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Cardiology1721 papers

Hydrocephalus

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Hydrocephalus is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain's ventricles, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potential neurological deficits. It often results from intraventricular hemorrhage, obstruction, or impaired CSF absorption 1 2.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Headache, vomiting, irritability, macrocephaly, developmental delays 3 5.

Imaging Studies:

- Head Ultrasound: Essential in neonates 3 39. - MRI/CT Scan: Detailed visualization of ventricular enlargement and brain structures 1 2.

CSF Analysis: To rule out infections or other CSF disorders 6.

Ventricular Size Measurements: Evaluated by pediatric emergency medicine physicians using cranial imaging 23.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunts: Commonly used for CSF diversion 12 18. - Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV): Alternative to shunting, particularly in selected pediatric cases 5 59.

Adjunctive Therapies:

- Choroid Plexus Cauterization: Often performed alongside ETV to reduce CSF production 59. - Managing Comorbidities: Addressing underlying causes like intraventricular hemorrhage or infections 5 6.

Special Populations

Pediatrics:

- Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus: Early intervention with ETV or VP shunts is crucial 3 4. - Prematurity: Higher risk of shunt dependency; rate of head circumference growth is predictive 3.

Elderly: Chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus treated with VP shunts shows variable long-term outcomes 42.

Comorbidities: Presence of conditions like cobalamin C deficiency can complicate management 22.

Key Recommendations

Early Intervention for Neonatal Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus: Consider endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) or ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting based on clinical presentation and imaging findings to prevent long-term neurological deficits (Evidence: Moderate 3 5).

Monitor Head Growth in Premature Infants: Regular assessment of head circumference growth can predict shunt dependency in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (Evidence: Moderate 3).

Use of Biomarkers for Targeted Therapy: Identify CSPG4 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus to tailor individualized treatment approaches (Evidence: Weak 4).

Evaluate CSF Dynamics and Function: Consider glymphatic function and inflammatory pathways in neonatal cases to guide therapeutic strategies (Evidence: Moderate 5 6).

Preventive Measures for Shunt Complications: Implement strict sterile techniques and consider intraoperative glove changes to reduce shunt infection rates (Evidence: Moderate 41).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 291 indexed papers.

1 Deng H, Zhang S, Wang H, Liu X, Zhong K, Huang K et al.. CCR2 knockdown attenuates post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus and improves glymphatic function after intraventricular hemorrhage. Experimental neurology 2026. link 2 Ouyang Q, Yang Y, Wang J, Liang A, Wang K, Yuan Y et al.. C-Src/β-DG-mediated impairment of glia-vascular unit integrity via AQP4 depolarization contributes to secondary hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage. International journal of surgery (London, England) 2026. link 3 Shahin MN, Helal A, Thapliyal M, Behrndt L, O'Neill BE, Ramos CGL et al.. Rate of Head Circumference Growth as a Predictor of Shunt Dependency in Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity. Neuropediatrics 2026. link 4 Chen J, Wang L, Peng X, Cheng T, Yang Y, Su J et al.. Identification of CSPG4 as a Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Infantile Post-Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus via Multi-Omics Analysis. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2025. link 5 Schulz LN, Varghese A, Michenkova M, Wedemeyer M, Pindrik JA, Leonard JR et al.. Neuroinflammatory pathways and potential therapeutic targets in neonatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Pediatric research 2025. link 6 Andreu M, Castellanos A, Keane RW, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Muñoz Pareja JC, Bramlett HM et al.. Feasibility Study on Inflammasome Proteins as Biomarkers in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Pediatric Patients with Hydrocephalus Due to Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Biomolecules 2025. link 7 Whittemore BA, Braga BP, Price AV, De Oliveira Sillero R, Sklar FH, Megison SM et al.. Management of cerebrospinal fluid pseudocysts in the laparoscopic age. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2024. link 8 Loh DD, Chen MW, Lim JX, Keong NCH, Kirollos RW. Endoscopic excision of an aqueduct of Sylvius cavernoma causing obstructive hydrocephalus: technical note. British journal of neurosurgery 2024. link 9 Barrit S, El Hadwe S, Lubicz B, De Witte O. External hydrocephalus associated with dural sigmoid sinus arteriovenous fistula: a case report. British journal of neurosurgery 2024. link 10 Pedersen SH, Prein TH, Ammar A, Grotenhuis A, Hamilton MG, Hansen TS et al.. How to define CSF overdrainage: a systematic literature review. Acta neurochirurgica 2023. link 11 Masyhudi ANF, Parenrengi MA, Suryaningtyas W. Fatal complication caused by laxative suppository agent on pediatric patient with hydrocephalus on ventriculo-peritoneal shunt: a case report. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2023. link 12 Umana GE, Scalia G, Fricia M, Spitaleri A, Nicoletti GF, Cicero S et al.. The one-step edge-to-edge technique in ventriculoperitoneal shunt. British journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 13 Mulcahy T, Ma N. Revision rates of flow- versus pressure-regulated ventricular shunt valves for the treatment of hydrocephalus in neonates following germinal matrix haemorrhage-a retrospective review. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2023. link 14 Gholampour S, Balasundaram H, Thiyagarajan P, Droessler J. A mathematical framework for the dynamic interaction of pulsatile blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 2023. link 15 Umana GE, Alberio N, Graziano F, Fricia M, Tomasi SO, Corbino L et al.. Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia, Hypoplastic Third Ventricle, and Related Biventricular Hydrocephalus: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2023. link 16 Tabibkhooei A, Taheri M, Ebrahimniya F. Severe skull deformity in a child with shunted hydrocephalus. British journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 17 Joubert C, Sellier A, Beucler N, Esnault P, Cardinale M, Dagain A. Hydrocephalus despite extra ventricular drainage in adults: a new description of multiloculated hydrocephalus. British journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 18 Ramasy Razafindratovo RM, Migliavaca CB, Chevret S, Champeaux-Depond C. Internal Ventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt for Adult Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Infection Rate. Neurosurgery 2023. link 19 Wu D, Guan Z, Xiao L, Li D. Thrombosis associated with ventriculoatrial shunts. Neurosurgical review 2022. link 20 Lee D, Kim ES, Lee Y, Lee SM, Yoon DY, Ju YS et al.. Changes in computed tomography perfusion parameters and maximum contrast enhancement in patients having hydrocephalus with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt: a pilot study. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2022. link 21 Jayakumar N, Ughratdar I, White E. Obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a perianeurysmal cyst: a case report. British journal of neurosurgery 2022. link 22 Ozeki T, Kubota A, Murai Y, Morita A. Suspected Low-Pressure Hydrocephalus Caused by Spinal Drainage after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi 2022. link 23 Halm BM, Leone TA, Chaudoin LT, McKinley KW, Ruzal-Shapiro C, Franke AA et al.. Evaluation of Ventricle Size Measurements in Infants by Pediatric Emergency Medicine Physicians. Pediatric emergency care 2021. link 24 Hauptman JS, Kestle J, Riva-Cambrin J, Kulkarni AV, Browd SR, Rozzelle CJ et al.. Predictors of fast and ultrafast shunt failure in pediatric hydrocephalus: a Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network study. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2021. link 25 Rocque BG, Waldrop RP, Shamblin I, Arynchyna AA, Hopson B, Kerr T et al.. Shunt failure clusters: an analysis of multiple, frequent shunt failures. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2021. link 26 Sil K, Ghosh SK, Chatterjee S. Ventriculo-subgaleal shunts-broadening the horizons: an institutional experience. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2021. link 27 Magrassi L, Mezzini G, Moramarco LP, Cionfoli N, Shepetowsky D, Seminari E et al.. Minimally invasive procedure for removal of infected ventriculoatrial shunts. Acta neurochirurgica 2021. link 28 Yu M, Brooker S, Priyadarshini S. The case of a 61-year-old man with unusual headaches. Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2021. link 29 Lang SS, Ploof J, Atkin NJ, Tran-Du K, Kanuga BM, Storm PB et al.. Decadron, Diamox, and Zantac: A Novel Combination for Ventricular Shunt Failure in Pediatric Neurosurgical Patients. Pediatric emergency care 2021. link 30 Duru S. Why a focus session on fetal ventriculomegaly and congenital hydrocephalus?. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2020. link 31 Adib SD, Lescan M, Renovanz M, Schuhmann MU, Trakolis L, Bongers M et al.. Intracardial Catheter Migration of a Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: Pathophysiology and Interdisciplinary Management. World neurosurgery 2020. link 32 He R, Zhang H, Kang L, Li H, Shen M, Zhang Y et al.. Analysis of 70 patients with hydrocephalus due to cobalamin C deficiency. Neurology 2020. link 33 Bevan R, Patel C, Bhatti I, Te Water Naude J, Gibbon F, Leach P. Surgical management of raised intracranial pressure secondary to otogenic infection and venous sinus thrombosis. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2020. link 34 Crevier-Sorbo G, Atkinson J, Di Genova T, Puligandla P, Dudley RWR. Hydrocephalus-induced neurogenic stunned myocardium and cardiac arrest in a child: completely reversed with CSF diversion. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2019. link 35 Isaacs AM, Riva-Cambrin J, Yavin D, Hockley A, Pringsheim TM, Jette N et al.. Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance. PloS one 2018. link 36 Ramasamy C. Relationship between Dental Procedures and Shunt Infections in Hydrocephalic Patients: A Narrative Review. The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry 2018. link 37 Hasegawa T, Ogiwara T, Nagm A, Goto T, Aoyama T, Hongo K. Risks of Endoscopic Temporal Ventriculocisternostomy for Isolated Lateral Ventricle: Anatomic Surgical Nuances. World neurosurgery 2018. link 38 Shahjouei S, Habibi Z, Naderi S, Mahmoodi R, Nejat F. Congenital obstruction of foramen of Monro: report of 10 patients and literature review. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2018. link 39 Yaeger SK, Marin JR. An Infant Diagnosed With Hydrocephalus by Point-of-Care Ultrasound. Pediatric emergency care 2017. link 40 Hütter BO, Gilsbach JM. Short- and long-term neurobehavioral effects of lumbar puncture and shunting in patients with malabsorptive hydrocephalus after subarachnoid haemorrhage: An explorative case study. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2017. link 41 Bashir A, Sørensen P. Evaluation of intraoperative glove change in prevention of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections, and the predictors of shunt infection. British journal of neurosurgery 2017. link 42 Illán-Gala I, Pérez-Lucas J, Martín-Montes A, Máñez-Miró J, Arpa J, Ruiz-Ares G. Long-term outcomes of adult chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus treated with a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) 2017. link 43 Kumar N, Al-Faiadh W, Tailor J, Mallucci C, Chandler C, Bassi S et al.. Neonatal post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus in the UK: a survey of current practice. British journal of neurosurgery 2017. link 44 Li C, Zong X, Wang X, Gui S, Zhang Y. Intraoperative Hemorrhage in Ventriculoscopic Surgery: Experience of a Single Chinese Neurosurgery Center. World neurosurgery 2016. link 45 Bender MT, Colby GP, Huang J. Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus presenting as cauda equina syndrome in a patient with spinal dysraphism. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2016. link 46 Riva-Cambrin J, Kestle JR, Holubkov R, Butler J, Kulkarni AV, Drake J et al.. Risk factors for shunt malfunction in pediatric hydrocephalus: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2016. link 47 Nagata Y, Takeuchi K, Nagatani T, Watanabe T, Sato Y, Tambara M et al.. Bilateral occlusion of the foramina of Monro after endoscopic third ventriculostomy for aqueductal stenosis--a case report. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2016. link 48 Andreasen TH, Holst AV, Lilja A, Andresen M, Bartek J, Eskesen V et al.. Valved or valveless ventriculoperitoneal shunting in the treatment of post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a population-based consecutive cohort study. Acta neurochirurgica 2016. link 49 Fountain DM, Chari A, Allen D, James G. Comparison of the use of ventricular access devices and ventriculosubgaleal shunts in posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2016. link 50 González-García L, Ros-López B, Iglesias-Moroño S, Martín-Gallego Á, Carrasco-Brenes A, Fernández-Nogueras MS et al.. Ethmoidal meningoencephalocele and CSF leak after posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in a newborn child. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2016. link 51 Williams H. A unifying hypothesis for hydrocephalus and the Chiari malformations part two: The hydrocephalus filling mechanism. Medical hypotheses 2016. link 52 Chaudhry NS, Johnson JN, Morcos JJ. Ventriculomammary shunt: an unusual ventriculoperitoneal shunt complication. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2015. link 53 Brouwer AJ, Groenendaal F, Han KS, de Vries LS. Treatment of neonatal progressive ventricular dilatation: a single-centre experience. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2015. link 54 Ming Woo PY, Hung Pang PK, Chan KY, Ching Kwok JK. Ventriculosternal Shunting for the Management of Hydrocephalus: Case Report of A Novel Technique. Neurosurgery 2015. link 55 Patel DM, Tubbs RS, Pate G, Johnston JM, Blount JP. Fast-sequence MRI studies for surveillance imaging in pediatric hydrocephalus. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2014. link 56 Xin H, Yun S, Jun X, Liang W, Ye-Lin C, Xiao-Feng Y. Long-term outcomes after shunt implantation in patients with posttraumatic hydrocephalus and severe conscious disturbance. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2014. link 57 Phillips SB, Delly F, Nelson C, Krishnamurthy S. Bedside external ventricular drain placement: can multiple passes be predicted on the computed tomography scan before the procedure?. World neurosurgery 2014. link 58 Najera Aguilar E, Castle Ramirez M, Bollar Zabala A, Urculo Bareño E. Delayed spontaneous pneumocephalus in ventriculoperitoneal shunting: two case reports and literature review. Neurocirugia (Asturias, Spain) 2014. link 59 Zandian A, Haffner M, Johnson J, Rozzelle CJ, Tubbs RS, Loukas M. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy with/without choroid plexus cauterization for hydrocephalus due to hemorrhage, infection, Dandy-Walker malformation, and neural tube defect: a meta-analysis. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2014. link 60 Çelik Ö, Berkman ZM, Orakdöğen M, Ayan E, Somay H, Düzkalir HA. Obstructive hydrocephalus due to vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2013. link 61 Yamada S, Goto T, McComb JG. Use of a spin-labeled cerebrospinal fluid magnetic resonance imaging technique to demonstrate successful endoscopic fenestration of an enlarging symptomatic cavum septi pellucidi. World neurosurgery 2013. link 62 Wilson MP, Aronyk KE, Yeo T, Chow M, Pugh JA. Communicating hydrocephalus caused by an unruptured perimedullary arteriovenous fistula in the lumbar region of an infant. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2013. link 63 Nagy A, Bognar L, Pataki I, Barta Z, Novak L. Ventriculosubgaleal shunt in the treatment of posthemorrhagic and postinfectious hydrocephalus of premature infants. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2013. link 64 Schulz M, Bührer C, Spors B, Haberl H, Thomale UW. Endoscopic neurosurgery in preterm and term newborn infants--a feasibility report. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2013. link 65 Mugamba J, Stagno V. Indication for endoscopic third ventriculostomy. World neurosurgery 2013. link 66 Inoue K, Yoshioka F, Nakahara Y, Kawashima M, Matsushima T. Obstructive hydrocephalus following aqueductal stenosis caused by supra- and infratentorial developmental venous anomaly: case report. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2013. link 67 Mastroianni C, Chauvet D, Ressencourt O, Kirsch M. Late ventriculo-atrial shunt migration leading to pericardial cerebrospinal fluid effusion and cardiac tamponade. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2013. link 68 Schuette AJ, Blackburn SL, Barrow DL, Cawley CM. Pial arteriovenous fistula resulting from ventriculostomy. World neurosurgery 2012. link 69 Livingston JH, McCullagh HG, Kooner G, Childs AM, Chumas P, Tyagi A et al.. Bradycardia without associated hypertension: a common sign of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt malfunction. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2011. link 70 Cooke DL, Levitt M, Kim LJ, Hallam DK, Ghodke B. Transcranial access using fluoroscopic flat panel detector CT navigation. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2011. link 71 Akram Q, Saravanan D, Levy R. Valvuloplasty for tricuspid stenosis caused by a ventriculoatrial shunt. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2011. link 72 Knol DS, van Gijn J, Kruitwagen CL, Rinkel GJ. Size of third and fourth ventricle in obstructive and communicating acute hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of neurology 2011. link 73 Arantes M, Romão H, Resende M, Costa M, Garcia R, Resende-Pereira J. Hydrocephalus caused by a venous varix. Revue neurologique 2010. link 74 Lategan B, Chodirker BN, Del Bigio MR. Fetal hydrocephalus caused by cryptic intraventricular hemorrhage. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) 2010. link 75 Ruggiero C, Spennato P, De Paulis D, Aliberti F, Cinalli G. Intracardiac migration of the distal catheter of ventriculoperitoneal shunt: a case report. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2010. link 76 Del Bigio MR. Ependymal cells: biology and pathology. Acta neuropathologica 2010. link 77 Notarianni C, Vannemreddy P, Caldito G, Bollam P, Wylen E, Willis B et al.. Congenital hydrocephalus and ventriculoperitoneal shunts: influence of etiology and programmable shunts on revisions. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2009. link 78 Saladino A, White JB, Wijdicks EF, Lanzino G. Malplacement of ventricular catheters by neurosurgeons: a single institution experience. Neurocritical care 2009. link 79 Williams H. The venous hypothesis of hydrocephalus. Medical hypotheses 2008. link 80 Ibrahim I, Rahme R, Hourani R, Ali Y, Melki I, Rizk T. Hydrocephalus following bilateral jugular venous thrombosis in a child: case report and review of the literature. Pediatric neurosurgery 2008. link 81 Balédent O, Gondry-Jouet C, Stoquart-Elsankari S, Bouzerar R, Le Gars D, Meyer ME. Value of phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging for investigation of cerebral hydrodynamics. Journal of neuroradiology = Journal de neuroradiologie 2006. link77287-x) 82 Oertel J, Gen M, Krauss JK, Zumkeller M, Gaab MR. The use of waterjet dissection in endoscopic neurosurgery. Technical note. Journal of neurosurgery 2006. link 83 Fattal-Valevski A, Beni-Adani L, Constantini S. Short-term dexamethasone treatment for symptomatic slit ventricle syndrome. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2005. link 84 Yagmurlu B, Fitoz S, Atasoy C, Erden I, Deda G, Unal O. An unusual cause of hydrocephalus: aqueductal developmental venous anomaly. European radiology 2005. link 85 Tonn P, Gilsbach JM, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Franke A, Blindt R. A rare but life-threatening complication of ventriculo-atrial shunt. Acta neurochirurgica 2005. link 86 Chambers IR, Daubaris G, Jarzemskas E, Fountas K, Kvascevicius R, Ragauskas A et al.. The clinical application of non-invasive intracranial blood volume pulse wave monitoring. Physiological measurement 2005. link 87 Amodio J, Spektor V, Pramanik B, Rivera R, Pinkney L, Fefferman N. Spontaneous development of bilateral subdural hematomas in an infant with benign infantile hydrocephalus: color Doppler assessment of vessels traversing extra-axial spaces. Pediatric radiology 2005. link 88 Warf BC. Comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone and combined with choroid plexus cauterization in infants younger than 1 year of age: a prospective study in 550 African children. Journal of neurosurgery 2005. link 89 Garton HJ, Piatt JH. Hydrocephalus. Pediatric clinics of North America 2004. link 90 Cherian S, Thoresen M, Silver IA, Whitelaw A, Love S. Transforming growth factor-betas in a rat model of neonatal posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Neuropathology and applied neurobiology 2004. link 91 Heep A, Stoffel-Wagner B, Bartmann P, Benseler S, Schaller C, Groneck P et al.. Vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta1 are highly expressed in the cerebrospinal fluid of premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Pediatric research 2004. link 92 Harter DH. Management strategies for treatment of the trapped fourth ventricle. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2004. link 93 Nishimaki S, Iwasaki Y, Akamatsu H. Cerebral blood flow velocity before and after cerebrospinal fluid drainage in infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2004. link 94 Turner R, Chahlavi A, Rasmussen P, Brody F. Laparoscopic revision of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A 2004. link 95 Smyth MD, Tubbs RS, Wellons JC, Oakes WJ, Blount JP, Grabb PA. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus secondary to central nervous system infection or intraventricular hemorrhage in children. Pediatric neurosurgery 2003. link 96 Scavarda D, Bednarek N, Litre F, Koch C, Lena G, Morville P et al.. Acquired aqueductal stenosis in preterm infants: an indication for neuroendoscopic third ventriculostomy. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2003. link 97 Kurschel S, Eder HG, Schleef J. Ventriculopleural shunt: thoracoscopic placement of the distal catheter. Surgical endoscopy 2003. link 98 Gnanalingham KK, Lafuente J, Harkness W. Intraventricular migration of a Rickham reservoir: endoscopic retrieval. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2003. link 99 Felderhoff-Mueser U, Buhrer C, Groneck P, Obladen M, Bartmann P, Heep A. Soluble Fas (CD95/Apo-1), soluble Fas ligand, and activated caspase 3 in the cerebrospinal fluid of infants with posthemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Pediatric research 2003. link 100 Anandh B, Madhusudan Reddy KR, Mohanty A, Umamaheswara Rao GS, Chandramouli BA. Intraoperative bradycardia and postoperative hyperkalemia in patients undergoing endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Minimally invasive neurosurgery : MIN 2002. link

Original source

[1]
CCR2 knockdown attenuates post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus and improves glymphatic function after intraventricular hemorrhage. — Deng H, Zhang S, Wang H, Liu X, Zhong K, Huang K et al. Experimental neurology (2026)
[2]
C-Src/β-DG-mediated impairment of glia-vascular unit integrity via AQP4 depolarization contributes to secondary hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage. — Ouyang Q, Yang Y, Wang J, Liang A, Wang K, Yuan Y et al. International journal of surgery (London, England) (2026)
[3]
Rate of Head Circumference Growth as a Predictor of Shunt Dependency in Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity. — Shahin MN, Helal A, Thapliyal M, Behrndt L, O'Neill BE, Ramos CGL et al. Neuropediatrics (2026)
[4]
Identification of CSPG4 as a Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Infantile Post-Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus via Multi-Omics Analysis. — Chen J, Wang L, Peng X, Cheng T, Yang Y, Su J et al. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2025)
[5]
Neuroinflammatory pathways and potential therapeutic targets in neonatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. — Schulz LN, Varghese A, Michenkova M, Wedemeyer M, Pindrik JA, Leonard JR et al. Pediatric research (2025)
[6]
Feasibility Study on Inflammasome Proteins as Biomarkers in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Pediatric Patients with Hydrocephalus Due to Intraventricular Hemorrhage. — Andreu M, Castellanos A, Keane RW, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Muñoz Pareja JC, Bramlett HM et al. Biomolecules (2025)
[7]
Management of cerebrospinal fluid pseudocysts in the laparoscopic age. — Whittemore BA, Braga BP, Price AV, De Oliveira Sillero R, Sklar FH, Megison SM et al. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics (2024)
[8]
Endoscopic excision of an aqueduct of Sylvius cavernoma causing obstructive hydrocephalus: technical note. — Loh DD, Chen MW, Lim JX, Keong NCH, Kirollos RW British journal of neurosurgery (2024)
[9]
External hydrocephalus associated with dural sigmoid sinus arteriovenous fistula: a case report. — Barrit S, El Hadwe S, Lubicz B, De Witte O British journal of neurosurgery (2024)
[10]
How to define CSF overdrainage: a systematic literature review. — Pedersen SH, Prein TH, Ammar A, Grotenhuis A, Hamilton MG, Hansen TS et al. Acta neurochirurgica (2023)
[11]
Fatal complication caused by laxative suppository agent on pediatric patient with hydrocephalus on ventriculo-peritoneal shunt: a case report. — Masyhudi ANF, Parenrengi MA, Suryaningtyas W Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (2023)
[12]
The one-step edge-to-edge technique in ventriculoperitoneal shunt. — Umana GE, Scalia G, Fricia M, Spitaleri A, Nicoletti GF, Cicero S et al. British journal of neurosurgery (2023)
[13]
Revision rates of flow- versus pressure-regulated ventricular shunt valves for the treatment of hydrocephalus in neonates following germinal matrix haemorrhage-a retrospective review. — Mulcahy T, Ma N Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (2023)
[14]
A mathematical framework for the dynamic interaction of pulsatile blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid. — Gholampour S, Balasundaram H, Thiyagarajan P, Droessler J Computer methods and programs in biomedicine (2023)
[15]
Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia, Hypoplastic Third Ventricle, and Related Biventricular Hydrocephalus: Case Report and Review of the Literature. — Umana GE, Alberio N, Graziano F, Fricia M, Tomasi SO, Corbino L et al. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery (2023)
[16]
Severe skull deformity in a child with shunted hydrocephalus. — Tabibkhooei A, Taheri M, Ebrahimniya F British journal of neurosurgery (2023)
[17]
Hydrocephalus despite extra ventricular drainage in adults: a new description of multiloculated hydrocephalus. — Joubert C, Sellier A, Beucler N, Esnault P, Cardinale M, Dagain A British journal of neurosurgery (2023)
[18]
Internal Ventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt for Adult Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Infection Rate. — Ramasy Razafindratovo RM, Migliavaca CB, Chevret S, Champeaux-Depond C Neurosurgery (2023)
[19]
Thrombosis associated with ventriculoatrial shunts. — Wu D, Guan Z, Xiao L, Li D Neurosurgical review (2022)
[20]
Changes in computed tomography perfusion parameters and maximum contrast enhancement in patients having hydrocephalus with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt: a pilot study. — Lee D, Kim ES, Lee Y, Lee SM, Yoon DY, Ju YS et al. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) (2022)
[21]
Obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a perianeurysmal cyst: a case report. — Jayakumar N, Ughratdar I, White E British journal of neurosurgery (2022)
[22]
Suspected Low-Pressure Hydrocephalus Caused by Spinal Drainage after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. — Ozeki T, Kubota A, Murai Y, Morita A Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi (2022)
[23]
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