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Orthopedics2713 papers

Prosthetic joint infection

Last edited: 4/16/2026

Overview

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious complication following joint arthroplasty, often necessitating complex treatment strategies including two-stage revision surgery with static spacers.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Fever, pain, swelling, and functional impairment 3.

Laboratory Tests: Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR) 7 22.

Imaging: MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT for evaluating infection status 1.

Synovial Fluid Analysis: White blood cell count, leukocyte esterase test, alpha-defensin 26 9 41.

Culture Results: Multiple positive cultures predict failure 2.

Biomarkers: D-dimer, fibrinogen, and albumin/globulin ratio for timing reimplantation 17 20 51.

Management

Two-Stage Revision: Resection arthroplasty followed by reimplantation after spacer period 1 6 12.

Antibiotics: Extended prophylactic antibiotics post-reimplantation may reduce reinfection risk 4 18.

Intrawound Antibiotics: Vancomycin for primary TKA to prevent PJI 5.

Timing of Reimplantation: Guided by biomarkers like CRP, ESR, and synovial fluid analysis 7 17 33.

Spacer Use: Autoclaved components or prefabricated spacers with antibiotics 43 44.

Cell Salvage: Considered safe during reimplantation in chronic hip infections 28.

Special Populations

Elderly: Higher risk of complications; careful monitoring of biomarkers and reimplantation timing 12.

Comorbidities: Presence of sepsis significantly impacts outcomes 3.

Key Recommendations

Utilize combined 18F-FDG PET/CT and MRI for accurate infection assessment before reimplantation 1 (Evidence: Moderate).

Negative synovial fluid cultures prior to reimplantation do not reliably rule out infection; consider multiple biomarkers 46 (Evidence: Moderate).

Timing of reimplantation should be guided by inflammatory markers and synovial fluid analysis rather than solely clinical judgment 17 33 (Evidence: Moderate).

Extended prophylactic antibiotics post-reimplantation may improve outcomes but evidence is limited 4 18 (Evidence: Weak).

Consider plasma D-dimer levels to guide the optimal timing of reimplantation 17 (Evidence: Moderate).

Positive alpha-defensin at reimplantation does not necessarily predict persistent infection at 1 year 56 (Evidence: Moderate).

Aspiration of the joint with an antibiotic spacer before reimplantation is recommended to assess infection status 60 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 101 indexed papers.

1 Tükel G, Karatosun V, Bekiş R, Şen NPK. Combined use of 18 F-FDG PET/CT and MRI for evaluating infection status and clinical outcomes before reimplantation in two-stage revision arthroplasty. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2026. link 2 Tarabichi S, Deckey DG, Verhey JT, Van Schuyver P, Lin EA, Braithwaite C et al.. Isolation of Multiple Positive Cultures at Resection Arthroplasty is a Predictor of Failure Following Reimplantation. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2025. link 3 Baertl S, Lovasz D, Kees MG, Walter N, Schindler M, Li J et al.. Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Concomitant Sepsis: Unveiling Clinical Manifestations, Risk Factors, and Patient Outcomes. The Journal of arthroplasty 2025. link 4 Dasari SP, Kanumuri SD, Yang J, Manner PA, Fernando ND, Hernandez NM. Extended Prophylactic Antibiotics for Primary and Aseptic Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis. The Journal of arthroplasty 2024. link 5 Mulpur P, Jayakumar T, Yakkanti RR, Apte A, Hippalgaonkar K, Annapareddy A et al.. Efficacy of Intrawound Vancomycin in Prevention of Periprosthetic Joint Infection After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Double-Blinded Randomized Control Trial. The Journal of arthroplasty 2024. link 6 Puetzler J, Hofschneider M, Gosheger G, Theil C, Schulze M, Schwarze J et al.. Evaluation of time to reimplantation as a risk factor in two-stage revision with static spacers for periprosthetic knee joint infection. Journal of orthopaedics and traumatology : official journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2024. link 7 Li F, Zhou H, Yang Y, Yang J, Wang H, Hu N. Diagnostic and Predictive Efficacy of Synovial Fluid Versus Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels for Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Reimplantation Success. The Journal of arthroplasty 2024. link 8 Oe K, Iida H, Inokuchi R, Otsuki Y, Toyoda T, Kobayashi F et al.. Can serum C-reactive protein determine the timing of reimplantation in two-stage revised arthroplasty for periprosthetic hip infection?. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2024. link 9 Kildow BJ, Cochrane N, Kelly PJ, O'Donnell JA, Wu M, Lyden E et al.. Assessing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Next-Generation Sequencing in Patients With Antibiotic Spacers Before Reimplantation. Orthopedics 2024. link 10 Ascione T, Balato G, Festa E, Pandolfo G, Siciliano R, Pagliano P. Ideal Timing of Reimplantation in Patients with Periprosthetic Knee Infection Undergoing 2-Stage Exchange: A Diagnostic Scoring System. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2024. link 11 Okewunmi J, Yendluri A, Cordero JK, Zubizarreta N, Chen D, Moucha CS et al.. Patient Factors Associated With Reimplantation After Girdlestone Resection Arthroplasty for Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infections of the Hip. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews 2024. link 12 Tsai ML, Herng-Shouh Hsu A, Wu CT, Lin PC, Tan TL, Kuo FC. Optimal reimplantation timing in two-stage exchange for periprosthetic joint infection: an observative cohort study in Asian population. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2024. link 13 Khan IA, Boyd BO, Chen AF, Cortés-Penfield N, Myers TG, Brown TS et al.. Utility of Diagnostic Tests Before Reimplantation in Patients Undergoing 2-Stage Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JBJS reviews 2023. link 14 Wignadasan W, Ibrahim M, Haddad FS. One- or two-stage reimplantation for infected total knee prosthesis?. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2023. link 15 Theil C, Schwarze J, Smolle MA, Pützler J, Moellenbeck B, Schneider KN et al.. What Is the Risk of Dislocation and Revision in Proximal Femoral Replacement with Dual-mobility Articulation After Two-stage Revision for Periprosthetic Hip Infection?. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2023. link 16 Fehring TK, Otero JE, Curtin BM, Fehring KA, Metcalf R, Rowe TM et al.. Does Treatment at a Specialized Prosthetic Joint Infection Center Improve the Rate of Reimplantation. The Journal of arthroplasty 2023. link 17 Tarabichi S, Goh GS, Fernández-Rodríguez D, Baker CM, Lizcano JD, Parvizi J. Plasma D-Dimer Is a Promising Marker to Guide Timing of Reimplantation: A Prospective Cohort Study. The Journal of arthroplasty 2023. link 18 Yakkanti RR, Vanden Berge D, Summers SH, Mansour KL, Lavin AC, Hernandez VH. Extended Postoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics for Primary and Aseptic Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2022. link 19 Malkus JB, Goedhart LM, Verra WC. Acute haematogenous periprosthetic joint infection due to . BMJ case reports 2022. link 20 Zhang H, Xie S, Li Y, Li J, Deng P, Zeng H et al.. The potential performance of serum albumin to globulin ratio, albumin and globulin in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection and prediction of reinfection following reimplantation. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2022. link 21 Hartman CW, Daubach EC, Richard BT, Lyden ER, Haider H, Kildow BJ et al.. Predictors of Reinfection in Prosthetic Joint Infections Following Two-Stage Reimplantation. The Journal of arthroplasty 2022. link 22 Shao H, Bian T, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Song Y, Yang D. Which serum markers predict the success of reimplantation after periprosthetic joint infection?. Journal of orthopaedics and traumatology : official journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2022. link 23 Lin YH, Chang CJ, Chang CW, Chen YC, Tai TW. The reasons for and mortality of patients unable to receive reimplantation after resection arthroplasty for chronic hip periprosthetic infection. International orthopaedics 2022. link 24 Lew AR, Burnett RA, Colman MW, Gitelis S, Blank AT. Single-Stage Revision of Infected Total Femoral Replacement. Orthopedics 2022. link 25 Shang G, Fei Z, Xu H, Wang Y, Xiang S. Globulin and albumin to globulin ratio precisely diagnose periprosthetic joint infection and determine the timing of second-stage reimplantation. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2022. link 26 Logoluso N, Pellegrini A, Suardi V, Morelli I, Battaglia AG, D'Anchise R et al.. Can the Leukocyte Esterase Strip Test Predict Persistence of Periprosthetic Joint Infection at Second-Stage Reimplantation?. The Journal of arthroplasty 2022. link 27 Li P, Zhu Z, Tang X, Shi Z. A Mid-term Follow-up Study on the Reimplantation of Autoclaved Femoral and Tibial Components as Spacers for Treating Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty. Orthopaedic surgery 2022. link 28 Liu Z, Yang X, Zhao EZ, Wan X, Cao G, Zhou Z. The use of cell salvage during second-stage reimplantation for the treatment of chronic hip periprosthetic joint infection: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2022. link 29 Owens JM, Dennis DA, Abila PM, Johnson RM, Jennings JM. Alpha-Defensin Offers Limited Utility in Work-Up Prior to Reimplantation in Chronic Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Total Joint Arthroplasty Patients. The Journal of arthroplasty 2022. link 30 Pannu TS, Villa JM, Manrique J, Higuera CA, Riesgo AM. Paradoxical Behavior of Plasma d-Dimer From Explantation to Reimplantation in a Two-Stage Revision for Periprosthetic Joint Infection. The Journal of arthroplasty 2022. link 31 Stavrakis A, Mayer EN, Devana S, Chowdhry M, Dipane M, McPherson E. Outcomes of Second-stage Reimplantation After Modular Knee Arthrodesis for Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews 2022. link 32 Johnson NR, Rowe TM, Valenzeula MM, Scarola GT, Fehring TK. Do Pre-Reimplantation Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate/C-Reactive Protein Cutoffs Guide Decision-Making in Prosthetic Joint Infection? Are We Flying Blind?. The Journal of arthroplasty 2022. link 33 Borsinger TM, Resnick CT, Werth PM, Schilling PL, Moschetti WE. Does Time to Reimplantation After Explant for Prosthetic Joint Infection Influence the Likelihood of Successful Outcomes at 2 Years?. The Journal of arthroplasty 2022. link 34 Wong MT, Sridharan SS, Davison EM, Ng R, Desy NM. Can Topical Vancomycin Prevent Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty? A Systematic Review. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2021. link 35 Roberts T, Smith TO, Simon H, Goodmaker C, Hing CB. Antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary catheter manipulation following arthroplasty: a systematic review. ANZ journal of surgery 2021. link 36 Otten MR, Kildow BJ, Sayles HR, Drummond D, Garvin KL. Two-Stage Reimplantation of a Prosthetic Hip Infection: Systematic Review of Long-Term Reinfection and Pathogen Outcomes. The Journal of arthroplasty 2021. link 37 Qiao L, Sun S. A retrospective comparison of thromboelastography and conventional coagulation parameters for periprosthetic joint infection diagnosis and reimplantation timing. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 2021. link 38 Jiang Q, Xu C, Chai W, Zhou YG, Fu J, Chen JY. The 2018 New Definition of Periprosthetic Joint Infection is Valuable for Diagnosis of Persistent Infection at Reimplantation in Patients without Synovial Fluid. The Journal of arthroplasty 2021. link 39 Yuan T, Wang Y, Sun S. Thromboelastography parameters in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection and predicting reimplantation timing. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2021. link 40 Sahin E, Karaismailoglu B, Ozsahin MK, Botanlioglu H, Kaynak G. The role of serum D-dimer in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection and timing of reimplantation. Acta orthopaedica Belgica 2021. link 41 Bielefeld C, Engler H, JÄger M, Wegner A, Wassenaar D, Busch A. Synovial Alpha-defensin at Reimplantation in Two-stage Revision Arthroplasty to Rule Out Persistent Infection. In vivo (Athens, Greece) 2021. link 42 Ascione T, Balato G, Mariconda M, Smeraglia F, Baldini A, De Franco C et al.. Synovial Cell Count Before Reimplantation Can Predict the Outcome of Patients with Periprosthetic Knee Infections Undergoing Two-stage Exchange. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2021. link 43 Karas V, Rutherford RW, Herschmiller TA, Plate JF, Bolognesi MP, Joyce MJ et al.. Flash Sterilization and Component Reimplantation Is a Viable Option for Articulating Antibiotic Spacers in Periprosthetic Knee Infections. The journal of knee surgery 2021. link 44 Öztürk A, Çevik N, Akalın Y, Çetin O, Avci Ö, Kaya AÖ. Two-stage Reimplantation in Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty by Using Resterilized Femoral and Tibial Components with a New Polyethylene Insert: Report of 4 Cases with at Least 15 Years' Follow-up. Ortopedia, traumatologia, rehabilitacja 2021. link 45 Woon CYL, Nguyen J, Kapadia M, Russell CA, Henry M, Miller A et al.. Temporary new implant spacers increase post-reimplantation total knee prosthesis survival after periprosthetic joint infection. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 2021. link 46 Macke C, Lenhof S, Graulich T, Örgel M, Omar-Pacha T, Stübig T et al.. Low Diagnostic Value of Synovial Aspiration Culture Prior to Reimplantation in Periprosthetic Joint Infection. In vivo (Athens, Greece) 2021. link 47 Klemt C, Smith EJ, Tirumala V, Bounajem G, van den Kieboom J, Kwon YM. Outcomes and Risk Factors Associated With 2-Stage Reimplantation Requiring an Interim Spacer Exchange for Periprosthetic Joint Infection. The Journal of arthroplasty 2021. link 48 Carender CN, DeMik DE, Otero JE, Noiseux NO, Brown TS, Bedard NA. What is the Clinical Utility of Synovial Alpha Defensin Testing of Antibiotic Spacers Before Reimplantation?. The Journal of arthroplasty 2021. link 49 de Almeida Barros Mourão CF, Javid K. What evidence is there for the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with periodontal disease to decrease the risk of prosthetic joint infections?. Evidence-based dentistry 2020. link 50 Corró S, Vicente M, Rodríguez-Pardo D, Pigrau C, Lung M, Corona PS. Vancomycin-Gentamicin Prefabricated Spacers in 2-Stage Revision Arthroplasty for Chronic Hip and Knee Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Insights Into Reimplantation Microbiology and Outcomes. The Journal of arthroplasty 2020. link 51 Wu H, Meng Z, Pan L, Liu H, Yang X, Yongping C. Plasma Fibrinogen Performs Better Than Plasma d-Dimer and Fibrin Degradation Product in the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Determination of Reimplantation Timing. The Journal of arthroplasty 2020. link 52 Lee KJ, Min BW, Bae KC, Cho CH, Son ES, Lee SW et al.. Unintended Retention of Temporary Articulating Spacers in the Treatment of Periprosthetic Hip Joint Infection. Orthopedics 2020. link 53 Theil C, Freudenberg SC, Gosheger G, Schmidt-Braekling T, Schwarze J, Moellenbeck B. Do Positive Cultures at Second Stage Re-Implantation Increase the Risk for Reinfection in Two-Stage Exchange for Periprosthetic Joint Infection?. The Journal of arthroplasty 2020. link 54 Parker DB, Smith AC, Fleckenstein CM, Hasan SS. Arthroscopic Evaluation and Treatment of Complications That Arise Following Prosthetic Shoulder Arthroplasty. JBJS reviews 2020. link 55 Wang Q, Goswami K, Kuo FC, Xu C, Tan TL, Parvizi J. Two-Stage Exchange Arthroplasty for Periprosthetic Joint Infection: The Rate and Reason for the Attrition After the First Stage. The Journal of arthroplasty 2019. link 56 Samuel LT, Sultan AA, Kheir M, Villa J, Patel P, Parvizi J et al.. Positive Alpha-defensin at Reimplantation of a Two-stage Revision Arthroplasty Is Not Associated with Infection at 1 Year. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2019. link 57 Preobrazhensky PM, Bozhkova SA, Kazemirsky AV, Tikhilov RM, Kulaba TA, Kornilov NN. Functional outcome of two-stage reimplantation in patients with periprosthetic joint infection after primary total knee arthroplasty. International orthopaedics 2019. link 58 Zielinski MR, Ziemba-Davis M, Warth LC, Keyes BJ, Meneghini RM. Do Antibiotic Intramedullary Dowels Assist in Eradicating Infection in Two-Stage Resection for Septic Total Knee Arthroplasty?. The Journal of arthroplasty 2019. link 59 Tan TL, Goswami K, Kheir MM, Xu C, Wang Q, Parvizi J. Surgical Treatment of Chronic Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Fate of Spacer Exchanges. The Journal of arthroplasty 2019. link 60 Fuchs D, Parekh SG. Should Aspiration of the Ankle With an Antibiotic Spacer Be Performed Prior to Reimplantation?. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 61 Chang CH, Hu CC, Chang Y, Hsieh PH, Shih HN, Ueng SW. Two-stage revision arthroplasty for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis periprosthetic joint infection: An outcome analysis. PloS one 2018. link 62 Faschingbauer M, Boettner F, Bieger R, Weiner C, Reichel H, Kappe T. Outcome of Irrigation and Debridement after Failed Two-Stage Reimplantation for Periprosthetic Joint Infection. BioMed research international 2018. link 63 Tan TL, Kheir MM, Rondon AJ, Parvizi J, George J, Higuera CA et al.. Determining the Role and Duration of the "Antibiotic Holiday" Period in Periprosthetic Joint Infection. The Journal of arthroplasty 2018. link 64 Akgün D, Müller M, Perka C, Winkler T. An often-unrecognized entity as cause of recurrent infection after successfully treated two-stage exchange arthroplasty: hematogenous infection. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 2018. link 65 Cancienne JM, Granadillo VA, Patel KJ, Werner BC, Browne JA. Risk Factors for Repeat Debridement, Spacer Retention, Amputation, Arthrodesis, and Mortality After Removal of an Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty With Spacer Placement. The Journal of arthroplasty 2018. link 66 Sebastian S, Malhotra R, Pande A, Gautam D, Xess I, Dhawan B. Staged Reimplantation of a Total Hip Prosthesis After Co-infection with Candida tropicalis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus: A Case Report. Mycopathologia 2018. link 67 Couch CG, Mears SC, Edwards PK, Gene Jines W, Lowry Barnes C. Dental Antibiotic Prophylaxis: What to do with Current Recommendations. The Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society 2017. link 68 Jhan SW, Lu YD, Lee MS, Lee CH, Wang JW, Kuo FC. The risk factors of failed reimplantation arthroplasty for periprosthetic hip infection. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2017. link 69 Kheir MM, Ackerman CT, Tan TL, Benazzo A, Tischler EH, Parvizi J. Leukocyte Esterase Strip Test Can Predict Subsequent Failure Following Reimplantation in Patients With Periprosthetic Joint Infection. The Journal of arthroplasty 2017. link 70 Kheir MM, Tan TL, Gomez MM, Chen AF, Parvizi J. Patients With Failed Prior Two-Stage Exchange Have Poor Outcomes After Further Surgical Intervention. The Journal of arthroplasty 2017. link 71 Hegde V, Dworsky EM, Stavrakis AI, Loftin AH, Zoller SD, Park HY et al.. Single-Dose, Preoperative Vitamin-D Supplementation Decreases Infection in a Mouse Model of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2017. link 72 Tan TL, Gomez MM, Manrique J, Parvizi J, Chen AF. Positive Culture During Reimplantation Increases the Risk of Subsequent Failure in Two-Stage Exchange Arthroplasty. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2016. link 73 Llado RJ, Banerjee S, Khanuja HS. Smooth Pins Reinforcing Static Cement Spacers for Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty Are Not Safe. Orthopedics 2016. link 74 Brimmo O, Glenn M, Klika AK, Murray TG, Molloy RM, Higuera CA. Rivaroxaban Use for Thrombosis Prophylaxis Is Associated With Early Periprosthetic Joint Infection. The Journal of arthroplasty 2016. link 75 Barreira P, Leite P, Neves P, Soares D, Sousa R. Preventing mechanical complications of hip spacer implantation: technical tips and pearls. Acta orthopaedica Belgica 2015. link 76 Wang QJ, Shen H, Zhang XL, Jiang Y, Wang Q, Chen YS et al.. Staged reimplantation for the treatment of fungal peri-prosthetic joint infection following primary total knee arthroplasty. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2015. link 77 Sassoon AA, Nelms NJ, Trousdale RT. Intraoperative fracture during staged total knee reimplantation in the treatment of periprosthetic infection. The Journal of arthroplasty 2014. link 78 Tigani D, Trisolino G, Fosco M, Ben Ayad R, Costigliola P. Two-stage reimplantation for periprosthetic knee infection: Influence of host health status and infecting microorganism. The Knee 2013. link 79 Vegari DN, Parvizi J. Joint arthroplasty and infection: where do we stand?. Journal of long-term effects of medical implants 2011. link 80 Lindsay W, Bigsby E, Bannister G. Prevention of infection in orthopaedic joint replacement. Journal of perioperative practice 2011. link 81 Sabesan VJ, Ho JC, Kovacevic D, Iannotti JP. Two-stage reimplantation for treating prosthetic shoulder infections. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2011. link 82 Oussedik SI, Dodd MB, Haddad FS. Outcomes of revision total hip replacement for infection after grading according to a standard protocol. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 2010. link 83 Hsieh PH, Lee MS, Hsu KY, Chang YH, Shih HN, Ueng SW. Gram-negative prosthetic joint infections: risk factors and outcome of treatment. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2009. link 84 Cheung EV, Adams RA, Morrey BF. Reimplantation of a total elbow prosthesis following resection arthroplasty for infection. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2008. link 85 Bori G, Soriano A, García S, Mallofré C, Riba J, Mensa J. Usefulness of histological analysis for predicting the presence of microorganisms at the time of reimplantation after hip resection arthroplasty for the treatment of infection. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2007. link 86 Mittal Y, Fehring TK, Hanssen A, Marculescu C, Odum SM, Osmon D. Two-stage reimplantation for periprosthetic knee infection involving resistant organisms. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2007. link 87 Teixeira L, Johnson JL. Prosthetic joint infection: when to suspect it, how to manage it. Geriatrics 2007. link 88 Chiew YF, Theis JC. Comparison of infection rate using different methods of assessment for surveillance of total hip replacement surgical site infections. ANZ journal of surgery 2007. link 89 Conway AM, Smith MG, Obeid M. Diphtheroid infection of a total knee arthroplasty following femoral percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Acta orthopaedica Belgica 2006. link 90 Shuford JA, Piper KE, Hein M, Trampuz A, Steckelberg JM, Patel R. Lack of association of Staphylococcus aureus type A beta-lactamase with cefazolin combined with antimicrobial spacer placement prosthetic joint infection treatment failure. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2006. link 91 Youngman JR, Ridgway GL, Haddad FS. Antibiotic-loaded cement in revision joint replacement. Hospital medicine (London, England : 1998) 2003. link 92 Rose RE. Routine prophylactic antibiotics for arthroplasty patients receiving dental care. Is it necessary?. The West Indian medical journal 2003. link 93 Phelan DM, Osmon DR, Keating MR, Hanssen AD. Delayed reimplantation arthroplasty for candidal prosthetic joint infection: a report of 4 cases and review of the literature. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2002. link 94 Nadlacan LM, Hirst P. Infected total knee replacement following a dental procedure in a severe haemophiliac. The Knee 2001. link00058-2) 95 Yang SH, Pao JL, Hang YS. Staged reimplantation of total knee arthroplasty after Candida infection. The Journal of arthroplasty 2001. link 96 Rothstein JP. Prosthetic joints, dental treatment, and antibiotic prophylaxis. Dentistry today 1999. link 97 Meyer GW, Artis AL. Antibiotic prophylaxis for orthopedic prostheses and GI procedures: report of a survey. The American journal of gastroenterology 1997. link 98 Shapiro SE, Spurling DC, Cavaliere R. Infections following implant arthroplasties of the forefoot. Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery 1996. link 99 Averns HL, Kerry R. Role of prophylactic antibiotics in the prevention of late infection of prosthetic joints. Results of a questionnaire and review of the literature. British journal of rheumatology 1995. link 100 Davies UM, Leak AM, Davé J. Infection of a prosthetic knee joint with Peptostreptococcus magnus. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 1988. link

Original source

[1]
Combined use of 18 F-FDG PET/CT and MRI for evaluating infection status and clinical outcomes before reimplantation in two-stage revision arthroplasty. — Tükel G, Karatosun V, Bekiş R, Şen NPK Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research (2026)
[2]
Isolation of Multiple Positive Cultures at Resection Arthroplasty is a Predictor of Failure Following Reimplantation. — Tarabichi S, Deckey DG, Verhey JT, Van Schuyver P, Lin EA, Braithwaite C et al. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume (2025)
[3]
Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Concomitant Sepsis: Unveiling Clinical Manifestations, Risk Factors, and Patient Outcomes. — Baertl S, Lovasz D, Kees MG, Walter N, Schindler M, Li J et al. The Journal of arthroplasty (2025)
[4]
Extended Prophylactic Antibiotics for Primary and Aseptic Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis. — Dasari SP, Kanumuri SD, Yang J, Manner PA, Fernando ND, Hernandez NM The Journal of arthroplasty (2024)
[5]
Efficacy of Intrawound Vancomycin in Prevention of Periprosthetic Joint Infection After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Double-Blinded Randomized Control Trial. — Mulpur P, Jayakumar T, Yakkanti RR, Apte A, Hippalgaonkar K, Annapareddy A et al. The Journal of arthroplasty (2024)
[6]
Evaluation of time to reimplantation as a risk factor in two-stage revision with static spacers for periprosthetic knee joint infection. — Puetzler J, Hofschneider M, Gosheger G, Theil C, Schulze M, Schwarze J et al. Journal of orthopaedics and traumatology : official journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (2024)
[7]
Diagnostic and Predictive Efficacy of Synovial Fluid Versus Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels for Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Reimplantation Success. — Li F, Zhou H, Yang Y, Yang J, Wang H, Hu N The Journal of arthroplasty (2024)
[8]
Can serum C-reactive protein determine the timing of reimplantation in two-stage revised arthroplasty for periprosthetic hip infection? — Oe K, Iida H, Inokuchi R, Otsuki Y, Toyoda T, Kobayashi F et al. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (2024)
[9]
Assessing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Next-Generation Sequencing in Patients With Antibiotic Spacers Before Reimplantation. — Kildow BJ, Cochrane N, Kelly PJ, O'Donnell JA, Wu M, Lyden E et al. Orthopedics (2024)
[10]
Ideal Timing of Reimplantation in Patients with Periprosthetic Knee Infection Undergoing 2-Stage Exchange: A Diagnostic Scoring System. — Ascione T, Balato G, Festa E, Pandolfo G, Siciliano R, Pagliano P The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume (2024)
[11]
Patient Factors Associated With Reimplantation After Girdlestone Resection Arthroplasty for Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infections of the Hip. — Okewunmi J, Yendluri A, Cordero JK, Zubizarreta N, Chen D, Moucha CS et al. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews (2024)
[12]
Optimal reimplantation timing in two-stage exchange for periprosthetic joint infection: an observative cohort study in Asian population. — Tsai ML, Herng-Shouh Hsu A, Wu CT, Lin PC, Tan TL, Kuo FC BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2024)
[13]
Utility of Diagnostic Tests Before Reimplantation in Patients Undergoing 2-Stage Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Khan IA, Boyd BO, Chen AF, Cortés-Penfield N, Myers TG, Brown TS et al. JBJS reviews (2023)
[14]
One- or two-stage reimplantation for infected total knee prosthesis? — Wignadasan W, Ibrahim M, Haddad FS Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR (2023)
[15]
What Is the Risk of Dislocation and Revision in Proximal Femoral Replacement with Dual-mobility Articulation After Two-stage Revision for Periprosthetic Hip Infection? — Theil C, Schwarze J, Smolle MA, Pützler J, Moellenbeck B, Schneider KN et al. Clinical orthopaedics and related research (2023)
[16]
Does Treatment at a Specialized Prosthetic Joint Infection Center Improve the Rate of Reimplantation. — Fehring TK, Otero JE, Curtin BM, Fehring KA, Metcalf R, Rowe TM et al. The Journal of arthroplasty (2023)
[17]
Plasma D-Dimer Is a Promising Marker to Guide Timing of Reimplantation: A Prospective Cohort Study. — Tarabichi S, Goh GS, Fernández-Rodríguez D, Baker CM, Lizcano JD, Parvizi J The Journal of arthroplasty (2023)
[18]
Extended Postoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics for Primary and Aseptic Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review. — Yakkanti RR, Vanden Berge D, Summers SH, Mansour KL, Lavin AC, Hernandez VH The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2022)
[19]
Acute haematogenous periprosthetic joint infection due to — Malkus JB, Goedhart LM, Verra WC BMJ case reports (2022)
[20]
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Single-Dose, Preoperative Vitamin-D Supplementation Decreases Infection in a Mouse Model of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. — Hegde V, Dworsky EM, Stavrakis AI, Loftin AH, Zoller SD, Park HY et al. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume (2017)
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Smooth Pins Reinforcing Static Cement Spacers for Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty Are Not Safe. — Llado RJ, Banerjee S, Khanuja HS Orthopedics (2016)
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