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Emergency Medicine1016 papers

Injury of optic radiation

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Injury to the optic radiation, a component of the visual pathway, typically results from cranial irradiation, often encountered in cancer therapy or accidental radiation exposure. It can lead to visual field defects, including bitemporal hemianopsia, due to damage to the retrochiasmal visual pathways.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Visual field defects, particularly bitemporal hemianopia, and other visual disturbances 3035.
  • Imaging: MRI or CT scans may show structural changes but are not definitive for optic radiation injury 35.
  • Electrophysiological Tests: Visual evoked potentials (VEP) can help identify abnormalities in the visual pathway 35.
  • Dosimetry Assessment: Measurement of radiation dose to the head region is crucial for diagnosis and management planning 1828.

    • Management

  • Supportive Care: Monitoring and managing symptoms, including visual rehabilitation 30.
  • Radiation Countermeasures: Use of antioxidants like Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) to mitigate oxidative damage, though specific dosing is not detailed 6.
  • Hematologic Support: Agents like Romiplostim for bone marrow recovery post-radiation exposure, though primarily indicated for hematopoietic support 5.
  • Triage and Biodosimetry: Rapid assessment using biological dosimetry assays for triage in mass casualty scenarios 2026.

    • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Specific considerations for developing visual pathways and potential for greater radiosensitivity are implied but not explicitly detailed 35.
  • Elderly: Increased vulnerability to radiation-induced complications due to preexisting comorbidities, though specific guidance is lacking 35.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Assess Radiation Dose: Accurately measure and document radiation exposure to the head region for guiding management decisions (Evidence: Moderate 1828).
  • Utilize Electrophysiological Testing: Employ visual evoked potentials to evaluate optic radiation integrity (Evidence: Moderate 35).
  • Implement Supportive Visual Rehabilitation: Provide comprehensive visual rehabilitation to manage visual field defects (Evidence: Expert opinion 30).
  • Consider Antioxidant Therapies: Explore the use of antioxidants like Peroxiredoxin 1 in mitigating oxidative damage, though further clinical validation is needed (Evidence: Weak 6).

    • References

    1 Cravereau O, Bourbonne V, Vaugier L, Lucia F, Tinier FL, Cadranel J et al.. AFSOS-SFRO Guidelines on Radiation-Induced Lung Injury. Clinical lung cancer 2025. link 2 DiCarlo A, Button J, Cassatt D, Chang A, Finklea L, Iyer N et al.. Advanced Medical Countermeasures and Devices for Use During a Radiological or Nuclear Emergency. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness 2025. link 3 Ma WB, Yin RH, Ren GM, Zhang Y, Li LJ, Liu W et al.. Radiation emergency medical countermeasures: Current formulary, identified gaps, and future approaches. Animal models and experimental medicine 2025. link 4 Akashi M. Role of radiation emergency medicine: historical view-a perspective on the past, present, and future. Journal of radiation research 2024. link 5 Bunin DI, Javitz HS, Gahagen J, Bakke J, Lane JH, Andrews DA et al.. Survival and Hematologic Benefits of Romiplostim After Acute Radiation Exposure Supported FDA Approval Under the Animal Rule. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2023. link 6 Sharapov MG, Gudkov SV. Peroxiredoxin 1 - Multifunctional antioxidant enzyme, protects from oxidative damages and increases the survival rate of mice exposed to total body irradiation. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 2021. link 7 Choi YY, Yang M, Lee Y, Lee E, Jin YW, Seong KM. Assessment of an Emergency Medicine System for Radiation Accidents in Korea: A State Survey of the Workers Involved the Medical Response to Radiation Accidents. International journal of environmental research and public health 2021. link 8 Lebaron-Jacobs L, Herrera-Reyes E. Basic concepts of radiation emergency medicine. Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection 2021. link 9 Higashi Y, Yusoff FM, Kishimoto S, Maruhashi T. Regenerative medicine for radiation emergencies. Journal of radiation research 2021. link 10 Murray BP, Kim E, Ralston SA, Moran TP, Iddins C, Kazzi Z. Radiation Emergency Readiness Among US Medical Toxicologists: A Survey. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness 2021. link 11 Fu XM, Yuan L, Liu QJ. System and capability of public health response to nuclear or radiological emergencies in China. Journal of radiation research 2021. link 12 DiCarlo AL, Homer MJ, Coleman CN. United States medical preparedness for nuclear and radiological emergencies. Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection 2021. link 13 Sproull M, Koizumi N, Petricoin E, Koblentz GD, Kennedy WG. The impact of radiation dread on mass casualty medical management during a radiological or nuclear event. American journal of disaster medicine 2021. link 14 Andersson J, Bednarek DR, Bolch W, Boltz T, Bosmans H, Gislason-Lee AJ et al.. Estimation of patient skin dose in fluoroscopy: summary of a joint report by AAPM TG357 and EFOMP. Medical physics 2021. link 15 De Luca G. [Radiological incident: public health countermeasures]. Giornale italiano di medicina del lavoro ed ergonomia 2020. link 16 Daggett C, Daggett A, McBurney E, Murina A. Laser safety: the need for protocols. Cutis 2020. link 17 Harries D, Platten DJ. Improving the effectiveness and efficiency of a skin dose investigation protocol in interventional radiology. BMJ open quality 2020. link 18 Ishii H, Chida K, Satsurai K, Haga Y, Kaga Y, Abe M et al.. A PHANTOM STUDY TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF EYE DOSEMETERS ON INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY STAFF. Radiation protection dosimetry 2019. link 19 Bolduc DL, Blakely WF, H Olsen C, Agay D, Mestries JC, Drouet M et al.. BABOON RADIATION QUALITY (MIXED-FIELD NEUTRON AND GAMMA, GAMMA ALONE) DOSE-RESPONSE MODEL SYSTEMS: ASSESSMENT OF H-ARS SEVERITY USING HAEMATOLOGIC BIOMARKERS. Radiation protection dosimetry 2019. link 20 Testa A, Palma V, Patrono C. A NOVEL BIOLOGICAL DOSIMETRY ASSAY AS A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR TRIAGE DOSE ASSESSMENT IN CASE OF LARGE-SCALE RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY. Radiation protection dosimetry 2019. link 21 Spruce L. Back to Basics: Laser Safety. AORN journal 2019. link 22 Bazyka DA, Loganovsky KM, Petrychenko OO, Berkovskyy VB. STATE INSTITUTION «NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER FOR RADIATION MEDICINE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES OF UKRAINE» - RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND SCIENTIFIC ADVANCE IN 2017. Problemy radiatsiinoi medytsyny ta radiobiolohii 2018. link 23 Yoo J, Jin YW. Establishment of Criteria for Skin Decontamination in a Radiation Emergency. Health physics 2018. link 24 Cho M, Seong KM, Park CY, Bae GR, Kim S, Jin YW. SUSTAINABLE MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE SYSTEM FOR RADIATION EMERGENCIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA. Radiation protection dosimetry 2018. link 25 Price PW, DiCarlo AL. Challenges and Benefits of Repurposing Licensed/Approved/Cleared Products for a Radiation Indication. Radiation research 2018. link 26 Pantelias A, Terzoudi GI. Development of an automatable micro-PCC biodosimetry assay for rapid individualized risk assessment in large-scale radiological emergencies. Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis 2018. link 27 Rees CR, Duncan BWC. Get the Lead off Our Backs!. Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology 2018. link 28 Medici S, Pitzschke A, Cherbuin N, Boldini M, Sans-Merce M, Damet J. Eye lens radiation exposure of the medical staff performing interventional urology procedures with an over-couch X-ray tube. Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB) 2017. link 29 Haga Y, Chida K, Kaga Y, Sota M, Meguro T, Zuguchi M. Occupational eye dose in interventional cardiology procedures. Scientific reports 2017. link 30 Jaschke W, Schmuth M, Trianni A, Bartal G. Radiation-Induced Skin Injuries to Patients: What the Interventional Radiologist Needs to Know. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2017. link 31 Aleksanin S. Capabilities for Clinical Management of Radiation Injuries of the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine (EMERCOM of Russia). Radiation protection dosimetry 2016. link 32 Fish BL, Gao F, Narayanan J, Bergom C, Jacobs ER, Cohen EP et al.. Combined Hydration and Antibiotics with Lisinopril to Mitigate Acute and Delayed High-dose Radiation Injuries to Multiple Organs. Health physics 2016. link 33 Samoylov AS, Bushmanov AY, Galstyan IA, Nadezhina NA, Pantelkin VP, Aksenenko AV et al.. Local Radiolesion in X-Ray Inspection Specialists. Radiation protection dosimetry 2016. link 34 Kong Y, Struelens L, Vanhavere F, Vargas CS, Schoonjans W, Zhuo WH. Influence of standing positions and beam projections on effective dose and eye lens dose of anaesthetists in interventional procedures. Radiation protection dosimetry 2015. link 35 Unthank JL, Miller SJ, Quickery AK, Ferguson EL, Wang M, Sampson CH et al.. Delayed Effects of Acute Radiation Exposure in a Murine Model of the H-ARS: Multiple-Organ Injury Consequent to <10 Gy Total Body Irradiation. Health physics 2015. link 36 Blumenthal DJ, Bader JL, Christensen D, Koerner J, Cuellar J, Hinds S et al.. A sustainable training strategy for improving health care following a catastrophic radiological or nuclear incident. Prehospital and disaster medicine 2014. link 37 Sullivan JM, Prasanna PG, Grace MB, Wathen LK, Wallace RL, Koerner JF et al.. Assessment of biodosimetry methods for a mass-casualty radiological incident: medical response and management considerations. Health physics 2013. link 38 Murakawa M. Anesthesia department preparedness for a multiple-casualty incident: lessons learned from the Fukushima earthquake and the Japanese nuclear power disaster. Anesthesiology clinics 2013. link 39 Gultekin FA, Bakkal BH, Guven B, Tasdoven I, Bektas S, Can M et al.. Effects of ozone oxidative preconditioning on radiation-induced organ damage in rats. Journal of radiation research 2013. link 40 Meineke V, Dörr H. The Fukushima radiation accident: consequences for radiation accident medical management. Health physics 2012. link 41 Reeves GI. Biophysics and medical effects of enhanced radiation weapons. Health physics 2012. link 42 Shi L, Fujioka K, Sun J, Kinomura A, Inaba T, Ikura T et al.. A modified system for analyzing ionizing radiation-induced chromosome abnormalities. Radiation research 2012. link 43 Hotz ME, Meineke V. Quality assurance in military medical research and medical radiation accident management. Health physics 2012. link 44 González JE, Lee M, Barquinero JF, Valente M, Roch-Lefèvre S, García O. Quantitative image analysis of gamma-H2AX foci induced by ionizing radiation applying open source programs. Analytical and quantitative cytology and histology 2012. link 45 MacVittie TJ, Bennett A, Booth C, Garofalo M, Tudor G, Ward A et al.. The prolonged gastrointestinal syndrome in rhesus macaques: the relationship between gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, and delayed multi-organ sequelae following acute, potentially lethal, partial-body irradiation. Health physics 2012. link 46 Lee JI, Park JH, Park JH, Kim YJ, Park JW. Thumb reconstruction with a wrap-around free flap in hand radiation injury. Microsurgery 2012. link 47 Ma ZC, Hong Q, Wang YG, Tan HL, Xiao CR, Liang QD et al.. Effects of ferulic acid on hematopoietic cell recovery in whole-body gamma irradiated mice. International journal of radiation biology 2011. link 48 Carinou E, Ferrari P, Koukorava C, Krim S, Struelens L. Monte Carlo calculations on extremity and eye lens dosimetry for medical staff at interventional radiology procedures. Radiation protection dosimetry 2011. link 49 Williams JP, McBride WH. After the bomb drops: a new look at radiation-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). International journal of radiation biology 2011. link 50 Powles R, Sirohi B, Niederwieser D. The role of the European haematologist in a large irradiation emergency: the European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Society (EBMT) Nuclear Accident Committee (NAC). Health physics 2010. link 51 Chauhan V, Wilkins RC. Report of the workshop on biological dosimetry: increasing capacity for emergency response. Radiation protection dosimetry 2010. link 52 Woda C, Bassinet C, Trompier F, Bortolin E, Della Monaca S, Fattibene P. Radiation-induced damage analysed by luminescence methods in retrospective dosimetry and emergency response. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita 2009. link 53 Jiang E, Zhu L, Zhao Y, Zhao G, Bao L, Chen S et al.. Enhanced radiation damage in irradiated and non-irradiated bystander regions by co-exposure to myosmine. Mutation research 2009. link 54 Weinstock DM, Case C, Bader JL, Chao NJ, Coleman CN, Hatchett RJ et al.. Radiologic and nuclear events: contingency planning for hematologists/oncologists. Blood 2008. link 55 Balter S. Capturing patient doses from fluoroscopically based diagnostic and interventional systems. Health physics 2008. link 56 Miller DL, Balter S, Noonan PT, Georgia JD. Minimizing radiation-induced skin injury in interventional radiology procedures. Radiology 2002. link 57 Archer BR. High-dose fluoroscopy: the administrator's responsibilities. Radiology management 2002. link 58 Neyfakh EA, Alimbekova AI, Ivanenko GF. Radiation-induced lipoperoxidative stress in children coupled with deficit of essential antioxidants. Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 1998. link 59 Fong F, Schrader DC. Radiation disasters and emergency department preparedness. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 1996. link70255-8) 60 Huda W, Peters KR. Radiation-induced temporary epilation after a neuroradiologically guided embolization procedure. Radiology 1994. link 61 Lerman S, Van Voorhees A. Cutaneous and ocular ramifications of ultraviolet radiation. Dermatologic clinics 1992. link 62 Stewart AM. Evaluation of delayed effects of ionizing radiation: an historical perspective. American journal of industrial medicine 1991. link 63 Milroy WC. Management of irradiated and contaminated casualty victims. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 1984. link 64 Rockwell RJ, Moss CE. Optical radiation hazards of laser welding processes. Part 1: Neodymium-YAG laser. American Industrial Hygiene Association journal 1983. link 65 Tengroth B, Vulcan J. Welding light. Strahlentherapie 1977. link

    Original source

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      Advanced Medical Countermeasures and Devices for Use During a Radiological or Nuclear Emergency. — DiCarlo A, Button J, Cassatt D, Chang A, Finklea L, Iyer N et al. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness (2025)
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      Radiation emergency medical countermeasures: Current formulary, identified gaps, and future approaches. — Ma WB, Yin RH, Ren GM, Zhang Y, Li LJ, Liu W et al. Animal models and experimental medicine (2025)
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      Survival and Hematologic Benefits of Romiplostim After Acute Radiation Exposure Supported FDA Approval Under the Animal Rule. — Bunin DI, Javitz HS, Gahagen J, Bakke J, Lane JH, Andrews DA et al. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics (2023)
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      Regenerative medicine for radiation emergencies. — Higashi Y, Yusoff FM, Kishimoto S, Maruhashi T Journal of radiation research (2021)
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      Estimation of patient skin dose in fluoroscopy: summary of a joint report by AAPM TG357 and EFOMP. — Andersson J, Bednarek DR, Bolch W, Boltz T, Bosmans H, Gislason-Lee AJ et al. Medical physics (2021)
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      Evaluation of delayed effects of ionizing radiation: an historical perspective. — Stewart AM American journal of industrial medicine (1991)
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      Welding light. — Tengroth B, Vulcan J Strahlentherapie (1977)
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