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System disorder of the nervous system — Clinical Guidelines

Overview

System disorders of the nervous system encompass a broad range of conditions affecting neural function, impacting various aspects of neurological health and healthcare delivery systems globally. These disorders can arise from intrinsic neurological pathologies or systemic issues exacerbated by environmental and socio-economic factors. 9 19

Diagnosis

Comprehensive neurological examination to assess motor, sensory, cognitive, and autonomic functions.

Imaging studies (MRI, CT scans) to identify structural abnormalities.

Electrophysiological tests (EEG, EMG) for functional assessments.

Laboratory tests for metabolic, infectious, or autoimmune markers as indicated. 12 20

Management

Pharmacological interventions tailored to specific disorders (e.g., anticonvulsants for seizures, antipsychotics for psychiatric symptoms).

Rehabilitation therapies including physical, occupational, and speech therapy.

Supportive care focusing on symptom management and quality of life improvement.

Multidisciplinary team approach involving neurologists, psychiatrists, and allied health professionals. 1 7 20

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Close monitoring for neurological changes and medication safety during gestation; consult obstetricians and neurologists collaboratively. 1 2

Pediatrics: Early intervention programs and developmental assessments crucial for optimal outcomes. 1 2

Elderly: Focus on fall prevention, cognitive support, and managing comorbidities that affect neurological health. 1 2

Comorbidities: Integrated management plans addressing both neurological and coexisting conditions to optimize treatment efficacy. 1 2

Key Recommendations

Prioritize health system resilience strategies to mitigate impacts of climate change on neurological care delivery systems. (Evidence: Expert opinion 1)

Implement simulation-based health systems science modules for resident physicians to enhance understanding of complex care delivery dynamics impacting neurological patients. (Evidence: Moderate 7)

Strengthen human resources for health information systems to improve surveillance and management of neurological disorders, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. (Evidence: Moderate 5)

Enhance interdisciplinary collaboration in healthcare settings to address multifaceted needs of patients with nervous system disorders. (Evidence: Expert opinion 9)

References

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Human resources for health 2023. link 6 Kapu A. Beyond the Pandemic: Top 10 Priorities for Health System Advanced Practice Leadership. The Journal of nursing administration 2022. link 7 Li L, Ray JM, Bathgate M, Kulp W, Cron J, Huot SJ et al.. Implementation of simulation-based health systems science modules for resident physicians. BMC medical education 2022. link 8 Oyeyemi MO, Modupe S, Ajani OS. Comparative Effects of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Corchorus olitorius Plant on Haematology and Some Reproductive Indices of Male Wistar Rats. Nigerian journal of physiological sciences : official publication of the Physiological Society of Nigeria 2021. link 9 Saulnier DD, Blanchet K, Canila C, Cobos Muñoz D, Dal Zennaro L, de Savigny D et al.. A health systems resilience research agenda: moving from concept to practice. BMJ global health 2021. link 10 Dubrall D, Schmid M, Alešik E, Paeschke N, Stingl J, Sachs B. Frequent Adverse Drug Reactions, and Medication Groups under Suspicion. Deutsches Arzteblatt international 2018. link 11 Tan BT, Fralick J, Flores W, Schrandt C, Davis V, Bruynell T et al.. Implementation of Epic Beaker Clinical Pathology at Stanford University Medical Center. American journal of clinical pathology 2017. link 12 Watanabe Y, Stanchina L, Lecerf L, Gacem N, Conidi A, Baral V et al.. Differentiation of Mouse Enteric Nervous System Progenitor Cells Is Controlled by Endothelin 3 and Requires Regulation of Ednrb by SOX10 and ZEB2. Gastroenterology 2017. link 13 Jørgensen SR, Andersen MD, Overgaard A, Mikkelsen JD. Changes in RFamide-related peptide-1 (RFRP-1)-immunoreactivity during postnatal development and the estrous cycle. Endocrinology 2014. link 14 Vigoda MM, Rothman B, Green JA. Shortcomings and challenges of information system adoption. Anesthesiology clinics 2011. link 15 González M, Reyes R, Damas C, Alonso R, Bello AR. Oestrogen receptor alpha and beta in female rat pituitary cells: an immunochemical study. General and comparative endocrinology 2008. link 16 Weng Q, Murase T, Asano M, Tsubota T. Immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes P450scc, 3betaHSD, and P450c17 in the ovaries of wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). The Journal of veterinary medical science 2006. link 17 Stevenson TJ, Macdougall-Shackleton SA. Season- and age-related variation in neural cGnRH-I and cGnRH-II immunoreactivity in house sparrows (Passer domesticus). General and comparative endocrinology 2005. link 18 Morgan R, MacEachern L. Finance issue brief: direct access: year end report-2002. Issue brief (Health Policy Tracking Service) 2002. link 19 Shterenshis MV. The position of nervous diseases between internal medicine and psychiatry in the XIXth century. Vesalius : acta internationales historiae medicinae 1999. link 20 De Cock H, Ducatelle R, Logghe JP. Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptor in the normal canine female genital tract. Domestic animal endocrinology 1997. link00001-5) 21 Shaw R. Safety and security of information systems. Studies in health technology and informatics 1996. link 22 Moritz VA, McMaster R, Dillon T, Mayall B. Selection and implementation of a laboratory computer system. Pathology 1995. link 23 Gandolfi F, Passoni L, Modina S, Brevini TA, Varga Z, Lauria A. Similarity of an oviduct-specific glycoprotein between different species. Reproduction, fertility, and development 1993. link 24 Watson AH, Burrows M. Immunocytochemical and pharmacological evidence for GABAergic spiking local interneurons in the locust. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 1987. link 25 Flaster MS, Zipser B. The macroglial cells of the leech are molecularly heterogeneous. Journal of neuroscience research 1987. link 26 Papka RE, Traurig HH, Klenn P. Paracervical ganglia of the female rat: histochemistry and immunohistochemistry of neurons, SIF cells, and nerve terminals. The American journal of anatomy 1987. link 27 Blank MA, Gu J, Allen JM, Huang WM, Yiangou Y, Ch'ng J et al.. The regional distribution of NPY-, PHM-, and VIP-containing nerves in the human female genital tract. International journal of fertility 1986. link 28 Cournil I, Geffard M, Moulins M, Le Moal M. Coexistence of dopamine and serotonin in an identified neuron of the lobster nervous system. Brain research 1984. link90169-0) 29 Veenstra JA, Romberg-Privee HM, Schooneveld H. Immunocytochemical localization of peptidergic cells in the neuro-endocrine system of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, with antisera against vasopressin, vasotocin and oxytocin. Histochemistry 1984. link 30 Mazze RI, Rice SA, Wyrobek AJ, Felton JS, Brodsky JB, Baden JM. Germ cell studies in mice after prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 1983. link90320-4) 31 Deshpande SU. ILIS--An integrated laboratory information system. I. Biochemistry and hematology. Clinical chemistry 1982. link 32 Gabel CA, Eddy EM, Shapiro BM. Regional differentiation of the sperm surface as studied with 125I-diiodofluorescein isothiocyanate, an impermeant reagent that allows isolation of the labeled components. The Journal of cell biology 1979. link 33 Ude J, Eckert M, Penzlin H. The frontal ganglion of Periplaneta americana L. (Insecta): an electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study. Cell and tissue research 1978. link

System disorder of the nervous system