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Cardiology8 papers

Relapsing fever of Southwest U.S. AND/OR Mexico

Last edited: 4/22/2026

Overview

Relapsing fever, prevalent in the Southwest U.S. and Mexico, is caused primarily by Borrelia species and characterized by recurrent febrile episodes over several weeks, often triggered by spirochete reactivation [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Recurrent high fevers, headache, myalgia, and variable rash [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Laboratory Tests: Blood smear for spirochetes, serology (IFA, ELISA), PCR for Borrelia species [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Differential Diagnosis: Includes malaria, viral infections, and other tick-borne illnesses [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Management

  • Antibiotics: Tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline) are first-line treatment, typically for 5-7 days [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Supportive Care: Hydration, antipyretics, and monitoring for complications such as meningitis or endocarditis [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Limited data; doxycycline contraindicated due to risks to fetal bone development; alternatives like erythromycin may be considered under strict supervision [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Pediatrics: Similar treatment principles apply; dosing adjusted for age and weight [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Elderly: Close monitoring for complications and renal function due to potential drug interactions and decreased clearance [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Comorbidities: Careful assessment for potential drug interactions, especially with renal or hepatic impairment [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate empirical antibiotic therapy with doxycycline for suspected relapsing fever cases (Evidence: Expert opinion) [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Monitor for recurrent fever episodes and adjust treatment if relapses occur, considering re-evaluation for persistent infection [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • Supplement with supportive care measures including hydration and fever management (Evidence: Expert opinion) [Not directly covered in provided abstracts].
  • References

    1 España F, Gilabert J, Vicente V, Estellés A, Vazquez L, Hendl S et al.. Activated protein C: alpha 1-antitrypsin (APC: alpha 1 AT) complex as a marker for in vitro diagnosis of prethrombotic states. Thrombosis research 1992. link90304-s)

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Activated protein C: alpha 1-antitrypsin (APC: alpha 1 AT) complex as a marker for in vitro diagnosis of prethrombotic states.España F, Gilabert J, Vicente V, Estellés A, Vazquez L, Hendl S et al. Thrombosis research (1992)

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