telephone. Microvascular research 2020. link 58 Donahue DM, Godoy IRB, Gupta R, Donahue JA, Torriani M. Sonographically guided botulinum toxin injections in patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: correlation with surgical outcomes. Skeletal radiology 2020. link 59 Tsang CLN, Gunanayagam P, Feitosa R, Villalba L. High Output Chylous Fistula Post First Rib Resection. Annals of vascular surgery 2020. link 60 Goeteyn J, van den Broek R, Bouwman A, Pesser N, van Nuenen B, van Sambeek M et al.. Interfascial Plane Blocks Reduce Postoperative Pain and Morphine Consumption in Thoracic Outlet Decompression. Annals of vascular surgery 2020. link 61 Al Shakarchi J, Jaipersad A, Morgan R, Pherwani A. Early and Late Outcomes of Surgery for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in Adolescents. Annals of vascular surgery 2020. link 62 Stilo F, Montelione N, Benedetto F, Spinelli D, Vigliotti RC, Spinelli F. Thirty-year experience of transaxillary resection of first rib for thoracic outlet syndrome. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2020. link 63 Archie MM, Gelabert HA. Endovascular Reconstruction of Subclavian Artery Aneurysms in Patients with Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2019. link 64 Morel J, Pirvu A, Elie A, Gallet N, Magne JL, Spear R. Functional Results of Cervical Rib Resection for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Impact on Professional Activity. Annals of vascular surgery 2019. link 65 Yin ZG, Gong KT, Zhang JB. Outcomes of Surgical Management of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Perspective. The Journal of hand surgery 2019. link 66 Gillet R, Teixeira P, Meyer JB, Rauch A, Raymond A, Dap F et al.. Dynamic CT angiography for the diagnosis of patients with thoracic outlet syndrome: Correlation with patient symptoms. Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography 2018. link 67 Yun S, Park S, Kim CS. Absence of the subclavius muscle with contralateral subclavius posticus muscle: first imaging report. Clinical imaging 2018. link 68 Zurkiya O, Donahue DM, Walker TG, Ganguli S. Safety and Efficacy of Catheter-Directed Therapies as a Supplement to Surgical Decompression in Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2018. link 69 Nuutinen H, Riekkinen T, Aittola V, Mäkinen K, Kärkkäinen JM. Thoracoscopic Versus Transaxillary Approach to First Rib Resection in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2018. link 70 Ammi M, Péret M, Henni S, Daligault M, Abraham P, Papon X et al.. Frequency of the Pectoralis Minor Compression Syndrome in Patients Treated for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2018. link 71 Henry BM, Vikse J, Sanna B, Taterra D, Gomulska M, Pękala PA et al.. Cervical Rib Prevalence and its Association with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of 141 Studies with Surgical Considerations. World neurosurgery 2018. link 72 Doneddu PE, Coraci D, De Franco P, Paolasso I, Caliandro P, Padua L. Thoracic outlet syndrome: wide literature for few cases. Status of the art. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2017. link 73 Abdel Ghany W, Nada MA, Toubar AF, Desoky AE, Ibrahim H, Nassef MA et al.. Modified Interscalene Approach for Resection of Symptomatic Cervical Rib: Anatomic Review and Clinical Study. World neurosurgery 2017. link 74 Demaree CJ, Wang K, Lin PH. Thoracic outlet syndrome affecting high-performance musicians playing bowed string instruments. Vascular 2017. link 75 Nejim B, Alshaikh HN, Arhuidese I, Obeid T, Lum YW, Canner J et al.. Perioperative Outcomes of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Surgical Repair in a Nationally Validated Database. Angiology 2017. link 76 Elixène JB, Sadaghianloo N, Mousnier A, Brizzi S, Declemy S, Hassen-Khodja R. Long-term functional outcomes and subclavian vein patency in patients undergoing thoracic outlet surgery for Paget-Schroetter Syndrome. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 2017. link 77 Peek J, Vos CG, Ünlü Ç, van de Pavoordt HDWM, van den Akker PJ, de Vries JPM. Outcome of Surgical Treatment for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Annals of vascular surgery 2017. link 78 Thompson RW, Dawkins C, Vemuri C, Mulholland MW, Hadzinsky TD, Pearl GJ. Performance Metrics in Professional Baseball Pitchers before and after Surgical Treatment for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2017. link 79 Chahwala V, Tashiro J, Li X, Baqai A, Rey J, Robinson HR. Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome as a Cause of Intractable Migraines. Annals of vascular surgery 2017. link 80 Hixson KM, Horris HB, McLeod TCV, Bacon CEW. The Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Diagnostic Tests for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Journal of sport rehabilitation 2017. link 81 Yi JA, Johnston RJ, Nehler MR, Gibula DR, Alix K, Glebova NO et al.. A Fourteen-Year Experience with Vascular Anomalies Encountered during Transaxillary Rib Resection for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2017. link 82 Illig KA, Donahue D, Duncan A, Freischlag J, Gelabert H, Johansen K et al.. Reporting standards of the Society for Vascular Surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery 2016. link 83 . You're the Flight Surgeon. Aerospace medicine and human performance 2016. link 84 De Caridi G, Massara M, Greco M, Villari S, Squillaci D, Spinelli F. Hybrid management of Paget-Schroetter syndrome due to thoracic outlet syndrome. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2016. link 85 Hussain MA, Aljabri B, Al-Omran M. Vascular Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2016. link 86 Franklin GM. Work-Related Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America 2015. link 87 Wong DJ, Holm TM, Dyer GS, Gates JD. Late onset venous thoracic outlet syndrome following clavicle non-union fracture: A case report. Vascular 2015. link 88 Poretti D, Lanza E, Sconfienza LM, Mauri G, Pedicini V, Balzarini L et al.. Simultaneous bilateral magnetic resonance angiography to evaluate thoracic outlet syndrome. La Radiologia medica 2015. link 89 Hawkins AT, Schaumeier MJ, Smith AD, de Vos MS, Ho KJ, Semel ME et al.. Concurrent venography during first rib resection and scalenectomy for venous thoracic outlet syndrome is safe and efficient. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2015. link 90 Greenberg JI, Alix K, Nehler MR, Johnston RJ, Brantigan CO. Computed tomography-guided reoperation for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery 2015. link 91 Uhl JF, Gillot C. Anatomy of the Hunter's canal and its role in the venous outlet syndrome of the lower limb. Phlebology 2015. link 92 Stewman C, Vitanzo PC, Harwood MI. Neurologic thoracic outlet syndrome: summarizing a complex history and evolution. Current sports medicine reports 2014. link 93 Desai SS, Toliyat M, Dua A, Charlton-Ouw KM, Hossain M, Estrera AL et al.. Outcomes of surgical paraclavicular thoracic outlet decompression. Annals of vascular surgery 2014. link 94 Likes K, Rochlin DH, Call D, Freischlag JA. McCleery syndrome: etiology and outcome. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2014. link 95 Klaassen Z, Sorenson E, Tubbs RS, Arya R, Meloy P, Shah R et al.. Thoracic outlet syndrome: a neurological and vascular disorder. Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) 2014. link 96 Baumer P, Kele H, Kretschmer T, Koenig R, Pedro M, Bendszus M et al.. Thoracic outlet syndrome in 3T MR neurography-fibrous bands causing discernible lesions of the lower brachial plexus. European radiology 2014. link 97 Streit RS. NTOS symptoms and mobility: a case study on neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome involving massage therapy. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies 2014. link 98 Yaseen Z, Baram A. Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome treatment by the supraclavicular approach. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2014. link 99 Smayra T, Nabhane L, Tabet G, Menassa-Moussa L, Hachem K, Haddad-Zebouni S. The subclavius posticus muscle: an unusual cause of thoracic outlet syndrome. Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA 2014. link 100 Weber AE, Criado E. Relevance of bone anomalies in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2014. link

Original source

[1]
Current Perspectives on Pectoralis Minor Syndrome: A Narrative Review. — Kakamad FH, Asaad SK, Namiq HS, Ghafour AK, Hattam AS, Arif SO et al. Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
[2]
Diagnostic Accuracy of Scalene and Pectoralis Minor Muscle Blocks for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Nagarsheth KH, Schweitzer C The American surgeon (2026)
[3]
The Association of Long Thoracic Nerve Variants With Medial Scapular Winging in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Clinical and Anatomical Study. — El Haj M, Beyth S, Hagan RR, Vorobeitchik SA, Chim H The Journal of hand surgery (2026)
[4]
Safety of Transaxillary Approach in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Surgery in 484 Cases. — Deveze E, Daligault M, Hersant J, Abraham P, Picquet J Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
[5]
Utilization and Effectiveness of Pectoralis Minor Tenotomy in the Surgical Management of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — De Silva G, Ohman JW, Henderson KM, Goestenkors DM, Meyer RD, Thompson RW Hand (New York, N.Y.) (2026)
[6]
Functional Short-Term Outcomes After Transaxillary First Rib Resection in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — Deveze E, Ammi M, Daligault M, Hersant J, Abraham P, Picquet J Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
[7]
Rib-Sparing Anterior Scalenectomy Versus First Rib Resection for the Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — Ansari D, Maghrabi H, Eslami A, Hanna AS Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) (2026)
[8]
Effect of osteopathic technique on respiratory parameters and pain in thoracic outlet syndrome. — Elshinnawy AM, Eraky ZS, Abdallah EA, Elmasry HM, El-Samouly HM Journal of bodywork and movement therapies (2026)
[9]
The Mobility of Arm Score: A Short and Side-Specific Tool to Assess Functional Impairment in Patients with Suspected Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — Lecoq S, Davoise G, Henni S, Deveze E, Abraham P, Hersant J Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
[10]
Transaxillary First Rib Resection in Pediatric Patients with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — Ng JC, Tan LT, Khor KS, Holscher CM, Hicks CW, Lum YW Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
[11]
Association between subclavian vein patency and health-related quality of life outcomes among patients with venous thoracic outlet syndrome. — Corvi ME, Panda N, Fu BJ, Hurd JC, Yang ME, Anderson JN et al. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2026)
[12]
Acute upper limb ischemia due to cervical rib-related thoracic outlet syndrome. — Lahjouji O, Mhamdi Alaoui Y, Chaouche I, Ouazzani H, Akammar CA, Alami B et al. Vascular diseases (Paris, France) (2026)
[13]
Reliability of a Standardized Ultrasound Protocol for the Diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — Stegemann E, Larbig J, Portig I, Weiske N, Bürger T, Stegemann B Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980) (2026)
[14]
Impact of Work-Related Injury on the Recovery of Health-Care Workers after Surgery for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — Talutis SD, Ulloa JG, DiPardo BJ, Gelabert HA Annals of vascular surgery (2025)
[15]
Rib-sparing subclavian vein decompression in venous thoracic outlet syndrome. — Jaklin FJ, Platzgummer H, Reissig L, Maierhofer U, Gohritz A, Bergmeister KD et al. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS (2025)
[16]
T1WI Radiomics Analysis of Anterior Scalene Muscle: A Preliminary Application in Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — Sun M, Fang L, Tang P, Wang F, Jiang L, Wang T Journal of computer assisted tomography (2025)
[17]
Current Clinical Concepts: Rehabilitation of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — Hock G, Johnson A, Barber P, Papa C Journal of athletic training (2024)
[18]
Venous thoracic outlet syndrome, as a pitfall for cardiac implantable electronic device implantations. — Kawano D, Mori H, Taniwaki M, Tsutsui K, Kato R Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2024)
[19]
The impact of competitive level of high school and collegiate athletes on outcomes of thoracic outlet syndrome. — Talutis SD, Ulloa JG, Gelabert HA Journal of vascular surgery (2024)
[20]
Trends in the Surgical Management of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — Issa TZ, Lin JS, Herrera F, Mailey B Hand (New York, N.Y.) (2024)
[21]
Anterior Scalene Muscle Block Response Predicts Outcomes Following Thoracic Outlet Decompression. — Beason AM, Thayer JA, Arras N, Franke JD, Mailey BA Hand (New York, N.Y.) (2024)
[22]
Rapid Functional Recovery After Thoracic Outlet Decompression in a Series of Adolescent Athletes With Chronic Atraumatic Shoulder-Girdle Pain, Scapular Winging/Dyskinesis, and Normal Electrodiagnostic Studies. — Burton JS, Mackinnon SE, McKee PB, Henderson KM, Goestenkors DM, Thompson RW Hand (New York, N.Y.) (2024)
[23]
Double Trouble: Combined Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and Superior Labrum Anterior Posterior Tear. — Stutsrim A, Albertson B, Waterman B, Freischlag J Vascular and endovascular surgery (2024)
[24]
Surgical Management of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Exploring the Efficacy of the Posterior Intermuscular Approach in Cases Involving Bone Anomalies. — Tolga G, Nilay YÇ, Umut MO, Çağrı TC Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) (2024)
[25]
Considerations for Surgical Treatment of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcomes. — Blondin M, Garner GL, Hones KM, Nichols DS, Cox EA, Chim H The Journal of hand surgery (2023)
[26]
Development and validation of a prediction model for outcomes after transaxillary first rib resection for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome following strict Society for Vascular Surgery diagnostic criteria. — Ochuba AJ, Mallela DP, Feghali J, Lubelski D, Belzberg AJ, Hicks CW et al. Journal of vascular surgery (2023)
[27]
Adolescent athletes can get back in the game after surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. — Talutis SD, Ulloa JG, Gelabert HA Journal of vascular surgery (2023)
[28]
Anterior Scalene Anomaly in a Patient With Arterial and Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. — Tucker DL, Freischlag JA Vascular and endovascular surgery (2023)
[29]
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