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Pulmonology1158 papers

Pneumonia

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, leading to symptoms such as cough, fever, and respiratory distress. It significantly impacts morbidity and mortality across all age groups.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Cough, fever, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea 6 7.

Diagnostic Tests: Chest X-ray (CXR) showing infiltrates, sputum culture, blood cultures, and molecular testing (PCR) for suspected pathogens 6 7.

Grading: Severity can be assessed using CURB-65 score (confusion, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, age ≥65) or qSOFA (quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) for ICU patients 6.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Bacterial Pneumonia: Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone or amoxicillin-clavulanate) tailored based on local resistance patterns and patient-specific factors 6 7. - Viral Pneumonia: Antiviral therapy as indicated (e.g., oseltamivir for influenza) 7. - Fungal Pneumonia: Antifungal agents (e.g., amphotericin B, echinocandins) for severe cases like Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia 2 7.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Supportive Care: Oxygen therapy, fluid management, mechanical ventilation if respiratory failure occurs 6. - Corticosteroids: Consider in severe cases with refractory hypoxemia or ARDS, though evidence is mixed 41. - Vaccination: Pneumococcal and influenza vaccines to prevent pneumonia in high-risk populations 10 34.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Focus on etiological spectrum analysis and tailored management based on age and immune status 5 6 65 66 67.

Elderly: Increased emphasis on vaccination coverage, management of comorbidities (e.g., renal impairment), and close monitoring for complications 10 33 48.

Immunocompromised: Higher vigilance for opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and Candida auris 2 1.

Neurologic Impairment: Specific considerations for pneumonia prevention and management in children with neurologic impairment 8.

Key Recommendations

Empiric Antibiotic Therapy: Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics promptly in adults with suspected bacterial pneumonia (Evidence: Strong 6).

Vaccination: Recommend pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations for adults ≥65 years and high-risk groups (Evidence: Strong 10 34).

Supportive Care: Provide supportive care including oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation as needed for severe cases (Evidence: Moderate 6).

Monitoring for Complications: Closely monitor elderly patients for complications such as multi-organ dysfunction and polypharmacy-related issues (Evidence: Moderate 33).

Pediatric Management: Tailor diagnostic and therapeutic approaches based on age-specific etiological studies (Evidence: Moderate 65 66 67).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 357 indexed papers.

1 Dau-Nguyen AT, Nguyen-Dang K, Tran-Le QK, Nguyen-Huu H, Dang-Vu T, Lam-Quoc D et al.. Emergence of Candida auris in Vietnam: A 3-year retrospective study from 2023 to 2025 at the Department of Pulmonary Medicine of Cho Ray Hospital. Medicine 2026. link 2 Biswal D, Sengupta A, Sharma M, Mirdha BR, Chawla A, Garg RK et al.. Fulminant Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia presenting as multi-organ dysfunction syndrome in an immunocompetent host. Indian journal of medical microbiology 2026. link 3 Cui L, Tong N, Hou S, Yu C. Adverse events following Synflorix vaccination reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2010-2024. PloS one 2026. link 4 Liu L, Chen S, Hong T, Fu Y, Ye Y, Li Y et al.. Emergence of multidrug-resistant ST876 serotype 14 . Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 2026. link 5 Jin W, Lu L, Gao Q, Lou T, Hu W, Chen Y et al.. Clinical analysis of 255 children with multiple serous effusions. Annals of medicine 2026. link 6 Rosenthal VD, Memish ZA, Bearman G. Preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: A position paper of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2024 update. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2025. link 7 Mukae H, Iwanaga N, Horita N, Komiya K, Maruyama T, Shindo Y et al.. The JRS guideline for the management of pneumonia in adults 2024. Respiratory investigation 2025. link 8 Thomson JE, Musial A, Steuart R, Benscoter D, Callahan S, Haslam DB et al.. Recommendations for Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children With Neurologic Impairment. Pediatrics 2025. link 9 He Q, Peng Z, He C, Zhang C, Hu R. Effect of different mouthwashes on ventilator-related outcomes and mortality in intensive care unit patients: A network meta-analysis. Australian critical care : official journal of the Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses 2025. link 10 Bulkhi A, Khadawardi HA, Dairi MS, Alwafi H, Alim HM, Turkistani YA et al.. Effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination in reducing hospitalization and mortality among the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 2025. link 11 Zaninelli TH, Pinho-Ribeiro FA. Neural tuners of lung immunity. Immunity 2025. link 12 Lyell D, Dinh M, Gillett M, Abraham N, Symes ER, Susanto AP et al.. Evaluating the impact of AI assistance on decision-making in emergency doctors interpreting chest X-rays: a multi-reader multi-case study. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2025. link 13 Mudipalli Elavarasu S, K S. Rational design of an epitope-centric vaccine against . Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 14 Oliveira M, Marquez P, Ennulat C, Blanc P, Welsh K, Nair N et al.. Post-licensure Safety Surveillance of 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV20) Among US Adults in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Drug safety 2025. link 15 Vahdani AM, Faghani S. Deep Conformal Supervision: Leveraging Intermediate Features for Robust Uncertainty Quantification. Journal of imaging informatics in medicine 2025. link 16 Maki H, Isogai T, Michihata N, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on in-hospital mortality following pneumonia without heart failure: A retrospective cohort study of older adults with diabetes. Respiratory investigation 2025. link 17 Hu Y, Sun Q, Han Y, Yu C, Guo Y, Sun D et al.. Role of lifestyle factors on the development and long-term prognosis of pneumonia and cardiovascular disease in the Chinese population. Chinese medical journal 2025. link 18 Wu Q, Zheng X, Lin X, Xie L, Chen L, Qiu Z. Predictive role of serum sST2 for heart failure in children with severe pneumonia. European journal of medical research 2025. link 19 Rademacher J, Ewig S, Grabein B, Nachtigall I, Abele-Horn M, Deja M et al.. Key summary of German national guideline for adult patients with nosocomial pneumonia- Update 2024 Funding number at the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA): 01VSF22007. Infection 2024. link 20 Yamakita S, Unoki T, Niiyama S, Natsuhori E, Haruna J, Kuribara T. Comparative efficacy of various oral hygiene care methods in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PloS one 2024. link 21 Du P, Jin S, Lu S, Wang L, Ma X, Wang J et al.. Strategies to increase the coverage of influenza and pneumonia vaccination in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Age and ageing 2024. link 22 Verani JR, Blau DM, Gurley ES, Akelo V, Assefa N, Baillie V et al.. Child deaths caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia: a secondary analysis of Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) data. The Lancet. Microbe 2024. link00290-2) 23 Hamaya H, Kojima T, Hattori Y, Akishita M. Association of pneumonia admission with polypharmacy and drug use in community-dwelling older people. Geriatrics & gerontology international 2024. link 24 Renema P, Pittet JF, Brandon AP, Leal SM, Gu S, Promer G et al.. Tau and Aβ42 in lavage fluid of pneumonia patients are associated with end-organ dysfunction: A prospective exploratory study. PloS one 2024. link 25 de Leon J, Ruan CJ, Schoretsanitis G, Villasante-Tezanos AG, Spina E, Sanz EJ et al.. Investigating in VigiBase over 6000 cases of pneumonia in clozapine-treated patients in the context of the literature: focus on high lethality and the association with aspiration pneumonia. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology 2024. link 26 Yabuuchi Y, Minami Y, Kuroda A, Ooba N, Matsuda T, Kanazawa J et al.. Organizing Pneumonia in a Case of Cold Agglutinin Disease with Pulmonary Thrombosis. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024. link 27 Ibad HA, Hathaway QA, Bluemke DA, Kasaeian A, Klein JG, Budoff MJ et al.. CT-derived pectoralis composition and incident pneumonia hospitalization using fully automated deep-learning algorithm: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. European radiology 2024. link 28 Tsumita T, Takeda R, Maishi N, Hida Y, Sasaki M, Orba Y et al.. Viral uptake and pathophysiology of the lung endothelial cells in age-associated severe SARS-CoV-2 infection models. Aging cell 2024. link 29 Jain S, Rosenbaum PR, Reiter JG, Ramadan OI, Hill AS, Hashemi S et al.. Mortality Among Older Medical Patients at Flagship Hospitals and Their Affiliates. Journal of general internal medicine 2024. link 30 Yoshikawa H, Komiya K, Goto A, Umeki K, Hiramatsu K, Kadota JI. Factors associated with changes in activities of daily living from admission to discharge among older patients with pneumonia. Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 2024. link 31 Tahhan S, Avila C, Carr C, Qayyum R. Medicaid expansion and 30-day hospital readmissions: A nationwide study. Journal of hospital medicine 2024. link 32 Li Y, Li S, Zhu J, Wang Z, Zhang X. Establishment and validation of clinical prediction model and prognosis of perioperative pneumonia in elderly patients with hip fracture complicated with preoperative acute heart failure. BMC surgery 2024. link 33 Lo Cricchio A, Storelli A, Bertoletti I, Ciuti G, Fabbri A, Martinelli E et al.. Accuracy of lung ultrasound performed with handheld ultrasound device in internal medicine: an observational study. Journal of ultrasound 2024. link 34 Kobayashi M, Pilishvili T, Farrar JL, Leidner AJ, Gierke R, Prasad N et al.. Pneumococcal Vaccine for Adults Aged ≥19 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023. MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports 2023. link 35 Cruz JC, Martins CK, Piassi JEV, Garcia Júnior IR, Santiago Junior JF, Faverani LP. Does chlorhexidine reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina intensiva 2023. link 36 Marimón JM, Sorarrain A, Ercibengoa M, Azcue N, Alonso M, Vidaur L. Lung microbiome on admission in critically ill patients with acute bacterial and viral pneumonia. Scientific reports 2023. link 37 Daka DW, Wordofa MA, Woldie M. Know-do gap for sick child care and drivers of knowledge and practice among health extension workers in four regions of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open 2023. link 38 Elenga N, Aboubacar Ahidan MR, Buende Eyenga R, Houadjeto D. Prenatal transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, resulting in neonatal severe acute pneumonia, from an asymptomatic mother: a case report. Journal of medical case reports 2023. link 39 Abeyagunawardena I, Priyankara D. Vibrio vulnificus pneumonia with multiorgan failure: a case report and review of the literature. Journal of medical case reports 2023. link 40 Das RR, Singh M, Naik SS. Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2023. link 41 Choi KY, Lee HJ, Lee HW, Park TY, Heo EY, Kim DK et al.. Systemic corticosteroid use and cardiovascular risk in patients hospitalized for pneumonia. Steroids 2023. link 42 Metersky ML, Wang Y, Klompas M, Eckenrode S, Mathew J, Krumholz HM. Temporal trends in postoperative and ventilator-associated pneumonia in the United States. Infection control and hospital epidemiology 2023. link 43 Zogg CK, Metcalfe D, Sokas CM, Dalton MK, Hirji SA, Davis KA et al.. Reassessing the July Effect: 30 Years of Evidence Show No Difference in Outcomes. Annals of surgery 2023. link 44 Lee JT, Navathe AS, Werner RM. Pneumonia is not just pneumonia: Differences in utilization and costs with common comorbidities. Journal of hospital medicine 2023. link 45 Wakabayashi T, Hamaguchi S, Morimoto K. Clinically defined aspiration pneumonia is an independent risk factor associated with long-term hospital stay: a prospective cohort study. BMC pulmonary medicine 2023. link 46 Hamadi HY, Boamah S, Apatu E, Tafili A, Spaulding A. All-Cause 30-Day Readmission and Mortality: How the Health of Community Affects Magnet® Performance. The Journal of nursing administration 2023. link 47 Milas GP, Issaris V, Papavasileiou V. Blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio as a predictive factor for pneumonia: A meta-analysis. Respiratory medicine and research 2022. link 48 Shao W, Chen X, Zheng C, Wang G, Zhang B, Zhang W. Pneumococcal vaccination coverage and willingness in mainland China. Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH 2022. link 49 Pérez Ortega R. Teeth record pneumonia-and racism. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2022. link 50 Otter A, Brzozowska A. Pneumonia in adult cattle. The Veterinary record 2022. link 51 Palani S, Bansal S, Verma AK, Bauer C, Shao S, Uddin MB et al.. Type I IFN Signaling Is Essential for Preventing IFN-γ Hyperproduction and Subsequent Deterioration of Antibacterial Immunity during Postinfluenza Pneumococcal Infection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2022. link 52 Gravel CA, Neuman MI, Monuteaux MC, Neal JT, Miller AF, Bachur RG. Significance of Sonographic Subcentimeter, Subpleural Consolidations in Pediatric Patients Evaluated for Pneumonia. The Journal of pediatrics 2022. link 53 Chen SJ, Walker PJ, Mulholland K, Graham HR. Childhood pneumonia in humanitarian emergencies in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic scoping review. Journal of global health 2022. link 54 Park DE, Watson NL, Focht C, Feikin D, Hammitt LL, Brooks WA et al.. Digitally recorded and remotely classified lung auscultation compared with conventional stethoscope classifications among children aged 1-59 months enrolled in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) case-control study. BMJ open respiratory research 2022. link 55 Emmanuel F, Ahmad A, Reza T, Shahzad K, Ur Rehman F, Malik M et al.. Indirect effects of COVID-19 pandemic on reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services in Pakistan. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit 2022. link 56 Kortchinsky T, Genty T, Gigandon A, Roman C, Rézaiguia-Delclaux S, Stéphan F. Including Organ Dysfunctions in a Predictive Score for Nosocomial Pneumonia After Cardiothoracic Surgery. Respiratory care 2022. link 57 Hume-Nixon M, Graham H, Russell F, Mulholland K, Gwee A. Review of the role of additional treatments including oseltamivir, oral steroids, macrolides, and vitamin supplementation for children with severe pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of global health 2022. link 58 Cangemi R, Calvieri C, Falcone M, Cipollone F, Ceccarelli G, Pignatelli P et al.. Comparison of Thrombotic Events and Mortality in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia and COVID-19: A Multicenter Observational Study. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2022. link 59 Zanchi S, La Greca C, Di Nanni N, Fogliata E, Zani M, Pecora D. A reproducible sensor pattern to suspect COVID19 pulmonary infection with LATITUDE. Case report and literature review. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2022. link 60 Pinto ACDS, Silva BMD, Santiago-Junior JF, Sales-Peres SHC. Efficiency of different protocols for oral hygiene combined with the use of chlorhexidine in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia 2021. link 61 Vancraeynest E, Cattoir L, Van Vaerenbergh K, De Beenhouwer H, Vankeerberghen A, Boel A. Bacteremia and complicated parapneumonic effusion caused by . Acta clinica Belgica 2021. link 62 Pant A, Prasai A, Rauniyar AK, Adhikary L, Basnet K, Khadka T. Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Admitted to Nephrology Department of a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association 2021. link 63 Miller JP, Ivanics C, Zalewski K, Mody SS, Kannikeswaran N. Rates and clinical impact of discordant X-ray and CT imaging in transfers to a pediatric emergency department. The American journal of emergency medicine 2021. link 64 Kokubu H, Kato T, Nishikawa J, Tanaka T, Fujimoto N. Adverse effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in dermatology. The Journal of dermatology 2021. link 65 Mwananyanda L, Thea DM, Chipeta J, Kwenda G, Mulindwa JM, Mwenechanya M et al.. The Etiology of Pneumonia in Zambian Children: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 66 Howie SRC, Ebruke BE, McLellan JL, Deloria Knoll M, Dione MM, Feikin DR et al.. The Etiology of Childhood Pneumonia in The Gambia: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 67 Ebruke BE, Deloria Knoll M, Haddix M, Zaman SMA, Prosperi C, Feikin DR et al.. The Etiology of Pneumonia From Analysis of Lung Aspirate and Pleural Fluid Samples: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2021. link 68 Brooks WA, Zaman K, Goswami D, Prosperi C, Endtz HP, Hossain L et al.. The Etiology of Childhood Pneumonia in Bangladesh: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 69 Bunthi C, Rhodes J, Thamthitiwat S, Higdon MM, Chuananon S, Amorninthapichet T et al.. Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Severe Pneumonia Among Young Children in Thailand: Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Case-Control Study Findings, 2012-2013. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 70 Rees CA, Hooli S, King C, McCollum ED, Colbourn T, Lufesi N et al.. External validation of the RISC, RISC-Malawi, and PERCH clinical prediction rules to identify risk of death in children hospitalized with pneumonia. Journal of global health 2021. link 71 Camelo IY, Mwananyanda LM, Thea DM, Seidenberg P, Gill CJ, Weinstein JR. A Tale of 2 Pneumos: The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure or Infection Status on Pediatric Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pneumocystis jiroveci: A Nested Case Control Analysis From the Pneumonia Etiology Research In Child Health Study. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2021. link 72 Deloria Knoll M, Prosperi C, Baggett HC, Brooks WA, Feikin DR, Hammitt LL et al.. Introduction to the Site-specific Etiologic Results From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 73 Moore DP, Baillie VL, Mudau A, Wadula J, Adams T, Mangera S et al.. The Etiology of Pneumonia in HIV-uninfected South African Children: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 74 Awori JO, Kamau A, Morpeth S, Kazungu S, Silaba M, Sande J et al.. The Etiology of Pneumonia in HIV-uninfected Children in Kilifi, Kenya: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 75 Tapia MD, Sylla M, Driscoll AJ, Touré A, Kourouma N, Sissoko S et al.. The Etiology of Childhood Pneumonia in Mali: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 76 Moore DP, Baillie VL, Mudau A, Wadula J, Adams T, Mangera S et al.. The Etiology of Pneumonia in HIV-1-infected South African Children in the Era of Antiretroviral Treatment: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 77 Seidenberg P, Mwananyanda L, Chipeta J, Kwenda G, Mulindwa JM, Mwansa J et al.. The Etiology of Pneumonia in HIV-infected Zambian Children: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2021. link 78 Kuti BP, Adetola HH, Oyelami OA. Serum Micronutrients as related to Childhood Pneumonia Severity and Outcome in a Nigerian Health Facility. Journal of infection in developing countries 2021. link 79 Mahmoodpoor A, Shadvar K, Sanaie S, Hadipoor MR, Pourmoghaddam MA, Saghaleini SH. Effect of Vitamin C on mortality of critically ill patients with severe pneumonia in intensive care unit: a preliminary study. BMC infectious diseases 2021. link 80 Cepaityte D, Siafis S, Egberts T, Leucht S, Kouvelas D, Papazisis G. Exploring a Safety Signal of Antipsychotic-Associated Pneumonia: A Pharmacovigilance-Pharmacodynamic Study. Schizophrenia bulletin 2021. link 81 Jirak P, Larbig R, Shomanova Z, Fröb EJ, Dankl D, Torgersen C et al.. Myocardial injury in severe COVID-19 is similar to pneumonias of other origin: results from a multicentre study. ESC heart failure 2021. link 82 Zekavat SM, Honigberg M, Pirruccello JP, Kohli P, Karlson EW, Newton-Cheh C et al.. Elevated Blood Pressure Increases Pneumonia Risk: Epidemiological Association and Mendelian Randomization in the UK Biobank. Med (New York, N.Y.) 2021. link 83 Dajko M, Poscia A, Posteraro B, Speziale D, Volpe M, Mancinelli S et al.. Microbiological ascertainment in patients with pneumonia: the experience of a teaching hospital in Rome. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita 2020. link 84 Erick P. Botswana: country report on children's environmental health. Reviews on environmental health 2020. link 85 Mbonye AK, Buregyeya E, Rutebemberwa E, Lal S, Clarke SE, Hansen KS et al.. Treatment of Sick Children Seeking Care in the Private Health Sector in Uganda: A Cluster Randomized Trial. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2020. link 86 Zaouk H, Green JJ, Leask J. Immunisation status screening in the emergency department: Why are we forgetting the elderly?. Australasian emergency care 2020. link 87 Quintero-González DC, Ocampo JM, Reyes-Ortiz CA. Factors associated with lethality from pneumonia in an acute care for the elderly unit: a retrospective cohort. Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud 2020. link 88 Tian Y, Tian Q, Wu Y, Peng X, Chen Y, Li Q et al.. Vitamin A supplement after neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia inhibits the progression of experimental asthma by altering CD4. Scientific reports 2020. link 89 Papakrivou E, Makris D, Manoulakas E, Karvouniaris M, Zakynthinos E. Intra-Abdominal Hypertension is a Risk Factor for Increased VAP Incidence: A Prospective Cohort Study in the ICU of a Tertiary Hospital. Journal of intensive care medicine 2020. link 90 Ahn JM, Hwang SO, Moon JS, Lee SJ, Cha YS. Predictive Value of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Normothermic Dyspneic Patients with Chronic Heart Failure in the Emergency Department. The Journal of emergency medicine 2020. link 91 Trent SA, Havranek EP, Ginde AA, Haukoos JS. Effect of Audit and Feedback on Physician Adherence to Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pneumonia and Sepsis. American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality 2019. link 92 Calderon R, Morgan MC, Kuiper M, Nambuya H, Wangwe N, Somoskovi A et al.. Assessment of a storage system to deliver uninterrupted therapeutic oxygen during power outages in resource-limited settings. PloS one 2019. link 93 Noor S, Ismail M, Ali Z. Potential drug-drug interactions among pneumonia patients: do these matter in clinical perspectives?. BMC pharmacology & toxicology 2019. link 94 Li YT, Wang YC, Lee HL, Tsao SC, Lu MC, Yang SF. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, a Possible Biomarker of Multiorgan Failure and Mortality in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. International journal of molecular sciences 2019. link 95 Yaghoobi MH, Taher A, Seifrabie MA, Sabahi M, Rahimi-Bashar F. Serum vitamin D level was not associated with severity of ventilator associated pneumonia. Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne 2019. link 96 Gotts JE, Bernard O, Chun L, Croze RH, Ross JT, Nesseler N et al.. Clinically relevant model of pneumococcal pneumonia, ARDS, and nonpulmonary organ dysfunction in mice. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 2019. link 97 Ilg A, Moskowitz A, Konanki V, Patel PV, Chase M, Grossestreuer AV et al.. Performance of the CURB-65 Score in Predicting Critical Care Interventions in Patients Admitted With Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Annals of emergency medicine 2019. link 98 Ukawa S, Zhao W, Yatsuya H, Yamagishi K, Tanabe N, Iso H et al.. Associations of Daily Walking Time With Pneumonia Mortality Among Elderly Individuals With or Without a Medical History of Myocardial Infarction or Stroke: Findings From the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Journal of epidemiology 2019. link 99 Staub LJ, Mazzali Biscaro RR, Kaszubowski E, Maurici R. Lung Ultrasound for the Emergency Diagnosis of Pneumonia, Acute Heart Failure, and Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/Asthma in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Journal of emergency medicine 2019. link 100 Bartlett B, Ludewick HP, Lee S, Dwivedi G. 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Original source

[1]
Emergence of Candida auris in Vietnam: A 3-year retrospective study from 2023 to 2025 at the Department of Pulmonary Medicine of Cho Ray Hospital. — Dau-Nguyen AT, Nguyen-Dang K, Tran-Le QK, Nguyen-Huu H, Dang-Vu T, Lam-Quoc D et al. Medicine (2026)
[2]
Fulminant Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia presenting as multi-organ dysfunction syndrome in an immunocompetent host. — Biswal D, Sengupta A, Sharma M, Mirdha BR, Chawla A, Garg RK et al. Indian journal of medical microbiology (2026)
[3]
Adverse events following Synflorix vaccination reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2010-2024. — Cui L, Tong N, Hou S, Yu C PloS one (2026)
[4]
Emergence of multidrug-resistant ST876 serotype 14 — Liu L, Chen S, Hong T, Fu Y, Ye Y, Li Y et al. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology (2026)
[5]
Clinical analysis of 255 children with multiple serous effusions. — Jin W, Lu L, Gao Q, Lou T, Hu W, Chen Y et al. Annals of medicine (2026)
[6]
Preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: A position paper of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2024 update. — Rosenthal VD, Memish ZA, Bearman G International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (2025)
[7]
The JRS guideline for the management of pneumonia in adults 2024. — Mukae H, Iwanaga N, Horita N, Komiya K, Maruyama T, Shindo Y et al. Respiratory investigation (2025)
[8]
Recommendations for Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children With Neurologic Impairment. — Thomson JE, Musial A, Steuart R, Benscoter D, Callahan S, Haslam DB et al. Pediatrics (2025)
[9]
Effect of different mouthwashes on ventilator-related outcomes and mortality in intensive care unit patients: A network meta-analysis. — He Q, Peng Z, He C, Zhang C, Hu R Australian critical care : official journal of the Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses (2025)
[10]
Effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination in reducing hospitalization and mortality among the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Bulkhi A, Khadawardi HA, Dairi MS, Alwafi H, Alim HM, Turkistani YA et al. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics (2025)
[11]
Neural tuners of lung immunity. — Zaninelli TH, Pinho-Ribeiro FA Immunity (2025)
[12]
Evaluating the impact of AI assistance on decision-making in emergency doctors interpreting chest X-rays: a multi-reader multi-case study. — Lyell D, Dinh M, Gillett M, Abraham N, Symes ER, Susanto AP et al. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ (2025)
[13]
Rational design of an epitope-centric vaccine against — Mudipalli Elavarasu S, K S Frontiers in immunology (2025)
[14]
Post-licensure Safety Surveillance of 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV20) Among US Adults in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). — Oliveira M, Marquez P, Ennulat C, Blanc P, Welsh K, Nair N et al. Drug safety (2025)
[15]
Deep Conformal Supervision: Leveraging Intermediate Features for Robust Uncertainty Quantification. — Vahdani AM, Faghani S Journal of imaging informatics in medicine (2025)
[16]
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