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Ophthalmology65 papers

Closed fracture axis, spinous process

Last edited: 4/15/2026

Overview

Clay-shoveler's fracture refers to a fatigue fracture occurring in the lower cervical or upper thoracic spinous processes, typically among workers engaged in prolonged heavy lifting tasks, such as shoveling clay 1.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Pain and tenderness localized to the affected spinous process, often exacerbated by extension movements 1.
  • Imaging: Radiography or MRI is essential for confirming the diagnosis, showing characteristic fractures or stress changes in the spinous processes 1.
  • Differential Diagnosis: Must rule out other causes of neck pain, including disc herniations, muscle strains, and other spinal fractures 1.
  • Management

  • Conservative Treatment: Rest, immobilization with a cervical collar, and gradual mobilization under physiotherapy guidance 1.
  • Pain Management: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for symptomatic relief 1.
  • Occupational Modification: Advising on ergonomic changes and avoiding heavy lifting to prevent recurrence 1.
  • Special Populations

  • Occupational Considerations: Particularly relevant for workers in physically demanding jobs; ergonomic interventions are crucial 1.
  • No Specific Guidance: Abstracts do not provide detailed information on pregnancy, pediatrics, elderly, or specific comorbidities 1.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Diagnose through imaging: Confirm diagnosis with radiography or MRI to identify spinous process fractures 1 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Initiate conservative management: Use rest, cervical collar immobilization, and NSAIDs for pain relief 1 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Implement ergonomic interventions: Advise patients on occupational modifications to prevent recurrence 1 (Evidence: Expert opinion).
  • References

    1 Dellestable F, Gaucher A. Clay-shoveler's fracture. Stress fracture of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinous processes. Revue du rhumatisme (English ed.) 1998. link 2 Saunders H. Transformation of sphero-cylinders. I. Ranking procedure. Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 1985. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Clay-shoveler's fracture. Stress fracture of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinous processes.Dellestable F, Gaucher A Revue du rhumatisme (English ed.) (1998)
    2. [2]
      Transformation of sphero-cylinders. I. Ranking procedure.Saunders H Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) (1985)

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