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Neurology3064 papers

Lead neuropathy

Last edited: 4/16/2026

Overview

Lead neuropathy refers to neurological damage caused by chronic exposure to lead, affecting motor and sensory functions, often seen in occupational settings and among populations with high environmental exposure 39 44.

Diagnosis

Elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) are critical indicators 2 5.

Decreased delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in erythrocytes 6 44.

Increased urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) levels 6 47.

Elevated free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels 22 52.

Neurological examination revealing sensory or motor deficits 39 70.

Erythrocyte arginase activity may serve as a biochemical index 57.

Management

Chelation therapy with agents like calcium disodium edetate (EDTA) for severe cases 6 44.

Supportive care including symptomatic treatment for neurological symptoms 70.

Nutritional support, particularly focusing on B vitamins to mitigate deficiencies 6.

Environmental remediation and removal of lead sources to prevent further exposure 8 16.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Children are particularly vulnerable; routine screening recommended despite lack of consensus on universal screening 13 17.

Pregnancy: Lead exposure poses risks to fetal development; pregnant women should be monitored closely 7.

Elderly: Cumulative exposure may exacerbate existing neurological conditions; regular monitoring advised 39.

Comorbidities: Individuals with renal impairment are at higher risk for lead toxicity complications 27.

Key Recommendations

Screen children at risk for elevated blood lead levels, especially in high-exposure environments 17 18. (Evidence: Moderate)

Implement chelation therapy for symptomatic patients with significantly elevated blood lead levels 6 44. (Evidence: Moderate)

Advocate for environmental interventions to reduce lead exposure in communities and workplaces 8 16. (Evidence: Strong)

Monitor and manage nutritional deficiencies, particularly B vitamins, in lead-exposed individuals 6. (Evidence: Moderate)

Provide regular neurological assessments for populations with chronic lead exposure 39 70. (Evidence: Moderate)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 102 indexed papers.

1 Price M. Did lead poisoning help drive human evolution?. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2025. link 2 Giubilato E, Menegozzo M, Li P, Cheng H, Marcomini A, Duan X et al.. Children's health impact in a smelter site area in China: modeling approaches for the identification and ranking of the most relevant lead exposure routes. Integrated environmental assessment and management 2025. link 3 Ali MU, Gulzar MZ, Sattar B, Sehar S, Abbas Q, Adnan M et al.. Silent threats of lead-based paints in toys and households to children's health and development. Journal of hazardous materials 2025. link 4 McRae A, Vilcins D, Le HHTC, Gorman J, Brune Drisse MN, Onyon L et al.. Lead in traditional and complementary medicine: a systematic review. Reviews on environmental health 2024. link 5 Wen Z, Zheng D, Wu J, Tian H, Yang Q, Chen L et al.. Integral trends in research of lead exposure and child health from 2012 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis. Environmental science and pollution research international 2024. link 6 Adepu VK, Kumar HSS, Ravibabu K, Nagaraju R. Effect of Pb-exposure and B vitamin deficiencies on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity among workers from Pb recycling plants. Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry 2024. link 7 Wessel L, Anderko L. Assessment and Prevention of Lead Poisoning in Refugee Populations. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved 2023. link 8 Sobin C, GUTIéRREZ-Vega M, Flores-Montoya G, Rio MD, Alvarez JM, Obeng A et al.. Improving Equitability and Inclusion for Testing and Detection of Lead Poisoning in US Children. The Milbank quarterly 2023. link 9 Miranda ML, Lilienfeld A, Tootoo J, Bravo MA. Segregation and Childhood Blood Lead Levels in North Carolina. Pediatrics 2023. link 10 Zeng X, Huo X, Xu X, Liu D, Wu W. E-waste lead exposure and children's health in China. The Science of the total environment 2020. link 11 He A, Li X, Ai Y, Li X, Li X, Zhang Y et al.. Potentially toxic metals and the risk to children's health in a coal mining city: An investigation of soil and dust levels, bioaccessibility and blood lead levels. Environment international 2020. link 12 Fisher BJ. The Heart of Mentoring: The 2019 Hiram J. Friedsam Mentorship Award Lecture. Gerontology & geriatrics education 2020. link 13 Potera C. Task Force Changes Lead Screening Advice for Children and Pregnant Women. The American journal of nursing 2019. link 14 Nelson R. Ernest Grant Breaks Barriers. The American journal of nursing 2019. link 15 Wheeler DC, Raman S, Jones RM, Schootman M, Nelson EJ. Bayesian deprivation index models for explaining variation in elevated blood lead levels among children in Maryland. Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology 2019. link 16 Redmon JH, Gibson JM, Woodward KP, Aceituno AM, Levine KE. Safeguarding Children's Health: Time to Enact a Health-Based Standard and Comprehensive Testing, Mitigation, and Communication Protocol for Lead in Drinking Water. North Carolina medical journal 2018. link 17 Sun X, Li X, Liu D, Yang T, Zhao Y, Wu T et al.. Use of a Survey to Assess the Environmental Exposure and Family Perception to Lead in Children (<6 Years) in Four Valley Cities, Northwestern China. International journal of environmental research and public health 2018. link 18 Coates WC. Being a mentor: what's in it for me?. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2012. link 19 Ozsoy SY, Ozsoy B, Ozyildiz Z, Aytekin I. Protective effect of L-carnitine on experimental lead toxicity in rats: a clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission 2011. link 20 Moharari RS, Khajavi MR, Panahkhahi M, Mojtahedzadeh M, Najafi A. Loss of consciousness secondary to lead poisoning--case reports. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology 2009. link 21 Omary MB. Mentoring the mentor: another tool to enhance mentorship. Gastroenterology 2008. link 22 Fung HT, Fung CW, Kam CW. Lead poisoning after ingestion of home-made Chinese medicines. Emergency medicine (Fremantle, W.A.) 2003. link 23 Ros C, Mwanri L. Lead exposure, interactions and toxicity: food for thought. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition 2003. link 24 Moore C, Adler R. Herbal vitamins: lead toxicity and developmental delay. Pediatrics 2000. link 25 Fuortes L, Bauer E. Lead contamination of imported candy wrappers. Veterinary and human toxicology 2000. link 26 Krishnan SC, Epstein LM. Initial experience with a laser sheath to extract chronic transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads. The American journal of cardiology 1998. link00620-1) 27 Perazella MA. Lead and the kidney: nephropathy, hypertension, and gout. Connecticut medicine 1996. link 28 Gordon CL, Chettle DR, Webber CE. An improved instrument for the in vivo detection of lead in bone. British journal of industrial medicine 1993. link 29 Garner M. Suspected lead toxicosis in a captive goshawk. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1991. link 30 Hudák A, Kiss G. Improved method for the adjustment of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid concentration. American journal of industrial medicine 1991. link 31 Gerson B. Lead. Clinics in laboratory medicine 1990. link 32 Lippmann M. 1989 Alice Hamilton lecture. Lead and human health: background and recent findings. Environmental research 1990. link80179-3) 33 Vacanti MP, Merveille OC. Lead poisoning traced to a ceramic glaze workshop. Mental retardation 1989. link 34 Beritić T. Spinal origin of human lead neuropathy: this paper marks the 150th anniversary of Paralysie de Plomb ou Saturnine by L. Tanquerel des Planches. American journal of industrial medicine 1989. link 35 Schütz A, Skerfving S, Christoffersson JO, Ahlgren L, Mattson S. Lead in vertebral bone biopsies from active and retired lead workers. Archives of environmental health 1987. link 36 Smith WJ, Dekker DL, Greenwood-Smith R. Development and application of a "real time" lead-in-air analyzer in controlling lead exposure at a primary lead smelter. American Industrial Hygiene Association journal 1986. link 37 Taylor YP. Innovative modifications to the Delves cup blood-lead analysis procedure. American Industrial Hygiene Association journal 1984. link 38 Ishihara N, Shiojima S, Hasegawa K. Lead and zinc concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes, and urine in relation to ALA-D activity after intravenous infusion of Ca-EDTA. British journal of industrial medicine 1984. link 39 Beritić T. Lead neuropathy. Critical reviews in toxicology 1984. link 40 Campara P, D'Andrea F, Micciolo R, Savonitto C, Tansella M, Zimmermann-Tansella C. Psychological performance of workers with blood-lead concentration below the current threshold limit value. International archives of occupational and environmental health 1984. link 41 Brown A. Petrol sniffing lead encephalopathy. The New Zealand medical journal 1983. link 42 Kajimoto M, Kondo M, Niwa M, Suzuki T, Kimura H, Sasaki A et al.. Increase of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in rat erythrocytes in lead poisoning. Archives of toxicology 1983. link 43 Betta A, De Santa A, Savonitto C, D'Andrea F. Flicker fusion test and occupational toxicology: performance evaluation in workers exposed to lead and solvents. Human toxicology 1983. link 44 Sakai T, Yanagihara S, Kunugi Y, Ushio K. Mechanisms of ALA-D inhibition by lead and of its restoration by zinc and dithiothreitol. British journal of industrial medicine 1983. link 45 Fukumoto K, Karai I, Horiguchi S. Effect of lead on erythrocyte membranes. British journal of industrial medicine 1983. link 46 Fukumoto K, Karai I, Nishikawa Y, Horiguchi S. Erythrocyte arginase activity as an indicator of lead exposure. British journal of industrial medicine 1983. link 47 Sato K, Fujita H, Inui S, Ikeda M. Changes in urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid at low lead exposure level with special reference to production activity. International archives of occupational and environmental health 1983. link 48 Williams MK, Walford J, King E. Blood lead and the symptoms of lead absorption. British journal of industrial medicine 1983. link 49 Sakai T, Yanagihara S, Kunugi Y, Ushio K. Relationships between distribution of lead in erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro and inhibition of ALA-D. British journal of industrial medicine 1982. link 50 Karai I, Fukumoto K, Horiguchi S. Mechanism of increased osmotic resistance of red cells in workers exposed to lead. British journal of industrial medicine 1982. link 51 Araki S, Ushio K. Assessment of the body burden of chelatable lead: a model and its application to lead workers. British journal of industrial medicine 1982. link 52 Labrèche F, P'an A. Relationships between three indicators of lead exposure in workers: blood lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. International archives of occupational and environmental health 1982. link 53 Fujita H, Sato K, Sano S. Increase in the amount of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in workers with moderate lead exposure. International archives of occupational and environmental health 1982. link 54 Araki S, Murata K, Yanagihara S, Ushio K. High medical consultation rates of lead workers after industrial dispute over lead effects. International archives of occupational and environmental health 1982. link 55 Lilis R, Valciukas JA, Kon S, Sarkosi L, Campbell C, Selikoff IJ. Assessment of lead health hazards in a body shop of an automobile assembly plant. American journal of industrial medicine 1982. link 56 Tak HK, Wilcox WR, Cooper SM. The effect of lead upon urate nucleation. Arthritis and rheumatism 1981. link 57 Chmielnicka J, Komsta-Szumska E, Szymańska JA. Arginase and kallikrein activities as biochemical indices of occupational exposure to lead. British journal of industrial medicine 1981. link 58 Sakai T, Yanagihara S, Ushio K. Erythrocyte factors concerned in the inhibition of ALA-D by lead. British journal of industrial medicine 1981. link 59 Steenhout A, Pourtois M. Lead accumulation in teeth as a function of age with different exposures. British journal of industrial medicine 1981. link 60 Raghavan SR, Culver BD, Gonick HC. Erythrocyte lead-binding protein after occupational exposure. II. Influence on lead inhibition of membrane Na+,K+-adenosinetriphosphatase. Journal of toxicology and environmental health 1981. link 61 Alessio L, Castoldi MR, Odone P, Franchini I. Behaviour of indicators of exposure and effect after cessation of occupational exposure to lead. British journal of industrial medicine 1981. link 62 deSilva PE. Determination of lead in plasma and studies on its relationship to lead in erythrocytes. British journal of industrial medicine 1981. link 63 Grandjean P, Kon SH. Lead exposure of welders and bystanders in a ship repair yard. American journal of industrial medicine 1981. link 64 Crawford WA, Jones R, Rainsford F, Shandar A. Anatomy of an industrial inorganic lead poisoning epidemic. The Medical journal of Australia 1980. link 65 Schumann GB, Lerner SI, Weiss MA, Gawronski L, Lohiya GK. Inclusion-bearing cells in industrial workers exposed to lead. American journal of clinical pathology 1980. link 66 Araki S. Effects of urinary volume on urinary concentrations of lead, delta-aminolaevulinic acid, coproporphyrin, creatinine, and total solutes. British journal of industrial medicine 1980. link 67 Hammond PB, Lerner SI, Gartside PS, Hanenson IB, Roda SB, Foulkes EC et al.. The relationship of biological indices of lead exposure to the health status of workers in a secondary lead smelter. Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association 1980. link 68 Farkas WR, Stanawitz T. Effects of plumbous ion on guanine metabolism. Journal of inorganic biochemistry 1979. link80051-3) 69 Hernberg S, Tola S. The battle against occupational lead poisoning in Finland. Experiences during the 15-year period 1964--1978. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health 1979. link 70 Buchthal F, Behse F. Electrophysiology and nerve biopsy in men exposed to lead. British journal of industrial medicine 1979. link 71 Johnson JH. Comparison of the oral lethality of lead acetate and lead carbonate to the rabbit. American journal of veterinary research 1978. link 72 Boscolo P, Porcelli G, Cecchetti G, Salimei E, Iannaccone A. Urinary kallikrein activity of workers exposed to lead. British journal of industrial medicine 1978. link 73 Watson WN, Witherell LE, Giguere GC. Increased lead absorption in children of workers in a lead storage battery plant. Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association 1978. link 74 Cavalleri A, Minoia C, Pozzoli L, Baruffini A. Determination of plasma lead levels in normal subjects and in lead-exposed workers. British journal of industrial medicine 1978. link 75 Araki S. The effects of water restriction and water loading on urinary excretion of lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin. British journal of industrial medicine 1978. link 76 Christophers AJ. Industrial lead poisoning and the family physician. Australian family physician 1977. link 77 Alli BA. Lead poisoning in children. Journal of the National Medical Association 1977. link 78 Joselow MM, Flores J. Application of the zinc protoporphyrin (ZP) test as a monitor of occupational exposure to lead. American Industrial Hygiene Association journal 1977. link 79 Hughes JT, Horan JJ, Powles CP. Lead poisoning caused by glazed pottery: case report. The New Zealand medical journal 1976. link 80 Chiba M. Activity of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase and its change by heat treatment as indices of lead exposure. British journal of industrial medicine 1976. link 81 Moore PJ, Pridmore SA, Gill GF. Total blood lead levels in petrol vendors. The Medical journal of Australia 1976. link 82 Ahlgren L, Lidén K, Mattsson S, Tejning S. X-ray fluorescence analysis of lead in human skeleton in vivo. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health 1976. link 83 Benson GI, George WH, Litchfield MH, Seaborn DJ. Biochemical changes during the initial stages of industrial lead exposure. British journal of industrial medicine 1976. link 84 Border EA, Cantrell AC, Kilroe-Smith TA. The in vitro effect of zinc on the inhibition of human delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by lead. British journal of industrial medicine 1976. link 85 Robinson TR. The health of long service tetraethyl lead workers. Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association 1976. link 86 Araki S, Honma T. Relationships between lead absorption and peripheral nerve conduction velocities in lead workers. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health 1976. link 87 Irwin JC. Mortality factors in whistling swans at Lake St. Clair, Ontario. Journal of wildlife diseases 1975. link 88 Landrigan PJ, McKinney AS, Hopkins LC, Rhodes WW, Price WA, Cox DH. Chronic lead absorption. Result of poor ventilation in an indoor pistol range. JAMA 1975. link 89 Tomokuni K. Different behaviors of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. A comparison study between lead workers and normals. Archives of environmental health 1975. link 90 Corn JK. Historical perspective to a current controversy on the clinical spectrum of plumbism. The Milbank Memorial Fund quarterly. Health and society 1975. link 91 Linch AL. Biological monitoring for industrial exposure to tetraalkyl lead. American Industrial Hygiene Association journal 1975. link 92 Cooper WC, Gaffey WR. Mortality of lead workers. Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association 1975. link 93 Roels HA, Buchet JP, Lauwerys RR, Sonnet J. Comparison of in vivo effect of inorganic lead and cadmium on glutathione reductase system and delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase in human erythrocytes. British journal of industrial medicine 1975. link 94 Hsu FS, Krook L, Shively JN, Duncan JR, Pond WG. Lead inclusion bodies in osteoclasts. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1973. link 95 Power JG, Barnes RM, Nash WN, Robinson JD. Lead poisoning in Gurkha soldiers in Hong Kong. British medical journal 1969. link 96 Fothergill R, Kipling MD, Weber AB. Lead poisoning in jewellery enamellers. British journal of industrial medicine 1967. link 97 Clark RL, Jones JH, Jones JF. Screening lead workers for the presence of stippled erythrocytes. Journal of clinical pathology 1967. link 98 Cramér K, Selander S. Control of lead workers by determination of urinary delta-aminolaevulinic acid. British journal of industrial medicine 1967. link 99 Mehani S. Urinary coproporphyrin isomers I and 3 in lead workers and a control group. British journal of industrial medicine 1966. link 100 Selander S, Cramér K, Hallberg L. Studies in lead poisoning. Oral therapy with penicillamine: relationship between lead in blood and other laboratory tests. British journal of industrial medicine 1966. link

Original source

[1]
Did lead poisoning help drive human evolution? — Price M Science (New York, N.Y.) (2025)
[2]
Children's health impact in a smelter site area in China: modeling approaches for the identification and ranking of the most relevant lead exposure routes. — Giubilato E, Menegozzo M, Li P, Cheng H, Marcomini A, Duan X et al. Integrated environmental assessment and management (2025)
[3]
Silent threats of lead-based paints in toys and households to children's health and development. — Ali MU, Gulzar MZ, Sattar B, Sehar S, Abbas Q, Adnan M et al. Journal of hazardous materials (2025)
[4]
Lead in traditional and complementary medicine: a systematic review. — McRae A, Vilcins D, Le HHTC, Gorman J, Brune Drisse MN, Onyon L et al. Reviews on environmental health (2024)
[5]
Integral trends in research of lead exposure and child health from 2012 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis. — Wen Z, Zheng D, Wu J, Tian H, Yang Q, Chen L et al. Environmental science and pollution research international (2024)
[6]
Effect of Pb-exposure and B vitamin deficiencies on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity among workers from Pb recycling plants. — Adepu VK, Kumar HSS, Ravibabu K, Nagaraju R Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry (2024)
[7]
Assessment and Prevention of Lead Poisoning in Refugee Populations. — Wessel L, Anderko L Journal of health care for the poor and underserved (2023)
[8]
Improving Equitability and Inclusion for Testing and Detection of Lead Poisoning in US Children. — Sobin C, GUTIéRREZ-Vega M, Flores-Montoya G, Rio MD, Alvarez JM, Obeng A et al. The Milbank quarterly (2023)
[9]
Segregation and Childhood Blood Lead Levels in North Carolina. — Miranda ML, Lilienfeld A, Tootoo J, Bravo MA Pediatrics (2023)
[10]
E-waste lead exposure and children's health in China. — Zeng X, Huo X, Xu X, Liu D, Wu W The Science of the total environment (2020)
[11]
Potentially toxic metals and the risk to children's health in a coal mining city: An investigation of soil and dust levels, bioaccessibility and blood lead levels. — He A, Li X, Ai Y, Li X, Li X, Zhang Y et al. Environment international (2020)
[12]
The Heart of Mentoring: The 2019 Hiram J. Friedsam Mentorship Award Lecture. — Fisher BJ Gerontology & geriatrics education (2020)
[13]
Task Force Changes Lead Screening Advice for Children and Pregnant Women. — Potera C The American journal of nursing (2019)
[14]
Ernest Grant Breaks Barriers. — Nelson R The American journal of nursing (2019)
[15]
Bayesian deprivation index models for explaining variation in elevated blood lead levels among children in Maryland. — Wheeler DC, Raman S, Jones RM, Schootman M, Nelson EJ Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology (2019)
[16]
Safeguarding Children's Health: Time to Enact a Health-Based Standard and Comprehensive Testing, Mitigation, and Communication Protocol for Lead in Drinking Water. — Redmon JH, Gibson JM, Woodward KP, Aceituno AM, Levine KE North Carolina medical journal (2018)
[17]
Use of a Survey to Assess the Environmental Exposure and Family Perception to Lead in Children (<6 Years) in Four Valley Cities, Northwestern China. — Sun X, Li X, Liu D, Yang T, Zhao Y, Wu T et al. International journal of environmental research and public health (2018)
[18]
Being a mentor: what's in it for me? — Coates WC Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (2012)
[19]
Protective effect of L-carnitine on experimental lead toxicity in rats: a clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical study. — Ozsoy SY, Ozsoy B, Ozyildiz Z, Aytekin I Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission (2011)
[20]
Loss of consciousness secondary to lead poisoning--case reports. — Moharari RS, Khajavi MR, Panahkhahi M, Mojtahedzadeh M, Najafi A Middle East journal of anaesthesiology (2009)
[21]
Mentoring the mentor: another tool to enhance mentorship. — Omary MB Gastroenterology (2008)
[22]
Lead poisoning after ingestion of home-made Chinese medicines. — Fung HT, Fung CW, Kam CW Emergency medicine (Fremantle, W.A.) (2003)
[23]
Lead exposure, interactions and toxicity: food for thought. — Ros C, Mwanri L Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition (2003)
[24]
Herbal vitamins: lead toxicity and developmental delay. — Moore C, Adler R Pediatrics (2000)
[25]
Lead contamination of imported candy wrappers. — Fuortes L, Bauer E Veterinary and human toxicology (2000)
[26]
Initial experience with a laser sheath to extract chronic transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads. — Krishnan SC, Epstein LM The American journal of cardiology (1998)
[27]
Lead and the kidney: nephropathy, hypertension, and gout. — Perazella MA Connecticut medicine (1996)
[28]
An improved instrument for the in vivo detection of lead in bone. — Gordon CL, Chettle DR, Webber CE British journal of industrial medicine (1993)
[29]
Suspected lead toxicosis in a captive goshawk. — Garner M Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (1991)
[30]
Improved method for the adjustment of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid concentration. — Hudák A, Kiss G American journal of industrial medicine (1991)
[31]
Lead. — Gerson B Clinics in laboratory medicine (1990)
[32]
1989 Alice Hamilton lecture. Lead and human health: background and recent findings. — Lippmann M Environmental research (1990)
[33]
Lead poisoning traced to a ceramic glaze workshop. — Vacanti MP, Merveille OC Mental retardation (1989)
[34]
Spinal origin of human lead neuropathy: this paper marks the 150th anniversary of Paralysie de Plomb ou Saturnine by L. Tanquerel des Planches. — Beritić T American journal of industrial medicine (1989)
[35]
Lead in vertebral bone biopsies from active and retired lead workers. — Schütz A, Skerfving S, Christoffersson JO, Ahlgren L, Mattson S Archives of environmental health (1987)
[36]
Development and application of a "real time" lead-in-air analyzer in controlling lead exposure at a primary lead smelter. — Smith WJ, Dekker DL, Greenwood-Smith R American Industrial Hygiene Association journal (1986)
[37]
Innovative modifications to the Delves cup blood-lead analysis procedure. — Taylor YP American Industrial Hygiene Association journal (1984)
[38]
Lead and zinc concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes, and urine in relation to ALA-D activity after intravenous infusion of Ca-EDTA. — Ishihara N, Shiojima S, Hasegawa K British journal of industrial medicine (1984)
[39]
Lead neuropathy. — Beritić T Critical reviews in toxicology (1984)
[40]
Psychological performance of workers with blood-lead concentration below the current threshold limit value. — Campara P, D'Andrea F, Micciolo R, Savonitto C, Tansella M, Zimmermann-Tansella C International archives of occupational and environmental health (1984)
[41]
Petrol sniffing lead encephalopathy. — Brown A The New Zealand medical journal (1983)
[42]
Increase of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in rat erythrocytes in lead poisoning. — Kajimoto M, Kondo M, Niwa M, Suzuki T, Kimura H, Sasaki A et al. Archives of toxicology (1983)
[43]
Flicker fusion test and occupational toxicology: performance evaluation in workers exposed to lead and solvents. — Betta A, De Santa A, Savonitto C, D'Andrea F Human toxicology (1983)
[44]
Mechanisms of ALA-D inhibition by lead and of its restoration by zinc and dithiothreitol. — Sakai T, Yanagihara S, Kunugi Y, Ushio K British journal of industrial medicine (1983)
[45]
Effect of lead on erythrocyte membranes. — Fukumoto K, Karai I, Horiguchi S British journal of industrial medicine (1983)
[46]
Erythrocyte arginase activity as an indicator of lead exposure. — Fukumoto K, Karai I, Nishikawa Y, Horiguchi S British journal of industrial medicine (1983)
[47]
Changes in urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid at low lead exposure level with special reference to production activity. — Sato K, Fujita H, Inui S, Ikeda M International archives of occupational and environmental health (1983)
[48]
Blood lead and the symptoms of lead absorption. — Williams MK, Walford J, King E British journal of industrial medicine (1983)
[49]
Relationships between distribution of lead in erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro and inhibition of ALA-D. — Sakai T, Yanagihara S, Kunugi Y, Ushio K British journal of industrial medicine (1982)
[50]
Mechanism of increased osmotic resistance of red cells in workers exposed to lead. — Karai I, Fukumoto K, Horiguchi S British journal of industrial medicine (1982)
[51]
Assessment of the body burden of chelatable lead: a model and its application to lead workers. — Araki S, Ushio K British journal of industrial medicine (1982)
[52]
Relationships between three indicators of lead exposure in workers: blood lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. — Labrèche F, P'an A International archives of occupational and environmental health (1982)
[53]
Increase in the amount of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in workers with moderate lead exposure. — Fujita H, Sato K, Sano S International archives of occupational and environmental health (1982)
[54]
High medical consultation rates of lead workers after industrial dispute over lead effects. — Araki S, Murata K, Yanagihara S, Ushio K International archives of occupational and environmental health (1982)
[55]
Assessment of lead health hazards in a body shop of an automobile assembly plant. — Lilis R, Valciukas JA, Kon S, Sarkosi L, Campbell C, Selikoff IJ American journal of industrial medicine (1982)
[56]
The effect of lead upon urate nucleation. — Tak HK, Wilcox WR, Cooper SM Arthritis and rheumatism (1981)
[57]
Arginase and kallikrein activities as biochemical indices of occupational exposure to lead. — Chmielnicka J, Komsta-Szumska E, Szymańska JA British journal of industrial medicine (1981)
[58]
Erythrocyte factors concerned in the inhibition of ALA-D by lead. — Sakai T, Yanagihara S, Ushio K British journal of industrial medicine (1981)
[59]
Lead accumulation in teeth as a function of age with different exposures. — Steenhout A, Pourtois M British journal of industrial medicine (1981)
[60]
Erythrocyte lead-binding protein after occupational exposure. II. Influence on lead inhibition of membrane Na+,K+-adenosinetriphosphatase. — Raghavan SR, Culver BD, Gonick HC Journal of toxicology and environmental health (1981)
[61]
Behaviour of indicators of exposure and effect after cessation of occupational exposure to lead. — Alessio L, Castoldi MR, Odone P, Franchini I British journal of industrial medicine (1981)
[62]
Determination of lead in plasma and studies on its relationship to lead in erythrocytes. — deSilva PE British journal of industrial medicine (1981)
[63]
Lead exposure of welders and bystanders in a ship repair yard. — Grandjean P, Kon SH American journal of industrial medicine (1981)
[64]
Anatomy of an industrial inorganic lead poisoning epidemic. — Crawford WA, Jones R, Rainsford F, Shandar A The Medical journal of Australia (1980)
[65]
Inclusion-bearing cells in industrial workers exposed to lead. — Schumann GB, Lerner SI, Weiss MA, Gawronski L, Lohiya GK American journal of clinical pathology (1980)
[66]
Effects of urinary volume on urinary concentrations of lead, delta-aminolaevulinic acid, coproporphyrin, creatinine, and total solutes. — Araki S British journal of industrial medicine (1980)
[67]
The relationship of biological indices of lead exposure to the health status of workers in a secondary lead smelter. — Hammond PB, Lerner SI, Gartside PS, Hanenson IB, Roda SB, Foulkes EC et al. Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association (1980)
[68]
Effects of plumbous ion on guanine metabolism. — Farkas WR, Stanawitz T Journal of inorganic biochemistry (1979)
[69]
The battle against occupational lead poisoning in Finland. Experiences during the 15-year period 1964--1978. — Hernberg S, Tola S Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health (1979)
[70]
Electrophysiology and nerve biopsy in men exposed to lead. — Buchthal F, Behse F British journal of industrial medicine (1979)
[71]
Comparison of the oral lethality of lead acetate and lead carbonate to the rabbit. — Johnson JH American journal of veterinary research (1978)
[72]
Urinary kallikrein activity of workers exposed to lead. — Boscolo P, Porcelli G, Cecchetti G, Salimei E, Iannaccone A British journal of industrial medicine (1978)
[73]
Increased lead absorption in children of workers in a lead storage battery plant. — Watson WN, Witherell LE, Giguere GC Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association (1978)
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Determination of plasma lead levels in normal subjects and in lead-exposed workers. — Cavalleri A, Minoia C, Pozzoli L, Baruffini A British journal of industrial medicine (1978)
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The effects of water restriction and water loading on urinary excretion of lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin. — Araki S British journal of industrial medicine (1978)
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Industrial lead poisoning and the family physician. — Christophers AJ Australian family physician (1977)
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Lead poisoning in children. — Alli BA Journal of the National Medical Association (1977)
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Application of the zinc protoporphyrin (ZP) test as a monitor of occupational exposure to lead. — Joselow MM, Flores J American Industrial Hygiene Association journal (1977)
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Lead poisoning caused by glazed pottery: case report. — Hughes JT, Horan JJ, Powles CP The New Zealand medical journal (1976)
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Activity of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase and its change by heat treatment as indices of lead exposure. — Chiba M British journal of industrial medicine (1976)
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Total blood lead levels in petrol vendors. — Moore PJ, Pridmore SA, Gill GF The Medical journal of Australia (1976)
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X-ray fluorescence analysis of lead in human skeleton in vivo. — Ahlgren L, Lidén K, Mattsson S, Tejning S Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health (1976)
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Biochemical changes during the initial stages of industrial lead exposure. — Benson GI, George WH, Litchfield MH, Seaborn DJ British journal of industrial medicine (1976)
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The in vitro effect of zinc on the inhibition of human delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by lead. — Border EA, Cantrell AC, Kilroe-Smith TA British journal of industrial medicine (1976)
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The health of long service tetraethyl lead workers. — Robinson TR Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association (1976)
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Relationships between lead absorption and peripheral nerve conduction velocities in lead workers. — Araki S, Honma T Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health (1976)
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Mortality factors in whistling swans at Lake St. Clair, Ontario. — Irwin JC Journal of wildlife diseases (1975)
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Chronic lead absorption. Result of poor ventilation in an indoor pistol range. — Landrigan PJ, McKinney AS, Hopkins LC, Rhodes WW, Price WA, Cox DH JAMA (1975)
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Different behaviors of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. A comparison study between lead workers and normals. — Tomokuni K Archives of environmental health (1975)
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Biological monitoring for industrial exposure to tetraalkyl lead. — Linch AL American Industrial Hygiene Association journal (1975)
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Mortality of lead workers. — Cooper WC, Gaffey WR Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association (1975)
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Comparison of in vivo effect of inorganic lead and cadmium on glutathione reductase system and delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase in human erythrocytes. — Roels HA, Buchet JP, Lauwerys RR, Sonnet J British journal of industrial medicine (1975)
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Lead inclusion bodies in osteoclasts. — Hsu FS, Krook L, Shively JN, Duncan JR, Pond WG Science (New York, N.Y.) (1973)
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Lead poisoning in Gurkha soldiers in Hong Kong. — Power JG, Barnes RM, Nash WN, Robinson JD British medical journal (1969)
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Lead poisoning in jewellery enamellers. — Fothergill R, Kipling MD, Weber AB British journal of industrial medicine (1967)
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Screening lead workers for the presence of stippled erythrocytes. — Clark RL, Jones JH, Jones JF Journal of clinical pathology (1967)
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Control of lead workers by determination of urinary delta-aminolaevulinic acid. — Cramér K, Selander S British journal of industrial medicine (1967)
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Urinary coproporphyrin isomers I and 3 in lead workers and a control group. — Mehani S British journal of industrial medicine (1966)
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