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Cardiology579 papers

Prosthetic valve endocarditis

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is a serious infection involving a prosthetic heart valve, characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. It often requires a multidisciplinary approach for diagnosis and management, including surgical intervention in many cases. 1 10 13 27

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Fever, new heart murmur, and signs of systemic infection.

Echocardiography: Essential for detecting vegetations, valve dysfunction, and abscess formation. 2 19 31

Blood Cultures: Critical for identifying the causative organism, though negative in 14-30% of cases. 22 25

Imaging Techniques: Cardiac CT and MRI can provide complementary information, especially when echocardiography is inconclusive. 3 35 21

FDG PET/CT: Emerging tool for diagnosis, with standardized uptake values needing standardization. 25 26

Intra-cardiac Echocardiography: Useful in complex cases where transesophageal echocardiography is challenging. 67

Management

Antibiotic Therapy: Tailored to the causative organism; adjunctive rifampin and gentamicin for staphylococcal infections may be considered, though their impact on mortality is debated. 7 28

Surgical Intervention: Often necessary, particularly for early-onset PVE, valve dysfunction, or complications like abscesses or pseudoaneurysms. 8 9 16 27 39

Valve Replacement: May be required if native valve repair is not feasible or if there is extensive damage. 16 32 39

Anticoagulation Management: Complex, especially in active infection; individualized based on valve type and risk of thromboembolism. 66

Special Populations

Pregnancy: High-risk condition; management requires careful balancing of maternal and fetal safety, often necessitating multidisciplinary care. 1

Elderly: Higher risk of complications; individualized treatment plans considering comorbidities and frailty are crucial. 13

Comorbidities: Presence of conditions like diabetes or immunocompromise can influence both diagnosis and treatment strategies, potentially complicating management. 15 51

Key Recommendations

Early Surgical Intervention for early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis, especially when caused by Staphylococcus species, to improve outcomes. (Evidence: Moderate 8 16)

Use Multimodality Imaging (echocardiography, CT, MRI) to enhance diagnostic accuracy, particularly when echocardiography findings are inconclusive. (Evidence: Moderate 2 3 35)

Tailor Antibiotic Therapy based on blood culture results, considering adjunctive rifampin and gentamicin for staphylococcal infections despite uncertain mortality benefits. (Evidence: Moderate 7 28)

Individualize Anticoagulation strategies in patients with prosthetic valves during active infection to balance thrombotic and hemorrhagic risks. (Evidence: Expert opinion)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 301 indexed papers.

1 van der Zande JA, Ramlakhan KP, Sliwa K, Gnanaraj JP, Al Farhan H, Malhamé I et al.. Pregnancy with a prosthetic heart valve, thrombosis, and bleeding: the ESC EORP Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac disease III. European heart journal 2026. link 2 Haines J, Wordell B, Jain R. Multimodality Imaging in Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction. Cardiology clinics 2026. link 3 Budde RPJ, Faure ME, Abbara S, Alkadhi H, Cremer PC, Feuchtner GM et al.. Cardiac Computed Tomography for Prosthetic Heart Valve Assessment: An Expert Consensus Document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR), the North American Society of Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI), the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions (SCAI) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2025. link 4 Budde RPJ, Faure ME, Abbara S, Alkadhi H, Cremer PC, Feuchtner GM et al.. Cardiac computed tomography for prosthetic heart valve assessment. An expert consensus document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR), the North American Society of Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI), the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions (SCAI) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography 2025. link 5 Budde RPJ, Faure ME, Abbara S, Alkadhi H, Cremer PC, Feuchtner GM et al.. Cardiac Computed Tomography for Prosthetic Heart Valve Assessment. An Expert Consensus Document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR), the North American Society of Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI), the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions (SCAI), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). Radiology. Cardiothoracic imaging 2025. link 6 Rallet B, Morgant MC, Lelercq T, Honore S, Romdhani M, Piroth L et al.. Subacute prosthetic aortic endocarditis caused by Actinotignum schaalii: a rare but destructive pathogen - case report and literature review. BMC infectious diseases 2025. link 7 Suzuki H, Pandya A, Hasegawa S, Tholany J. Association between adjunctive rifampin and gentamicin use and outcomes for patients with staphylococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis: a propensity-score adjusted retrospective cohort study. Infection 2025. link 8 Santis A, Cukierkorn E, Tarasoutchi F, Sampaio RO, Merite T, Paixão MR et al.. Staphylococcal early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis: a condition bound for surgery. BMC infectious diseases 2025. link 9 Tomita S, Maeda K, Shimamura K, Yamashita K, Kawamura A, Yoshioka D et al.. A Case of Ascending Aortic Replacement and Aortic Valve Replacement in a Patient with Giant Pseudoaneurysm of the Ascending Aorta due to Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Using Evolut PRO. Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia 2024. link 10 Timmermans N, Lam KY, van Straten A, van 't Veer M, Soliman-Hamad M. Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis After Aortic Valve Replacement: Differences Between Biological and Mechanical Prostheses. Heart, lung & circulation 2024. link 11 Kooshki N, Grambow-Velilla J, Mahida B, Benali K, Nguyen C, Cimadevilla C et al.. Diagnostic performance of White Blood Cell SPECT imaging against intra-operative findings in patients with a suspicion of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2022. link 12 Babic D, Hämmerli R, Santos Lopes B, Attenhofer Jost C, Tobler D, Schwerzmann M et al.. Impact of a structured patient education programme on early diagnosis of prosthetic pulmonary valve endocarditis. Cardiology in the young 2022. link 13 Malvindi PG, Olevano C, Luthra S, Tsang G, Barlow C, Ohri S. Outcomes of patients with acute prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2021. link 14 Hafeez Y, Sanghvi K. Use of Railway. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 2021. link 15 Shan SD, Bozso SJ, Akioyamen L, MacArthur R. Mycobacterium chimaera After Aortic Valve Replacement Causing Aortic Rupture and Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 16 Shrestha NK, Shah SY, Hussain ST, Pettersson GB, Griffin BP, Nowacki AS et al.. Association of Surgical Treatment With Survival in Patients With Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2020. link 17 Cao GF, Liu W, Cao L, Wang Y. Stroke in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis : Single-center cohort study in China. Herz 2020. link 18 Deng Y, Belfar A, Powell T. Early Prosthetic Valve Malfunction Leading to Cardiogenic Shock and Emergency Redo Mitral Valve Replacement. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2019. link 19 Østergaard L, Vejlstrup N, Køber L, Fosbøl EL, Søndergaard L, Ihlemann N. Diagnostic Potential of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Patients with Suspected Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2019. link 20 Halabi Z, Mocadie M, El Zein S, Kanj SS. Pseudomonas stutzeri prosthetic valve endocarditis: A case report and review of the literature. Journal of infection and public health 2019. link 21 Karamitsos TD, Karvounis H. Magnetic resonance imaging is a safe technique in patients with prosthetic heart valves and coronary stents. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese 2019. link 22 Kitagawa H, Ohge H, Hisatsune J, Kajihara T, Katayama K, Takahashi S et al.. Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis Caused by ST8 SCCmecIVl Type Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2019. link 23 Roselló-Díez E, Cuerpo G, Estévez F, Muñoz-Guijosa C, Tauron M, Cuenca JJ et al.. Use of the Perceval Sutureless Valve in Active Prosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2018. link 24 Siciliano RF, Randi BA, Gualandro DM, Sampaio RO, Bittencourt MS, da Silva Pelaes CE et al.. Early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis definition revisited: Prospective study and literature review. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2018. link 25 Scholtens AM, Swart LE, Kolste HJT, Budde RPJ, Lam MGEH, Verberne HJ. Standardized uptake values in FDG PET/CT for prosthetic heart valve endocarditis: a call for standardization. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2018. link 26 Scholtens AM, Swart LE, Verberne HJ, Budde RPJ, Lam MGEH. Dual-time-point FDG PET/CT imaging in prosthetic heart valve endocarditis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2018. link 27 Grubitzsch H, Tarar W, Claus B, Gabbieri D, Falk V, Christ T. Risks and Challenges of Surgery for Aortic Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis. Heart, lung & circulation 2018. link 28 Ramos-Martínez A, Muñoz Serrano A, de Alarcón González A, Muñoz P, Fernández-Cruz A, Valerio M et al.. Gentamicin may have no effect on mortality of staphylococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis. Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 2018. link 29 Vause S, Clarke B, Tower CL, Hay C, Knight M. Pregnancy outcomes in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves: a prospective descriptive population based study using the United Kingdom Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) data collection system. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2017. link 30 Fagman E, van Essen M, Fredén Lindqvist J, Snygg-Martin U, Bech-Hanssen O, Svensson G. 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2016. link 31 Suchá D, Chamuleau SA, Symersky P, Meijs MF, van den Brink RB, de Mol BA et al.. Baseline MDCT findings after prosthetic heart valve implantation provide important complementary information to echocardiography for follow-up purposes. European radiology 2016. link 32 Perrotta S, Jeppsson A, Fröjd V, Svensson G. Surgical Treatment of Aortic Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: A 20-Year Single-Center Experience. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2016. link 33 Kumar A, Pazhayattil GS, Das A, Conte HA. Mycobacterium neoaurum causing prosthetic valve endocarditis: a case report and review of the literature. The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases 2014. link 34 Anwar AM, Nosir YF, Alasnag M, Chamsi-Pasha H. Real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: a novel approach for the assessment of prosthetic heart valves. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2014. link 35 Habets J, Tanis W, van Herwerden LA, van den Brink RB, Mali WP, de Mol BA et al.. Cardiac computed tomography angiography results in diagnostic and therapeutic change in prosthetic heart valve endocarditis. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2014. link 36 Tanis W, Habets J, van den Brink RB, Symersky P, Budde RP, Chamuleau SA. Differentiation of thrombus from pannus as the cause of acquired mechanical prosthetic heart valve obstruction by non-invasive imaging: a review of the literature. European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging 2014. link 37 Wilbring M, Tugtekin SM, Matschke K, Kappert U. Surgery for fulminant prosthetic valve endocarditis after transapical transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation. The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon 2014. link 38 Bloechlinger S, Nebiker M, Windecker S. Unusual cause of myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure in a patient with prosthetic valve endocarditis. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2014. link 39 Miceli A, Croccia M, Simeoni S, Varone E, Murzi M, Farneti PA et al.. Root replacement with stentless Freestyle bioprostheses for active endocarditis: a single centre experience. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2013. link 40 Habets J, van den Brink RB, Uijlings R, Spijkerboer AM, Mali WP, Chamuleau SA et al.. Coronary artery assessment by multidetector computed tomography in patients with prosthetic heart valves. European radiology 2012. link 41 Ozkan M, Astarcioglu MA, Karakoyun S, Balkanay M. Extrinsic mechanism obstructing the opening of a prosthetic mitral valve: an unusual case of suture entrapment. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2012. link 42 Lepage L, Krapf L, Hekimian G, Duval X, Nataf P, Hvass U et al.. Unusual presentation of cryolife O'Brien(R) stentless aortic valve bioprosthesis dysfunction mimicking infective endocarditis. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2012. link 43 Lappa A, Donfrancesco S, Picozzi P, Vitozzi T, Marrapodi A, Menichetti A et al.. Treatment with daptomycin for Corynebacterium Jeikeium left-sided prosthetic valve endocarditis. Minerva anestesiologica 2012. link 44 Jamil HA, Sandoe JAT, Gascoyne-Binzi D, Chalker VJ, Simms AD, Munsch CM et al.. Late-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Mycoplasma hominis, diagnosed using broad-range bacterial PCR. Journal of medical microbiology 2012. link 45 Bosio S, Leekha S, Gamb SI, Wright AJ, Terrell CL, Miller DV. Mycobacterium fortuitum prosthetic valve endocarditis: a case for the pathogenetic role of biofilms. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2012. link 46 Kanki K, Takagi N, Tachibana K, Mishina T, Higami T. Smeloff-Cutter aortic valve endocarditis 31 years after implantation. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2011. link 47 Cheung LL, Yue CS, Fung K, Chu CM, Keung Tso EY. Daptomycin as successful treatment for a refractory case of prosthetic valve endocarditis because of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 2011. link 48 Nijmeh G, Silverman P, Zelinger A. "Flap valve phenomenon" limiting aortic regurgitation in prosthetic valve dehiscence. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2011. link 49 Brunner S, Kriegl L, Becker C, Kreuzer E, Reichart B, Näbauer M et al.. Partial avulsion of prosthetic aortic valve caused by S. epidermidis infection resulting in a giant false aneurysm of the complete thoracic aorta. International journal of cardiology 2011. link 50 Boland JM, Chung HH, Robberts FJ, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Baddour LM et al.. Fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis: Mayo Clinic experience with a clinicopathological analysis. Mycoses 2011. link 51 Jain D, Oberoi JK, Shahi SK, Shivnani G, Wattal C. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis infection of prosthetic valve resembling aspergilloma on histopathology. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2011. link 52 Thuny F, Fournier PE, Casalta JP, Gouriet F, Lepidi H, Riberi A et al.. Investigation of blood culture-negative early prosthetic valve endocarditis reveals high prevalence of fungi. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2010. link 53 Alonso-Valle H, Fariñas-Alvarez C, García-Palomo JD, Bernal JM, Martín-Durán R, Gutiérrez Díez JF et al.. Clinical course and predictors of death in prosthetic valve endocarditis over a 20-year period. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2010. link 54 Ozkan M, Gündüz S, Yildiz M, Duran NE. Diagnosis of the prosthetic heart valve pannus formation with real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2010. link 55 Guerrero ML, Alonso J, Rey M, Martinell J, Górgolas M, Artiz V et al.. Surgical treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis in patients with double prostheses: is single-valve replacement safe?. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2010. link 56 Arques S, Leonnet C, Roux E, Avierinos JF. Identification and quantification of prosthetic mitral regurgitation by flow convergence method using transthoracic approach. Cardiovascular ultrasound 2009. link 57 Guarro J, Del Palacio A, Gené J, Cano J, González CG. A case of colonization of a prosthetic mitral valve by Acremonium strictum. Revista iberoamericana de micologia 2009. link70025-7) 58 Chu VH, Miro JM, Hoen B, Cabell CH, Pappas PA, Jones P et al.. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis--a contemporary update based on the International Collaboration on Endocarditis: prospective cohort study. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2009. link 59 Brugraro P, Eseme F, Morelli E, Fiscon M, Rosini G, Belussi F et al.. Antibiotic regimen including linezolid for treating prosthetic valve endocarditis with cerebral embolism due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus after failure with oxacillin and teicoplanin. Le infezioni in medicina 2009. link 60 Revilla A, López J, Sevilla T, Villacorta E, Sarriá C, Manzano Mdel C et al.. In-hospital prognosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis after urgent surgery. Revista espanola de cardiologia 2009. link73533-9) 61 Brili S, Rokas C, Tzannos K, Barbetseas J, Pirounaki M, Stefanadis C. Fungal ascending aortic aneurysm after cardiac surgery. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2009. link 62 Attar MN, Moore RK, Khan S. Multiple pseudo-abscesses following aortic valve replacement. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2008. link 63 Hisata Y, Hazama S, Izumi K, Eishi K. Triple-valve treatment for prosthetic valve endocarditis occurring 20 years after implantation of a Carpentier-Edwards pericardial bioprosthesis in the aortic valve. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2008. link 64 Mutlu H, Yerlioglu ME, Levy WK. Failure of guideline-based anticoagulation in a patient with mitral prosthetic valve and recurrent thromboembolism. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2008. link 65 Hinestrosa F, Djurkovic S, Bourbeau PP, Foltzer MA. Propionibacterium acnes as a cause of prosthetic valve aortic root abscess. Journal of clinical microbiology 2007. link 66 Khamooshi AJ, Kashfi F, Hoseini S, Tabatabaei MB, Javadpour H, Noohi F. Anticoagulation for prosthetic heart valves in pregnancy. Is there an answer?. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2007. link 67 Osman F, Steeds R. Use of intra-cardiac ultrasound in the diagnosis of prosthetic valve malfunction. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2007. link 68 Matsuyama K, Katou W, Ueda Y. Use of the pericardial cord as a substitute for an infected mitral prosthetic ring associated with aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2007. link 69 Cáceres-Lóriga FM, Pérez-López H, Santos-Gracia J, Morlans-Hernandez K. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. International journal of cardiology 2006. link 70 Monahan TS, Phaneuf MD, Contreras MA, Andersen ND, Popescu-Vladimir A, Bide MJ et al.. In vivo testing of an infection-resistant annuloplasty ring. The Journal of surgical research 2006. link 71 Zapanta CM. Effects of atrial arrhytmias on the regurgitation of a monoleaflet prosthetic heart valve. Artificial organs 2005. link 72 Ozsarac M, Karcioglu O, Ayrik C, Bozkurt S, Turkcuer I, Gumrukcu S. Red flag in the emergency department: fracture and primary failure of a prosthetic valve. The Journal of emergency medicine 2005. link 73 Verghese S, Padmaja P, Chellamma MT, Leelavathy S, Nayar P. Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum. Indian journal of medical microbiology 2005. link 74 Patel MC, Levi MH, Mahadevi P, Nana M, Merav AD, Robbins N. L. micdadei PVE successfully treated with levofloxacin/valve replacement: case report and review of the literature. The Journal of infection 2005. link 75 Casalta JP, Fournier PE, Habib G, Riberi A, Raoult D. Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Pseudomonas luteola. BMC infectious diseases 2005. link 76 Jeng A, Chen J, Katsivas T. Prosthetic valve endocarditis from Granulicatella adiacens (nutritionally variant streptococci). The Journal of infection 2005. link 77 Rahko PS. Assessing prosthetic mitral valve regurgitation by transoesophageal echo/Doppler. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2004. link 78 Sreih AG, Mehta R. Prosthetic valve endocarditis presenting as loss of the metallic click sound. Southern medical journal 2004. link 79 Danik S, Fuster V. Anticoagulation in pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves. The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York 2004. link 80 Fujiwara K, Hayashi H, Yamamoto S, Komai H, Okamura Y. Prosthetic valve endocarditis with extensive aortic root abscess: full aortic root reconstruction with stentless bioprosthesis, xenopericardium and mitral valve replacement. The Japanese journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official publication of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery = Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai zasshi 2003. link 81 Dhawan S, Sharma P, Tak T. Thrombotic occlusion of Bjork-Shiley prosthetic aortic valve. Clinical medicine & research 2003. link 82 Bettadapur MS, Griffin BP, Asher CR. Caring for patients with prosthetic heart valves. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2002. link 83 Srivastava AK, Gupta AK, Singh AV, Husain T. Effect of oral anticoagulant during pregnancy with prosthetic heart valve. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2002. link 84 Bashar AH, Kazui T, Washiyama N, Yamashita K, Terada H, Ohkura K. Aortic root replacement using a homograft for recurrent valve endocarditis. The Japanese journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official publication of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery = Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai zasshi 2002. link 85 Mahesh B, Evans S, Bryan AJ. Failure of low molecular-weight heparin in the prevention of prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis during pregnancy: case report and a review of options for anticoagulation. The Journal of heart valve disease 2002. link 86 Lytle BW, Sabik JF, Blackstone EH, Svensson LG, Pettersson GB, Cosgrove DM. Reoperative cryopreserved root and ascending aorta replacement for acute aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2002. link04129-2) 87 Sabik JF, Lytle BW, Blackstone EH, Marullo AG, Pettersson GB, Cosgrove DM. Aortic root replacement with cryopreserved allograft for prosthetic valve endocarditis. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2002. link03779-7) 88 Hagl C, Galla JD, Lansman SL, Fink D, Bodian CA, Spielvogel D et al.. Replacing the ascending aorta and aortic valve for acute prosthetic valve endocarditis: is using prosthetic material contraindicated?. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2002. link04142-5) 89 Nambiar P, Ratnatunga C. Prosthetic valve endocarditis in a patient with Marfan's syndrome following acupuncture. The Journal of heart valve disease 2001. link 90 Baumgartner RW, Frick A, Kremer C, Oechslin E, Russi E, Turina J et al.. Microembolic signal counts increase during hyperbaric exposure in patients with prosthetic heart valves. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2001. link 91 Bourgoin A, Léone M, Martin C. Role of glycopeptides in the treatment of septic complications after cardiac surgery. Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) 2001. link 92 Strelich K, Deeb GM, Bach DS. Echocardiographic correlates of Freestyle stentless tissue aortic valve endocarditis. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2001. link 93 Ansai SI, Shimanuki T, Uchino H, Nakamura C, Arai S. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome with prosthetic valve endocarditis. European journal of dermatology : EJD 2000. link 94 Georgiadis D, Uhlmann F, Astler M, Cencetti S, Zierz S. Automated identification of Doppler microembolic signals: comparison of two techniques. Neurological research 2000. link 95 Peetermans WE, De Man F, Moerman P, van de Werf F. Fatal prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Campylobacter fetus. The Journal of infection 2000. link 96 van der Vorm ER, Dondorp AM, van Ketel RJ, Dankert J. Apparent culture-negative prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Peptostreptococcus magnus. Journal of clinical microbiology 2000. link 97 Cakalagaoglu C, Keser N, Alhan C. Brucella-mediated prosthetic valve endocarditis with brachial artery mycotic aneurysm. The Journal of heart valve disease 1999. link 98 Sanchez-Recalde A, Merino JL, Dominguez F, Mate I, Larrea JL, Sobrino JA. Successful treatment of prosthetic aortic valve mucormycosis. Chest 1999. link 99 Truninger K, Attenhofer Jost CH, Seifert B, Vogt PR, Follath F, Schaffner A et al.. Long term follow up of prosthetic valve endocarditis: what characteristics identify patients who were treated successfully with antibiotics alone?. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 1999. link 100 Krause A, Gould FK, Forty J. Prosthetic heart valve endocarditis caused by Bacillus circulans. The Journal of infection 1999. link90011-7)

Original source

[1]
Pregnancy with a prosthetic heart valve, thrombosis, and bleeding: the ESC EORP Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac disease III. — van der Zande JA, Ramlakhan KP, Sliwa K, Gnanaraj JP, Al Farhan H, Malhamé I et al. European heart journal (2026)
[2]
Multimodality Imaging in Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction. — Haines J, Wordell B, Jain R Cardiology clinics (2026)
[3]
Cardiac Computed Tomography for Prosthetic Heart Valve Assessment: An Expert Consensus Document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR), the North American Society of Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI), the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions (SCAI) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) — Budde RPJ, Faure ME, Abbara S, Alkadhi H, Cremer PC, Feuchtner GM et al. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2025)
[4]
Cardiac computed tomography for prosthetic heart valve assessment. An expert consensus document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR), the North American Society of Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI), the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions (SCAI) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). — Budde RPJ, Faure ME, Abbara S, Alkadhi H, Cremer PC, Feuchtner GM et al. Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography (2025)
[5]
Cardiac Computed Tomography for Prosthetic Heart Valve Assessment. An Expert Consensus Document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR), the North American Society of Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI), the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions (SCAI), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) — Budde RPJ, Faure ME, Abbara S, Alkadhi H, Cremer PC, Feuchtner GM et al. Radiology. Cardiothoracic imaging (2025)
[6]
Subacute prosthetic aortic endocarditis caused by Actinotignum schaalii: a rare but destructive pathogen - case report and literature review. — Rallet B, Morgant MC, Lelercq T, Honore S, Romdhani M, Piroth L et al. BMC infectious diseases (2025)
[7]
Association between adjunctive rifampin and gentamicin use and outcomes for patients with staphylococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis: a propensity-score adjusted retrospective cohort study. — Suzuki H, Pandya A, Hasegawa S, Tholany J Infection (2025)
[8]
Staphylococcal early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis: a condition bound for surgery. — Santis A, Cukierkorn E, Tarasoutchi F, Sampaio RO, Merite T, Paixão MR et al. BMC infectious diseases (2025)
[9]
A Case of Ascending Aortic Replacement and Aortic Valve Replacement in a Patient with Giant Pseudoaneurysm of the Ascending Aorta due to Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Using Evolut PRO. — Tomita S, Maeda K, Shimamura K, Yamashita K, Kawamura A, Yoshioka D et al. Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia (2024)
[10]
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis After Aortic Valve Replacement: Differences Between Biological and Mechanical Prostheses. — Timmermans N, Lam KY, van Straten A, van 't Veer M, Soliman-Hamad M Heart, lung & circulation (2024)
[11]
Diagnostic performance of White Blood Cell SPECT imaging against intra-operative findings in patients with a suspicion of prosthetic valve endocarditis. — Kooshki N, Grambow-Velilla J, Mahida B, Benali K, Nguyen C, Cimadevilla C et al. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (2022)
[12]
Impact of a structured patient education programme on early diagnosis of prosthetic pulmonary valve endocarditis. — Babic D, Hämmerli R, Santos Lopes B, Attenhofer Jost C, Tobler D, Schwerzmann M et al. Cardiology in the young (2022)
[13]
Outcomes of patients with acute prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis. — Malvindi PG, Olevano C, Luthra S, Tsang G, Barlow C, Ohri S Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals (2021)
[14]
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Investigation of blood culture-negative early prosthetic valve endocarditis reveals high prevalence of fungi. — Thuny F, Fournier PE, Casalta JP, Gouriet F, Lepidi H, Riberi A et al. Heart (British Cardiac Society) (2010)
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Antibiotic regimen including linezolid for treating prosthetic valve endocarditis with cerebral embolism due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus after failure with oxacillin and teicoplanin. — Brugraro P, Eseme F, Morelli E, Fiscon M, Rosini G, Belussi F et al. Le infezioni in medicina (2009)
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Triple-valve treatment for prosthetic valve endocarditis occurring 20 years after implantation of a Carpentier-Edwards pericardial bioprosthesis in the aortic valve. — Hisata Y, Hazama S, Izumi K, Eishi K General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2008)
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Failure of guideline-based anticoagulation in a patient with mitral prosthetic valve and recurrent thromboembolism. — Mutlu H, Yerlioglu ME, Levy WK Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography (2008)
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Prosthetic valve endocarditis from Granulicatella adiacens (nutritionally variant streptococci). — Jeng A, Chen J, Katsivas T The Journal of infection (2005)
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Failure of low molecular-weight heparin in the prevention of prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis during pregnancy: case report and a review of options for anticoagulation. — Mahesh B, Evans S, Bryan AJ The Journal of heart valve disease (2002)
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Prosthetic valve endocarditis in a patient with Marfan's syndrome following acupuncture. — Nambiar P, Ratnatunga C The Journal of heart valve disease (2001)
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Microembolic signal counts increase during hyperbaric exposure in patients with prosthetic heart valves. — Baumgartner RW, Frick A, Kremer C, Oechslin E, Russi E, Turina J et al. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2001)
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Role of glycopeptides in the treatment of septic complications after cardiac surgery. — Bourgoin A, Léone M, Martin C Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) (2001)
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Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome with prosthetic valve endocarditis. — Ansai SI, Shimanuki T, Uchino H, Nakamura C, Arai S European journal of dermatology : EJD (2000)
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Automated identification of Doppler microembolic signals: comparison of two techniques. — Georgiadis D, Uhlmann F, Astler M, Cencetti S, Zierz S Neurological research (2000)
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Fatal prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Campylobacter fetus. — Peetermans WE, De Man F, Moerman P, van de Werf F The Journal of infection (2000)
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Apparent culture-negative prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Peptostreptococcus magnus. — van der Vorm ER, Dondorp AM, van Ketel RJ, Dankert J Journal of clinical microbiology (2000)
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Brucella-mediated prosthetic valve endocarditis with brachial artery mycotic aneurysm. — Cakalagaoglu C, Keser N, Alhan C The Journal of heart valve disease (1999)
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Successful treatment of prosthetic aortic valve mucormycosis. — Sanchez-Recalde A, Merino JL, Dominguez F, Mate I, Larrea JL, Sobrino JA Chest (1999)
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