Overview
Cervical anterior longitudinal ligament (CALL) sprain involves injury to the ligaments running along the length of the cervical spine, often resulting from sudden neck movements or trauma. It can lead to neck pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion 50.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
1 Konstantinou E, Nazzal EM, Hughes JD, Lesniak BP, Rabuck SJ, Spindler KP et al.. Primary ACL repair has limited adoption among experts: Perspectives from the 2024 Freddie Fu Panther Sports Medicine Symposium. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 2026. link 2 Wackerle AM, Joreitz R, Sprague A, Senorski EH, Halilaj E, Rabuck SJ et al.. Freddie Fu Panther Symposium Expert Group 2024: Rehabilitation and return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Part 2: Concepts and emerging technology in return to sport. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 2026. link 3 Şengül HB, Akın B, Kayaalp ME, Sezgin EA. Deep research capabilities in GPT-5 thinking and Gemini 2.5 Pro improve citation integrity and concordance with American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons anterior cruciate ligament and rotator cuff guidelines. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 2026. link 4 Fontanier V, Vergonjeanne M, Eon P, Bruchard A, Laplaud D. Effect of open kinetic chain exercises during the first weeks of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical therapy in sport : official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine 2025. link 5 Salinas Gonzalez RS, Pérez-de la Torre J, Herrera Ligero C. Optimizing return-to-work decisions following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A 12-week evaluation of objective functional assessment and rehabilitation outcomes in patients with occupational injuries. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2025. link 6 Tsai SY, Hamilton CE, Mologousis MA, Hawryluk EB. Melanoma-like features in pediatric longitudinal melanonychia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric dermatology 2024. link 7 D'Ambrosi R, Migliorini F, Di Maria F, Anghilieri FM, Di Feo F, Ursino N et al.. Italian research on anterior cruciate ligament: a bibliometric analysis. European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie 2024. link 8 Ong MT, Lu X, Choi BC, Wan SW, Wang Q, Man GC et al.. Vitamin D as an intervention for improving quadriceps muscle strength in patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: study protocol for a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Trials 2024. link 9 Brophy RH, Silverman RM, Lowry KJ. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline Case Study: Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2023. link 10 Glattke KE, Tummala SV, Goldberg B, Menzer H, Chhabra A. There Is Substantial Variation in Rehabilitation Protocols Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Survey of 46 American Orthopaedic Surgeons. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2023. link 11 Webster KE, Hewett TE. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Knee Osteoarthritis: An Umbrella Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2022. link 12 Saueressig T, Braun T, Steglich N, Diemer F, Zebisch J, Herbst M et al.. Primary surgery versus primary rehabilitation for treating anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine 2022. link 13 Brinlee AW, Dickenson SB, Hunter-Giordano A, Snyder-Mackler L. ACL Reconstruction Rehabilitation: Clinical Data, Biologic Healing, and Criterion-Based Milestones to Inform a Return-to-Sport Guideline. Sports health 2022. link 14 Inclan PM, Chang PS, Mack CD, Solomon GS, Brophy RH, Hinton RY et al.. Validity of Research Based on Public Data in Sports Medicine: A Quantitative Assessment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in the National Football League. The American journal of sports medicine 2022. link 15 Clifford C, Ayre C, Edwards L, Guy S, Jones A. Acute knee clinics are effective in reducing delay to diagnosis following anterior cruciate ligament injury. The Knee 2021. link 16 Saltzman BM, Varkey DT, Trofa DP, Yeatts NC, Odum SM, Moorman CT et al.. An update on graft-tunnel mismatch in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A survey of the experts in the field of orthopedic sports medicine demonstrates no clear consensus in management. The Knee 2020. link 17 Tanaka MJ, Jones LC, Forman JM. Awareness of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury-Preventive Training Programs Among Female Collegiate Athletes. Journal of athletic training 2020. link 18 Zadro JR, Pappas E. Time for a Different Approach to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Educate and Create Realistic Expectations. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2019. link 19 Salatkaitė S, Šiupšinskas L, Gudas R. Translation and cultural adaptation of Lithuanian version of the anterior cruciate ligament return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI) scale. PloS one 2019. link 20 Ambrosoli AL, Guzzetti L, Severgnini P, Fedele LL, Musella G, Crespi A et al.. Postoperative analgesia and early functional recovery after day-case anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized trial on local anesthetic delivery methods for continuous infusion adductor canal block. Minerva anestesiologica 2019. link 21 Tennent DJ, Posner MA. The Military ACL. The journal of knee surgery 2019. link 22 Hamrin Senorski E, Seil R, Svantesson E, Feller JA, Webster KE, Engebretsen L et al.. "I never made it to the pros…" Return to sport and becoming an elite athlete after pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament injury-Current evidence and future directions. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 2018. link 23 Lopes TJA, Simic M, Myer GD, Ford KR, Hewett TE, Pappas E. The Effects of Injury Prevention Programs on the Biomechanics of Landing Tasks: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. The American journal of sports medicine 2018. link 24 Ardern CL, Ekås G, Grindem H, Moksnes H, Anderson A, Chotel F et al.. 2018 International Olympic Committee consensus statement on prevention, diagnosis and management of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 2018. link 25 Budny J, Fox J, Rauh M, Fineberg M. Emerging Trends in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. The journal of knee surgery 2017. link 26 Ramkumar PN, La T, Fisch E, Fabricant PD, White AE, Jones KJ et al.. Integrating Social Media and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery: An Analysis of Patient, Surgeon, and Hospital Use. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2017. link 27 Pamukoff DN, Pietrosimone B, Ryan ED, Lee DR, Brown LE, Blackburn JT. Whole-Body Vibration Improves Early Rate of Torque Development in Individuals With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Journal of strength and conditioning research 2017. link 28 Taylor JB, Ford KR, Schmitz RJ, Ross SE, Ackerman TA, Shultz SJ. Biomechanical Differences of Multidirectional Jump Landings Among Female Basketball and Soccer Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research 2017. link 29 Sugimoto D, Mattacola CG, Bush HM, Thomas SM, Foss KD, Myer GD et al.. Preventive Neuromuscular Training for Young Female Athletes: Comparison of Coach and Athlete Compliance Rates. Journal of athletic training 2017. link 30 Stewart BA, Momaya AM, Silverstein MD, Lintner D. The Cost-Effectiveness of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Competitive Athletes. The American journal of sports medicine 2017. link 31 Padua DA, DiStefano LJ, Beutler AI, de la Motte SJ, DiStefano MJ, Marshall SW. The Landing Error Scoring System as a Screening Tool for an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury-Prevention Program in Elite-Youth Soccer Athletes. Journal of athletic training 2015. link 32 Na L, Wang W, Ye B, Wu S. Anisometry anterior cruciate ligament sport injury mechanism study: a finite element model with optimization method. Molecular & cellular biomechanics : MCB 2014. link 33 Erickson BJ, Harris JD, Fillingham YA, Frank RM, Bush-Joseph CA, Bach BR et al.. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction practice patterns by NFL and NCAA football team physicians. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2014. link 34 Dill KE, Begalle RL, Frank BS, Zinder SM, Padua DA. Altered knee and ankle kinematics during squatting in those with limited weight-bearing-lunge ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion. Journal of athletic training 2014. link 35 Slough JM, Hennrikus W, Chang Y. Reliability of Tanner staging performed by orthopedic sports medicine surgeons. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2013. link 36 Ambegaonkar JP, Caswell SV, Winchester JB, Shimokochi Y, Cortes N, Caswell AM. Balance comparisons between female dancers and active nondancers. Research quarterly for exercise and sport 2013. link 37 Hensler D, Van Eck CF, Fu FH, Irrgang JJ. Anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction utilizing the double-bundle technique. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 2012. link 38 Dowling AV, Favre J, Andriacchi TP. A wearable system to assess risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury during jump landing: measurements of temporal events, jump height, and sagittal plane kinematics. Journal of biomechanical engineering 2011. link 39 Bent NP, Wright CC, Rushton AB, Batt ME. Selecting outcome measures in sports medicine: a guide for practitioners using the example of anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation. British journal of sports medicine 2009. link 40 Guillodo Y, Rannou N, Dubrana F, Lefèvre C, Saraux A. Diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in an emergency department. The Journal of trauma 2008. link 41 Kelly AK. Anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention. Current sports medicine reports 2008. link 42 Sankar WN, Carrigan RB, Gregg JR, Ganley TJ. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adolescents: a survivorship analysis. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.) 2008. link 43 Schwartzberg R, Burkhart B, Lariviere C. Prediction of hamstring tendon autograft diameter and length for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.) 2008. link 44 Hanson AM, Padua DA, Troy Blackburn J, Prentice WE, Hirth CJ. Muscle activation during side-step cutting maneuvers in male and female soccer athletes. Journal of athletic training 2008. link 45 Arendt EA. Core strengthening. Instructional course lectures 2007. link 46 Yerys P. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using allograft: single tunnel technique. Sports medicine and arthroscopy review 2007. link 47 McGuire DA, Hendricks SD. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft harvesting: pitfalls and tips. Sports medicine and arthroscopy review 2007. link 48 Wallace BJ, Kernozek TW, Bothwell EC. Lower extremity kinematics and kinetics of Division III collegiate baseball and softball players while performing a modified pro-agility task. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness 2007. link 49 Myer GD, Paterno MV, Ford KR, Quatman CE, Hewett TE. Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: criteria-based progression through the return-to-sport phase. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 2006. link 50 Izquierdo R, Cadet ER, Bauer R, Stanwood W, Levine WN, Ahmad CS. A survey of sports medicine specialists investigating the preferred management of contaminated anterior cruciate ligament grafts. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2005. link 51 Myer GD, Ford KR, Hewett TE. Methodological approaches and rationale for training to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2004. link 52 Lewek MD, Chmielewski TL, Risberg MA, Snyder-Mackler L. Dynamic knee stability after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Exercise and sport sciences reviews 2003. link 53 Marx RG, Jones EC, Angel M, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. Beliefs and attitudes of members of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons regarding the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2003. link00398-0) 54 Bradley JP, Klimkiewicz JJ, Rytel MJ, Powell JW. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the National Football League: epidemiology and current treatment trends among team physicians. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2002. link 55 Cunningham R, West JR, Greis PE, Burks RT. A survey of the tension applied to a doubled hamstring tendon graft for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2002. link 56 Delay BS, Smolinski RJ, Wind WM, Bowman DS. Current practices and opinions in ACL reconstruction and rehabilitation: results of a survey of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine. The American journal of knee surgery 2001. link 57 Ganko A, Engebretsen L, Ozer H. The rolimeter: a new arthrometer compared with the KT-1000. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 2000. link 58 Nyland J, Caborn DN, Johnson DL, Moore J, Slone K. Patellar tendon ACL reconstruction and rehabilitation practices and opinions (autograft versus allograft): orthopaedic sports medicine fellowship program survey. Journal of the Southern Orthopaedic Association 1998. link 59 Naranja RJ, Corsetti J, Kuhlman JR, Torg JS. The search for the Holy Grail: a century of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.) 1997. link 60 Barrett GR, Papendick L, Miller C. Endobutton button endoscopic fixation technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 1995. link90015-2) 61 Gray J, Taunton JE, McKenzie DC, Clement DB, McConkey JP, Davidson RG. A survey of injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in female basketball players. International journal of sports medicine 1985. link 62 Curl WW, Markey KL, Mitchell WA. Agility training following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 1983. link