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Cardiology1140 papers

Stable angina

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Stable angina is characterized by predictable chest pain or discomfort due to myocardial ischemia, typically provoked by exertion and relieved by rest or nitroglycerin. It results from coronary artery disease and significantly impacts patients' quality of life and physical activity 1 3 23.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Predominantly exertional chest pain relieved by rest or nitroglycerin 1.

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Often normal at rest but may show ST-segment depression or T-wave inversion during episodes 1.

Coronary Angiography: Identifies significant coronary artery stenosis 1 26.

Biomarkers: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hsTnT) can aid in differentiating unstable angina from non-ST elevation myocardial infarction 28 31.

Functional Tests: Stress testing (exercise or pharmacological) to provoke symptoms and assess myocardial perfusion 1 21.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Beta-Blockers: Reduce myocardial oxygen demand (e.g., metoprolol, carvedilol) 1 26. - Calcium Channel Blockers: Include verapamil or diltiazem for those intolerant to beta-blockers 1 26. - Nitrates: For symptom relief (e.g., isosorbide mononitrate, nitroglycerin) 1 44 45.

Adjunctive Therapies:

- Trimetazidine: Early combination therapy shown to improve symptoms and quality of life 3. - Ranolazine: For patients with chronic angina refractory to other treatments 37. - Ivabradine: Useful in patients with preserved left ventricular function and controlled symptoms on beta-blockers 44 48.

Revascularization: Considered in patients with refractory symptoms or significant functional impairment despite optimal medical therapy 5 9 29.

Special Populations

Elderly: Intensive statin use can halt atherosclerotic plaque progression and improve outcomes 40.

Comorbidities: Management should consider comorbidities like chronic kidney disease, adjusting revascularization strategies accordingly 11.

Key Recommendations

Primary Medical Therapy: Initiate with beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers for symptom control and risk reduction (Evidence: Strong 1 26).

Consider Trimetazidine: Early combination with standard therapy can rapidly improve symptoms and quality of life in newly diagnosed patients (Evidence: Moderate 3).

Revascularization Indicated: For patients with stable angina and refractory symptoms despite optimal medical therapy, consider percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (Evidence: Moderate 5 9 29).

Intensive Statin Therapy: Use high-intensity statins to manage lipid profiles and reduce cardiovascular risk, especially in elderly patients (Evidence: Strong 40).

Monitor Biomarkers: Utilize high-sensitivity troponin levels to differentiate stable angina from unstable presentations (Evidence: Moderate 28 31).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 784 indexed papers.

1 Patel S, Patel V, Ayyad M, Palani A, Allencherril J. Contemporary Antianginal Therapy. American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions 2026. link 2 Cao T, Li W, Pang J, Tan S, Liu J. Identification and Validation of Novel Biomarkers for Unstable Angina Using Olink Proteomics. Journal of proteome research 2026. link 3 Marzilli M, Gowdak LHW, Sobhy M, Mittal S, Bakar RA, Stoicescu C. Early combination therapy with trimetazidine rapidly improves symptoms and quality of life in patients recently diagnosed with stable angina: The COMBINE angina study. International journal of cardiology 2026. link 4 Wang YX, Lyu J, Lu ZK, Liu M, Feng WY, Xie YM et al.. Efficacy of Xueshuantong Injection in Reducing Residual Inflammatory Risk in Unstable Angina Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Chinese journal of integrative medicine 2026. link 5 Upreti P, Hanmandlu A, Bahar AR, Hamza M, Turkmani M, Rathore A et al.. Medical Management Versus PCI in Patients with Stable Angina: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Critical pathways in cardiology 2026. link 6 Liu ZH, Xing WL, Liu HX, Shang JJ, Li AY, Zhou Q et al.. Effect of Kuanxiong Aerosol on Perioperative Coronary Microcirculation in Patients with Unstable Angina Undergoing Elective PCI: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Chinese journal of integrative medicine 2025. link 7 Post B, Kitsakos A, Alinezhad F, Young G. Hospital-physician integration and Medicare spending: Evidence from stable angina. Health services research 2025. link 8 Prata MA, Ohe LN, Vilalva KH, Lemos LFM, Smanio PEP. Critical Assessment of the Management of Unstable Angina in a Specialized Cardiology Emergency Room. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2024. link 9 Wu Y, Qiu J, Sha X, Gong B, Wang J, Yuan W et al.. Comparative Effectiveness of Interventional Therapy versus Exercise Rehabilitation in Stable Angina Patients with Severe Coronary Artery Stenosis. Clinical interventions in aging 2024. link 10 Williams NH, Collins B, Comerford TJ, Dodd S, Fisher M, Hardwick B et al.. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a web-based cardiac rehabilitation programme for people with chronic stable angina: protocol for the ACTIVATE (Angina Controlled Trial Investigating the Value of the 'Activate your heart' Therapeutic E-intervention) randomised controlled trial. BMJ open 2024. link 11 Liao GZ, Li YM, Liu T, Bai L, Chen XF, Ye YY et al.. The management of non-culprit vessel(s) in patients with unstable angina/non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and chronic kidney dysfunction. Internal medicine journal 2024. link 12 Sun YL, Yao YL, Jia MJ, Sun YY, Li HL, Ruan XF et al.. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Suxiao Jiuxin Pill in the treatment of stable angina: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2024. link 13 Paiva LMV, Vieira MJ, Simões M, Ferreira MJ, Gonçalves L. Unstable Angina Risk Stratification Using High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin and Coronary Angiography. The American journal of cardiology 2024. link 14 Xiao J, Liu L, Lin W. Comparison Between Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Patients with Unstable Angina with Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function. Angiology 2023. link 15 McRee CW, Brice LR, Farag AA, Iskandrian AE, Hage FG. Evolution of symptoms in patients with stable angina after normal regadenoson myocardial perfusion imaging: The Radionuclide Imaging and Symptomatic Evolution study (RISE). Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2022. link 16 Nowbar AN, Francis DP, Al-Lamee RK. Quality of Life Assessment in Trials of Revascularization for Chronic Stable Angina: Insights from ORBITA and the Implications of Blinding. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 2022. link 17 Liu X, Shen M, Yan H, Long P, Jiang H, Zhang Y et al.. Alternations in the gut microbiota and metabolome with newly diagnosed unstable angina. Journal of genetics and genomics = Yi chuan xue bao 2022. link 18 Özyıldız AG, Kalaycıoğlu E, Özyıldız A, Turan T, Çetin M. Blood urea nitrogen to left ventricular ejection fraction ratio is associated with long-term mortality in the stable angina pectoris patients. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2022. link 19 Van Nguyen H, Khuong LQ, Nguyen AT, Nguyen ALT, Nguyen CT, Nguyen HTT et al.. Changes in, and predictors of, quality of life among patients with unstable angina after percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice 2021. link 20 Qazmooz HA, Smesam HN, Mousa RF, Al-Hakeim HK, Maes M. Trace element, immune and opioid biomarkers of unstable angina, increased atherogenicity and insulin resistance: Results of machine learning. Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) 2021. link 21 Brainin P, Olsen FJ, Lassen MCH, Bech J, Claggett B, Fritz-Hansen T et al.. Postsystolic shortening on echocardiography as a gateway to cardiac computed tomography in patients with suspected stable angina pectoris. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2020. link 22 Giannitsis E, Biener M, Hund H, Mueller-Hennessen M, Vafaie M, Gandowitz J et al.. Management and outcomes of patients with unstable angina with undetectable, normal, or intermediate hsTnT levels. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2020. link 23 Ambrosio G, Collins P, Dechend R, Lopez-Sendon J, Manolis AJ, Camm AJ. Sta Ble Angina: Pe Rcept Ion of Nee Ds, Quality of Life and Mana Gem Ent of Patients (BRIDGE Study)-A Multinational European Physician Survey. Angiology 2019. link 24 Liu Y, Meng HY, Khurwolah MR, Liu JB, Tang H, Aa N et al.. Acupuncture therapy for the treatment of stable angina pectoris: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 2019. link 25 Mao S, Xu DP, Dang XJ, Li W, Wu HL. Shenzhu Guanxin Recipe Granules () for Improving Exercise Tolerance in Patients with Stable Angina (SERIES Trial): A Protocol of Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Parallel Controlled Clinical Trial. Chinese journal of integrative medicine 2019. link 26 Pavasini R, Camici PG, Crea F, Danchin N, Fox K, Manolis AJ et al.. Anti-anginal drugs: Systematic review and clinical implications. International journal of cardiology 2019. link 27 Adamson PD, Newby DE, Hill CL, Coles A, Douglas PS, Fordyce CB. Comparison of International Guidelines for Assessment of Suspected Stable Angina: Insights From the PROMISE and SCOT-HEART. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2018. link 28 Sandoval Y, Apple FS, Smith SW. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays and unstable angina. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care 2018. link 29 Al-Lamee R, Thompson D, Dehbi HM, Sen S, Tang K, Davies J et al.. Percutaneous coronary intervention in stable angina (ORBITA): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 2018. link32714-9) 30 Marques-Alves P, Espírito-Santo N, Baptista R, Teixeira R, Martins R, Gonçalves F et al.. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking global longitudinal strain in high-sensitivity troponin-negative low-risk patients with unstable angina: a "resting ischemia test"?. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2018. link 31 Linde JJ, Sørgaard M, Kühl JT, Hove JD, Kelbæk H, Nielsen WB et al.. Prediction of clinical outcome by myocardial CT perfusion in patients with low-risk unstable angina pectoris. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2017. link 32 Hirayama K, Ota T, Harada K, Shibata Y, Tatami Y, Harata S et al.. Impact of Paradoxical Decrease in High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels After Statin Therapy on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris. Clinical therapeutics 2017. link 33 Breuckmann F, Hochadel M, Darius H, Giannitsis E, Münzel T, Maier LS et al.. Guideline-adherence and perspectives in the acute management of unstable angina - Initial results from the German chest pain unit registry. Journal of cardiology 2015. link 34 Xia Y, Xia Y, Xu K, Ma Y, Pan D, Xu T et al.. Predictive value of the novel risk score BETTER (BiomarkErs and compuTed Tomography scorE on Risk stratification) for patients with unstable angina. Herz 2015. link 35 Belsey J, Savelieva I, Mugelli A, Camm AJ. Relative efficacy of antianginal drugs used as add-on therapy in patients with stable angina: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of preventive cardiology 2015. link 36 Engel J, van der Wulp I, de Bruijne M, Wagner C. A cross-sectional multicentre study of cardiac risk score use in the management of unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. BMJ open 2015. link 37 Banon D, Filion KB, Budlovsky T, Franck C, Eisenberg MJ. The usefulness of ranolazine for the treatment of refractory chronic stable angina pectoris as determined from a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. The American journal of cardiology 2014. link 38 Militaru C, Donoiu I, Craciun A, Scorei ID, Bulearca AM, Scorei RI. Oral resveratrol and calcium fructoborate supplementation in subjects with stable angina pectoris: effects on lipid profiles, inflammation markers, and quality of life. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2013. link 39 Thomas S, Gokhale R, Boden WE, Devereaux PJ. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing percutaneous coronary intervention with medical therapy in stable angina pectoris. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2013. link 40 Li Q, Deng SB, Xia S, Du JL, She Q. Impact of intensive statin use on the level of inflammation and platelet activation in stable angina after percutaneous coronary intervention: a clinical study. Medicina clinica 2013. link 41 Vitale C, Spoletini I, Malorni W, Perrone-Filardi P, Volterrani M, Rosano GM. Efficacy of trimetazidine on functional capacity in symptomatic patients with stable exertional angina--the VASCO-angina study. International journal of cardiology 2013. link 42 Shibuya M, Okamura A, Hao H, Date M, Higuchi Y, Nagai H et al.. Prediction of distal embolization during percutaneous coronary intervention for unstable plaques with grayscale and integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2013. link 43 Neri Serneri GG, Coppo M, Bandinelli M, Paoletti P, Toscano T, Micalizzi E et al.. Exaggerated myocardial oxLDL amount and LOX-1 receptor over-expression associated with coronary microvessel inflammation in unstable angina. Atherosclerosis 2013. link 44 Tardif JC, Ponikowski P, Kahan T. Effects of ivabradine in patients with stable angina receiving β-blockers according to baseline heart rate: an analysis of the ASSOCIATE study. International journal of cardiology 2013. link 45 Onorati F, Santini F, Dandale R, Ucci G, Pechlivanidis K, Menon T et al.. "Polarizing" microplegia improves cardiac cycle efficiency after CABG for unstable angina. International journal of cardiology 2013. link 46 Kahan T, Forslund L, Held C, Björkander I, Billing E, Eriksson SV et al.. Risk prediction in stable angina pectoris. European journal of clinical investigation 2013. link 47 Zhang X, Wang H, Liu S, Gong P, Lin J, Lu J et al.. Intensive-dose atorvastatin regimen halts progression of atherosclerotic plaques in new-onset unstable angina with borderline vulnerable plaque lesions. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics 2013. link 48 Riccioni G, Prencipe G, Benvenuto A, Masciocco L, Ventra S, Rizzo U et al.. Ivabradine improves all aspects of quality of life assessed with the 36-item short form health survey in subjects with chronic ischemic heart disease compared with beta-blockers. Pharmacology 2013. link 49 Chen SL, Hu ZY, Zhang JJ, Ye F, Kan J, Xu T et al.. Acute effects of nicardipine and esmolol on the cardiac cycle, intracardiac hemodynamic and endothelial shear stress in patients with unstable angina pectoris and moderate coronary stenosis: results from single center, randomized study. Cardiovascular therapeutics 2012. link 50 Wei G, Ningfu W, Xianhua Y, Liang Z, Jianmin Y, Guoxin T et al.. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is associated with severity of the coronary lesions in unstable angina patients with preserved left ventricular function. Journal of interventional cardiology 2012. link 51 Figueredo VM, Pressman GS, Romero-Corral A, Murdock E, Holderbach P, Morris DL. Improvement in left ventricular systolic and diastolic performance during ranolazine treatment in patients with stable angina. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics 2011. link 52 Nishimura K, Okayama H, Inoue K, Saito M, Yoshii T, Hiasa G et al.. Usefulness of the MOSAIC (measurement of stenosis by aliasing coronary flow) method using transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography in unstable angina patients. International journal of cardiology 2011. link 53 Izumiya Y, Kojima S, Kojima S, Araki S, Usuku H, Matsubara J et al.. Long-term use of oral nicorandil stabilizes coronary plaque in patients with stable angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis 2011. link 54 Wei J, Wu T, Yang Q, Chen M, Ni J, Huang D. Nitrates for stable angina: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. International journal of cardiology 2011. link 55 Shin ES, Garcia-Garcia HM, Garg S, Park J, Kim SJ, Serruys PW. The assessment of Shin's method for the prediction of creatinine kinase-MB elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention: an intravascular ultrasound study. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2011. link 56 Jose S, Prema MT, Chacko AJ, Thomas AC, Souto EB. Colon specific chitosan microspheres for chronotherapy of chronic stable angina. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 2011. link 57 Curzen NP. Is there evidence for prognostic benefit following PCI in stable patients? COURAGE and its implications: an interventionalist's view. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2010. link 58 Sugioka K, Naruko T, Hozumi T, Nakagawa M, Kitabayashi C, Ikura Y et al.. Elevated levels of neopterin are associated with carotid plaques with complex morphology in patients with stable angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis 2010. link 59 Momiyama Y, Ohmori R, Tanaka N, Kato R, Taniguchi H, Adachi T et al.. High plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 in patients with unstable angina. Atherosclerosis 2010. link 60 Matsui S, Ishii J, Kitagawa F, Kuno A, Hattori K, Ishikawa M et al.. Pentraxin 3 in unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2010. link 61 Vincelj J, Todorović N, Marusić P, Puksić S. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva in a 62-year-old woman with unstable angina pectoris: a case report. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 62 Vokó Z, Danchin N, de Brouwer S, Kirwan BA, Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J. Correlates of coronary angiography in patients with stable angina and geographical differences in its utilisation: the ACTION experience. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 63 Hayashi F, Iijima R, Nakamura M, Sugi K. Safety and efficacy of clopidogrel treatment in Japanese patients undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation. Journal of cardiology 2010. link 64 Yan FF, Liu YF, Liu Y, Zhao YX. Sulfotanshinone Sodium Injection could decrease fibrinogen level and improve clinical outcomes in patients with unstable angina pectoris. International journal of cardiology 2009. link 65 Zhao Z, Geng J, Ge ZM, Wang W, Zhang Y, Kang WQ. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin during early hospitalization in elderly patients with unstable angina. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 2009. link 66 Tanimoto T, Imanishi T, Tanaka A, Yamano T, Kitabata H, Takarada S et al.. Various types of plaque disruption in culprit coronary artery visualized by optical coherence tomography in a patient with unstable angina. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2009. link 67 Tanaka S, Noda T, Segawa T, Minagawa T, Watanabe S, Minatoguchi S. Relationship between functional exercise capacity and functional stenosis in patients with stable angina and intermediate coronary stenosis. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2009. link 68 Ziakas A, Gavrilidis S, Souliou E, Giannoglou G, Stiliadis I, Karvounis H et al.. Ceruloplasmin is a better predictor of the long-term prognosis compared with fibrinogen, CRP, and IL-6 in patients with severe unstable angina. Angiology 2009. link 69 McKenna C, McDaid C, Suekarran S, Hawkins N, Claxton K, Light K et al.. Enhanced external counterpulsation for the treatment of stable angina and heart failure: a systematic review and economic analysis. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 2009. link 70 Kirwan BA, Lubsen J, de Brouwer S, van Dalen FJ, Pocock SJ, Clayton T et al.. Quality management of a large randomized double-blind multi-centre trial: the ACTION experience. Contemporary clinical trials 2008. link 71 Stiles MK, Dabbous OH, Fox KA. Bleeding events with antithrombotic therapy in patients with unstable angina or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; insights from a large clinical practice registry (GRACE). Heart, lung & circulation 2008. link 72 Dubey L, Zeng H, Hashmi S, Hongjie W, Tao H. Association of plasma leptin levels and complexity of the culprit lesion in patients with unstable angina. International journal of cardiology 2008. link 73 Saha S, Berglund M, Sylvén C, Gordon A, Agewall S. Clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation in patients on aspirin with stable chronic angina pectoris. International journal of cardiology 2008. link 74 Wang Y, Yin B, Liu S, Xue S. Cardioprotective effect by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 through late preconditioning in unstable angina patients. Archives of medical research 2007. link 75 Dobesh PP, Trujillo TC. Ranolazine: a new option in the management of chronic stable angina. Pharmacotherapy 2007. link 76 Wenger NK, Chaitman B, Vetrovec GW. Gender comparison of efficacy and safety of ranolazine for chronic angina pectoris in four randomized clinical trials. The American journal of cardiology 2007. link 77 Niccoli G, Biasucci LM, Biscione C, Buffon A, Siviglia M, Conte M et al.. Instability mechanisms in unstable angina according to baseline serum levels of C-reactive protein: the role of thrombosis, fibrinolysis and atherosclerotic burden. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 78 Narducci ML, Grasselli A, Biasucci LM, Farsetti A, Mulè A, Liuzzo G et al.. High telomerase activity in neutrophils from unstable coronary plaques. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007. link 79 Li JJ, Wang Y, Nie SP, Zhang CY, Li YS, Hui RT et al.. Reduction of C-reactive protein by a single 80 mg of simvastatin in patients with unstable angina. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 2007. link 80 Liuzzo G, Santamaria M, Biasucci LM, Narducci M, Colafrancesco V, Porto A et al.. Persistent activation of nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway in patients with unstable angina and elevated levels of C-reactive protein evidence for a direct proinflammatory effect of azide and lipopolysaccharide-free C-reactive protein on human monocytes via nuclear factor kappa-B activation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007. link 81 Do DH, Dalery K, Gervais A, Harvey R, Lepage S, Maltais A et al.. Same-day transfer of patients with unstable angina and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction back to their referring hospital after angioplasty. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2006. link70926-6) 82 Pamboukian SV, Funkhouser E, Child IG, Allison JJ, Weissman NW, Kiefe CI. Disparities by insurance status in quality of care for elderly patients with unstable angina. Ethnicity & disease 2006. link 83 Yazici M, Demircan S, Aygul E, Sahin M, Albayrak F, Aksakal E et al.. Effect of sedation on soluble P-selectin levels, coagulation and myocardial damage following a coronary intervention. International journal of clinical practice 2006. link 84 Zerumsky K, McBride BF. Ranolazine in the management of chronic stable angina. American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2006. link 85 Wang G, Wang L, Xiong ZY, Mao B, Li TQ. Compound salvia pellet, a traditional Chinese medicine, for the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris compared with nitrates: a meta-analysis. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2006. link 86 Lupia E, Bosco O, Bergerone S, Dondi AE, Goffi A, Oliaro E et al.. Thrombopoietin contributes to enhanced platelet activation in patients with unstable angina. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006. link 87 Andrikopoulos G, Dasopoulou C, Sakellariou D, Tzeis S, Koulouris S, Kranidis A et al.. Ivabradine: a selective If current inhibitor in the treatment of stable angina. Recent patents on cardiovascular drug discovery 2006. link 88 Hjemdahl P, Eriksson SV, Held C, Forslund L, Näsman P, Rehnqvist N. Favourable long term prognosis in stable angina pectoris: an extended follow up of the angina prognosis study in Stockholm (APSIS). Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2006. link 89 Lanza GA, Cianflone D, Rebuzzi AG, Angeloni G, Sestito A, Ciriello G et al.. Prognostic value of ventricular arrhythmias and heart rate variability in patients with unstable angina. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2006. link 90 Wercules O, Meireles GC, Longhi A, Beltrão P, Pimenta J. In-hospital and late outcomes after coronary stenting in patient with unstable angina and myelodysplastic syndrome. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2006. link 91 Høilund-Carlsen PF, Johansen A, Christensen HW, Vach W, Møldrup M, Bartram P et al.. Potential impact of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy as gatekeeper for invasive examination and treatment in patients with stable angina pectoris: observational study without post-test referral bias. European heart journal 2006. link 92 Yip HK, Chang LT, Sun CK, Yang CH, Hung WC, Cheng CI et al.. Impact of clopidogrel on suppression of circulating levels of soluble CD40 ligand in patients with unstable angina undergoing coronary stenting. The American journal of cardiology 2006. link 93 Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Katsi V, Bosinakou E, Kotsopoulou M, Tsioufis C et al.. The impact of early administration of low-dose atorvastatin treatment on inflammatory process, in patients with unstable angina and low cholesterol level. International journal of cardiology 2006. link 94 Almquist T, Forslund L, Rehnqvist N, Hjemdahl P. Prognostic implications of renal dysfunction in patients with stable angina pectoris. Journal of internal medicine 2006. link 95 Johnston N, Jernberg T, Lagerqvist B, Siegbahn A, Wallentin L. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein as a predictor of outcome in patients with unstable coronary artery disease. International journal of cardiology 2006. link 96 Clayton TC, Lubsen J, Pocock SJ, Vokó Z, Kirwan BA, Fox KA et al.. Risk score for predicting death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients with stable angina, based on a large randomised trial cohort of patients. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2005. link 97 Vicari RM, Chaitman B, Keefe D, Smith WB, Chrysant SG, Tonkon MJ et al.. Efficacy and safety of fasudil in patients with stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005. link 98 . Comparative efficacy of once daily parnaparin and unfractionated heparin in unstable angina pectoris: PRIME CARE study. Indian heart journal 2005. link 99 Oldgren J, Fellenius C, Boman K, Jansson JH, Nilsson TK, Wallentin L et al.. Influence of prolonged dalteparin treatment on coagulation, fibrinolysis and inflammation in unstable coronary artery disease. Journal of internal medicine 2005. link 100 Serrano-Martinez M, Palacios M, Martinez-Losa E, Lezaun R, Maravi C, Prado M et al.. A Mediterranean dietary style influences TNF-alpha and VCAM-1 coronary blood levels in unstable angina patients. European journal of nutrition 2005. link

Original source

[1]
Contemporary Antianginal Therapy. — Patel S, Patel V, Ayyad M, Palani A, Allencherril J American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions (2026)
[2]
Identification and Validation of Novel Biomarkers for Unstable Angina Using Olink Proteomics. — Cao T, Li W, Pang J, Tan S, Liu J Journal of proteome research (2026)
[3]
Early combination therapy with trimetazidine rapidly improves symptoms and quality of life in patients recently diagnosed with stable angina: The COMBINE angina study. — Marzilli M, Gowdak LHW, Sobhy M, Mittal S, Bakar RA, Stoicescu C International journal of cardiology (2026)
[4]
Efficacy of Xueshuantong Injection in Reducing Residual Inflammatory Risk in Unstable Angina Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. — Wang YX, Lyu J, Lu ZK, Liu M, Feng WY, Xie YM et al. Chinese journal of integrative medicine (2026)
[5]
Medical Management Versus PCI in Patients with Stable Angina: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Upreti P, Hanmandlu A, Bahar AR, Hamza M, Turkmani M, Rathore A et al. Critical pathways in cardiology (2026)
[6]
Effect of Kuanxiong Aerosol on Perioperative Coronary Microcirculation in Patients with Unstable Angina Undergoing Elective PCI: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. — Liu ZH, Xing WL, Liu HX, Shang JJ, Li AY, Zhou Q et al. Chinese journal of integrative medicine (2025)
[7]
Hospital-physician integration and Medicare spending: Evidence from stable angina. — Post B, Kitsakos A, Alinezhad F, Young G Health services research (2025)
[8]
Critical Assessment of the Management of Unstable Angina in a Specialized Cardiology Emergency Room. — Prata MA, Ohe LN, Vilalva KH, Lemos LFM, Smanio PEP Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia (2024)
[9]
Comparative Effectiveness of Interventional Therapy versus Exercise Rehabilitation in Stable Angina Patients with Severe Coronary Artery Stenosis. — Wu Y, Qiu J, Sha X, Gong B, Wang J, Yuan W et al. Clinical interventions in aging (2024)
[10]
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a web-based cardiac rehabilitation programme for people with chronic stable angina: protocol for the ACTIVATE (Angina Controlled Trial Investigating the Value of the 'Activate your heart' Therapeutic E-intervention) randomised controlled trial. — Williams NH, Collins B, Comerford TJ, Dodd S, Fisher M, Hardwick B et al. BMJ open (2024)
[11]
The management of non-culprit vessel(s) in patients with unstable angina/non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and chronic kidney dysfunction. — Liao GZ, Li YM, Liu T, Bai L, Chen XF, Ye YY et al. Internal medicine journal (2024)
[12]
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Suxiao Jiuxin Pill in the treatment of stable angina: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial. — Sun YL, Yao YL, Jia MJ, Sun YY, Li HL, Ruan XF et al. Journal of ethnopharmacology (2024)
[13]
Unstable Angina Risk Stratification Using High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin and Coronary Angiography. — Paiva LMV, Vieira MJ, Simões M, Ferreira MJ, Gonçalves L The American journal of cardiology (2024)
[14]
Comparison Between Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Patients with Unstable Angina with Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function. — Xiao J, Liu L, Lin W Angiology (2023)
[15]
Evolution of symptoms in patients with stable angina after normal regadenoson myocardial perfusion imaging: The Radionuclide Imaging and Symptomatic Evolution study (RISE). — McRee CW, Brice LR, Farag AA, Iskandrian AE, Hage FG Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (2022)
[16]
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