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Cardiology620 papers

Heart block

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Complete heart block (CHB) is a severe conduction disorder characterized by the interruption of electrical impulse transmission between the atria and ventricles, leading to asynchronous ventricular contractions and potentially life-threatening arrhythmias 1 4 16.

Diagnosis

Electrocardiogram (ECG) findings: Presence of a prolonged PR interval progressing to a dissociation between atrial and ventricular activity 1 7 23.

Grading: Typically classified as second-degree (Mobitz II) or third-degree (complete) heart block 1 23.

Electrophysiology studies: May be indicated to assess conduction pathways and guide management in complex cases 11 26.

Holter monitoring: Useful for detecting intermittent forms of heart block 55.

Management

Permanent Pacemaker Implantation: Essential for symptomatic relief and prevention of syncope or hemodynamic instability 1 14 22.

His Bundle Pacing: Offers physiological pacing and may be preferred in certain cases to improve ventricular function 14 20.

Physiological Pacing Modes: Dual-chamber pacing (DDD) is often recommended over single-chamber ventricular pacing to maintain AV synchrony 18 19 41.

Monitoring and Follow-up: Regular follow-up to assess pacemaker function and patient outcomes 2 14 22.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Management requires careful monitoring of maternal and fetal well-being; terbutaline may be used to manage fetal heart block 6 30.

Pediatrics: Epicardial pacing is common in infants due to smaller anatomy; long-term follow-up is crucial 10 29 52.

Elderly: Consideration of comorbidities and potential complications from pacing devices; careful evaluation of pacing site effects on ventricular function 4 42 56.

Comorbidities: Specific attention to drug-induced heart block, such as lithium toxicity 35.

Key Recommendations

Immediate pacemaker implantation for symptomatic complete heart block (Evidence: Strong 1 4).

Consider His bundle pacing to optimize ventricular function and synchronization (Evidence: Moderate 14 20).

Use dual-chamber pacing modes to maintain AV synchrony in patients with preserved ventricular function (Evidence: Moderate 18 19).

Regular follow-up and monitoring of pacemaker function are essential for all patients (Evidence: Expert opinion 2).

In pregnant women with heart block, consider pharmacological interventions like terbutaline for fetal management (Evidence: Moderate 6 30).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 411 indexed papers.

1 Carter EL, Gebb J, Janson C, Szwast A. Hydroxychloroquine After Complete Heart Block Diagnosis and Relationship to Patient Outcomes: A Descriptive Cohort Study. Prenatal diagnosis 2026. link 2 Miguel-Dos-Santos R, Dawkins JF, Mesquita T, Sanchez L, Li L, Fournier M et al.. Biological pacemaker induced by focal cardiac transduction with AAV-TBX18. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2026. link 3 Rao ACA, Mirzaee S. Pseudo-Right Bundle Branch Block Pattern During Conventional Right Ventricular Lead Pacing: All That Glitters Is Not Gold. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2026. link 4 Bansal NR, Alharbi A, Rehman S, Assaly R. Impact of day of admission on patients admitted with complete heart block: Analyzing the weekend effect. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 2025. link 5 Ohinata R, Inoue N, Morikawa S. Utility of the Novel Auto + A3 Threshold Function in Maintaining Atrioventricular Synchrony. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2025. link 6 Mondal S, Sharath N, Vijay J, Namboodiri N. Triple pacing spikes on QRST: What is the mechanism?. Journal of electrocardiology 2025. link 7 Cunningham JM, Mackey A, Tharp C. Atypical Wenckebach without grouped beating due to dual AV nodal conduction. Journal of electrocardiology 2024. link 8 Ollitrault P, Chaumont C, Font J, Amelot M, Brejoux C, Champ-Rigot L et al.. Conduction system pacing in France in 2022: A snapshot survey from the Working Group of Pacing and Electrophysiology of the French Society of Cardiology. Archives of cardiovascular diseases 2023. link 9 Mkoko P, Rajoo ST, Chin A. Causes of Heart Block in Young and Middle-Aged South Africans. Current problems in cardiology 2023. link 10 Cipollone VR, Lin C, Nguyen K. Intrapleural Pocket for Pediatric Epicardial Pacemaker Through Right Axillary Incision. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 11 Sheldon RS, Lei LY, Solbiati M, Chew DS, Raj SR, Costantino G et al.. Electrophysiology studies for predicting atrioventricular block in patients with syncope: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart rhythm 2021. link 12 Beller JP, Tyerman Z, Mehaffey JH, Hawkins RB, Charles EJ, Yarboro LT et al.. Early Versus Delayed Pacemaker for Heart Block After Valve Surgery: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. The Journal of surgical research 2021. link 13 Chu SY, Sheng QH, Chen ED, Jin H, Jiang J, Wang YL et al.. Is the left bundle branch pacing a choice to conquer the right bundle branch block?-A case report. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2021. link 14 Dandamudi G, Simon J, Cano O, Master V, Koruth JS, Naperkowski A et al.. Permanent His Bundle Pacing in Patients With Congenital Complete Heart Block: A Multicenter Experience. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology 2021. link 15 Czosek RJ, Gao Z, Anderson JB, Knilans TK, Ollberding NJ, Spar DS. Progressive QRS Duration and Ventricular Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients with Chronic Ventricular Pacing. Pediatric cardiology 2021. link 16 Mithawala P, Shah P, Koomson E. Complete Heart Block From Chronic Marijuana Use. The American journal of the medical sciences 2019. link 17 Karlin ET, Rush JE, Nobrega EA. Synchronous diaphragmatic contraction associated with dual-chamber transvenous pacing in a dog. Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology 2019. link 18 Slotwiner DJ, Raitt MH, Del-Carpio Munoz F, Mulpuru SK, Nasser N, Peterson PN. Impact of Physiologic Pacing Versus Right Ventricular Pacing Among Patients With Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Greater Than 35%: A Systematic Review for the 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2019. link 19 Slotwiner DJ, Raitt MH, Del-Carpio Munoz F, Mulpuru SK, Nasser N, Peterson PN. Impact of physiologic pacing versus right ventricular pacing among patients with left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 35%: A systematic review for the 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart rhythm 2019. link 20 Orlov MV, Koulouridis I, Monin AJ, Casavant D, Maslov M, Erez A et al.. Direct Visualization of the His Bundle Pacing Lead Placement by 3-Dimensional Electroanatomic Mapping: Technique, Anatomy, and Practical Considerations. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2019. link 21 von Knorre GH. The 125th anniversary of the His bundle discovery. Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 2018. link 22 Lipps J, Meyers L, Winfield S, Durda M, Yildiz V, Kushelev M. Physiologically Triggered Digital Cognitive Aid Facilitates Crisis Management in a Simulated Operating Room: A Randomized Controlled Study. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2017. link 23 Huang W, Lim PC, Ching CK. Wenckebach pattern in right bundle branch block - benign or not?. Journal of electrocardiology 2017. link 24 Holm N, Müller A, Zbinden R. Complications with the MICRA TPS Pacemaker System: Persistent Complete Heart Block and Late Capture Failure. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2017. link 25 Porterfield C, DiMarco JP, Mason PK. Effectiveness of implantation of a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in a patient with complete heart block and a pacemaker. The American journal of cardiology 2015. link 26 Jiménez-Díaz J, González-Ferrer JJ, Heredia GU, Moreno-Planas J. Mobitz type II second-degree atrioventricular block with narrow QRS and junctional extrasystoles: what is the mechanism?. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2014. link 27 Kaye G. Pacing site in pacemaker dependency: is right ventricular septal lead position the answer?. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy 2014. link 28 Temple IP, Inada S, Dobrzynski H, Boyett MR. Connexins and the atrioventricular node. Heart rhythm 2013. link 29 Lotfy W, Hegazy R, AbdElAziz O, Sobhy R, Hasanein H, Shaltout F. Permanent cardiac pacing in pediatric patients. Pediatric cardiology 2013. link 30 Dhiman N, Sarda N, Arora R. Management of complete heart block during pregnancy. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2013. link 31 Coumbe AG, Naksuk N, Newell MC, Somasundaram PE, Benditt DG, Adabag S. Long-term follow-up of older patients with Mobitz type I second degree atrioventricular block. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2013. link 32 Kantharia BK, Patel SS, Kulkarni G, Shah AN, Lokhandwala Y, Mascarenhas E et al.. Reuse of explanted permanent pacemakers donated by funeral homes. The American journal of cardiology 2012. link 33 Rotondi F, Marino L, Lanzillo T, Manganelli F, Zeppilli P. Prolonged ventricular pauses in an asymptomatic athlete with "apparent Mobitz type II second-degree atrioventricular block". Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2012. link 34 Dadu RT, McPherson CA. The ventriculophasic response revisited: analysis of clinical correlations using a new proposed definition derived in pacemaker patients. Clinical cardiology 2012. link 35 Armstrong EJ, Dubey A, Scheinman MM, Badhwar N. Lithium-associated Mobitz II block: case series and review of the literature. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2011. link 36 Sill B, Roy N, Hammer PE, Triedman JK, Sigg DC, Kelly MF et al.. Development of an ovine model of pediatric complete heart block. The Journal of surgical research 2011. link 37 Breathnach CS, Moynihan JB. On first looking into auriculo-ventricular asynchrony. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2010. link 38 John Camm A, Jones S, Gammage MD, Rowland E. Aubrey Leatham and the introduction of cardiac pacing to the UK. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2010. link 39 Weiss TW, Smetana P, Nurnberg M, Huber K. The honey man--second degree heart block after honey intoxication. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 40 Hong WJ, Yung TC, Lun KS, Wong SJ, Cheung YF. Impact of temporary interruption of right ventricular pacing for heart block on left ventricular function and dyssynchrony. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2010. link 41 Ouali S, Neffeti E, Ghoul K, Hammas S, Kacem S, Gribaa R et al.. DDD versus VVIR pacing in patients, ages 70 and over, with complete heart block. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2010. link 42 Coma Samartín R, Sancho-Tello de Carranza MJ, Ruiz Mateas F, Leal Del Ojo González J, Fidalgo Andrés ML. Spanish Pacemaker Registry. Seventh official report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2009). Revista espanola de cardiologia 2010. link70280-2) 43 Koch A, Zink S, Dittrich S. Plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide in children and adolescents with high degree atrioventricular block. International journal of cardiology 2009. link 44 Estrada AH, Maisenbacher HW, Prosek R, Schold J, Powell M, VanGilder JM. Evaluation of pacing site in dogs with naturally occurring complete heart block. Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology 2009. link 45 Styliadis IH, Mantziari AP, Gouzoumas NI, Vassilikos VP, Paraskevaidis SA, Mochlas ST et al.. Indications for permanent pacing and pacing mode prescription from 1989 to 2006. Experience of a single academic centre in Northern Greece. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese 2008. link 46 Fischbach PS, Frias PA, Strieper MJ, Campbell RM. Natural history and current therapy for complete heart block in children and patients with congenital heart disease. Congenital heart disease 2007. link 47 Pappas LK, Efremidis M, Sideris A, Letsas KP, Kounas SP, Kardaras F. Exercise-induced second-degree atrioventricular block. International journal of cardiology 2006. link 48 Barold SS, Ilercil A, Leonelli F, Herweg B. First-degree atrioventricular block. Clinical manifestations, indications for pacing, pacemaker management & consequences during cardiac resynchronization. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2006. link 49 Kenny JE, Berberian G, Rabkin DG, Cabreriza SE, Quinn TA, Curtis LJ et al.. Ethanol induction of complete heart block in swine. The Journal of surgical research 2006. link 50 Styliadis IH, Gouzoumas NI, Karvounis HI, Papadopoulos CE, Efthimiadis GK, Karamouzis M et al.. Effects of variation of atrioventricular interval on left ventricular diastolic filling dynamics and atrial natriuretic peptide levels in patients with DDD pacing for complete heart block. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2005. link 51 Pillai RV, Daniel R, Joseph DJ. Complete heart block following occlusion of the first septal perforator after coronary stenting. Indian heart journal 2005. link 52 Celiker A, Ceviz N, Küçükosmanoğlu O. Long-term results of endocardial pacing with Autocapture threshold tracking pacemakers in children. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2005. link 53 Kammeraad JA, Rosenthal E, Bostock J, Rogers J, Sreeram N. Endocardial pacemaker implantation in infants weighing < or = 10 kilograms. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2004. link 54 Gillis AM, Kavanagh KM, Mathison HJ, Somers JR, Zhan S, Duff HJ. Heart block in mice overexpressing calcineurin but not NF-AT3. Cardiovascular research 2004. link 55 Shohat-Zabarski R, Iakobishvili Z, Kusniec J, Mazur A, Strasberg B. Paroxysmal atrioventricular block: clinical experience with 20 patients. International journal of cardiology 2004. link 56 Rosen MR, Brink PR, Cohen IS, Robinson RB. Genes, stem cells and biological pacemakers. Cardiovascular research 2004. link 57 Lehmann G, Kolb C. Questionable dysfunction of a dual-Chamber pacemaker in a 17-year-old female: differential diagnoses of missing ventricular beats. International journal of cardiology 2004. link 58 Unnikrishnan D, Idris N, Varshneya N. Complete heart block during central venous catheter placement in a patient with pre-existing left bundle branch block. British journal of anaesthesia 2003. link 59 Miura N, Fujiki M, Misumi K, Setoyama K, Takegawa K, Takahashi T et al.. Successful use of an acceleration rate response pacemaker with a transvenous steroid-eluting screw-in lead for third-degree atrioventricular block in a labrador retriever. The Journal of veterinary medical science 2003. link 60 Wiegand UK, Bode F, Bonnemeier H, Eberhard F, Schlei M, Peters W. Long-term complication rates in ventricular, single lead VDD, and dual chamber pacing. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2003. link 61 Avasthi K, Gupta S, Avasthi G. An unusual case of complete heart block with triplet pregnancy. Indian heart journal 2003. link 62 Tse HF, Yu C, Wong KK, Tsang V, Leung YL, Ho WY et al.. Functional abnormalities in patients with permanent right ventricular pacing: the effect of sites of electrical stimulation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2002. link02169-1) 63 Kira T, Takahashi N, Sato Y, Takakura T, Hara M, Saikawa T et al.. Cumulative effect of preceding pacing cycle length on ventricular repolarization after a pause. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2002. link 64 Andrea EM, Atie J, Maciel WA, de Oliveira NA, Camanho LE, Belo LG et al.. Intra-His bundle block. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2002. link 65 Takehara N, Kawamura Y, Sato N, Sato A, Kakuchi H, Kikuchi K. A case of familial atrioventricular heart block affected by alteration of the autonomic nervous system. Journal of electrocardiology 2001. link 66 Robinson BV, Ettedgui JA, Sherman FS. Use of terbutaline in the treatment of complete heart block in the fetus. Cardiology in the young 2001. link 67 Fontaine AB, Borsa JJ, Hoffer EK, Bloch RD, So CR, Newton M. Type III heart block with peripheral use of the Angiojet thrombectomy system. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2001. link61684-4) 68 Millar RN. 1998 survey of cardiac pacing in South Africa--report of the working group on registries of the cardiac arrhythmia society of South Africa (CASSA). South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 2001. link 69 D'Souza R, Dawson F, Kerr F. Experience of a small British pacing centre between 1994 and 2000: some answers to the problem of low UK implantation rates. Scottish medical journal 2001. link 70 Luzza F, Carerj S, Oreto G. Advanced A-V block with apparent A-V junctional escape complexes because of dual A-V nodal pathways. Journal of electrocardiology 2001. link 71 Brito MR, Miranda CE, Barros VC, Castro LR, Borges MH. Heart block in dextrocardia and situs inversus: a case report. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2001. link 72 Santini M, Ricci R, Pignalberi C, Auriti A, Pepe M, Assale R et al.. Immediate and long-term atrial sensing stability in single-lead VDD pacing depends on right atrial dimensions. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2001. link 73 Aguilera PA, Durham BA, Riley DA. Emergency transvenous cardiac pacing placement using ultrasound guidance. Annals of emergency medicine 2000. link 74 Leung SK, Lau CP, Lam CT, Ho S, Tse HF, Yu CM et al.. Automatic optimization of resting and exercise atrioventricular interval using a peak endocardial acceleration sensor: validation with Doppler echocardiography and direct cardiac output measurements. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2000. link 75 Martinelli Filho M, Nishióka SA, Lopes H, Oliveira JC, Pedrosa AA, Siqueira SF et al.. Neurohumoral behavior in recipients of cardiac pacemakers controlled by a closed-loop autonomic nervous system-driven sensor. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2000. link 76 Hanséus K, Sandström S, Schüller H. Emergency pacing and subsequent permanent pacemaker implantation in a premature infant of 1770 g with a follow-up of 6 years. Pediatric cardiology 2000. link 77 Ovadia M, Cooper RS, Parnell VA, Dicapua D, Vatsia SK, Vlay SC. Transvenous pacemaker insertion ipsilateral to chronic subclavian vein obstruction: an operative technique for children and adults. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2000. link 78 Schultz TE. Heart block after induction of anesthesia in a child. AANA journal 1999. link 79 Gauss A, Hübner C, Meierhenrich R, Röhm HJ, Georgieff M, Schütz W. Perioperative transcutaneous pacemaker in patients with chronic bifascicular block or left bundle branch block and additional first-degree atrioventricular block. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1999. link 80 Teo WS, Kam RM. Pacemaker implantation in Singapore in 1997. Singapore medical journal 1999. link 81 de Cock CC, Van Campen LC, Huygens J, Kamp O, Visser CA. Usefulness of echocardiography to predict inappropriate atrial sensing in single-lead VDD pacing. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1999. link 82 Tse HF, Lau CP. Atrial sensing and pacing with a single pass ventricular lead. Chinese medical journal 1998. link 83 Chamberlain-Webber R, Barnes E, Papouchado M, Crick JP. Long-term survival of VDD pacing. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1998. link 84 Lee RJ, Sievers RE, Gallinghouse GJ, Ursell PC. Development of a model of complete heart block in rats. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 1998. link 85 Nowak B, Kampmann C, Schmid FX, Przibille O, Wippermann F, Himmrich E et al.. Pacemaker therapy in premature children with high degree AV block. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1998. link 86 Boulos M, Hoch D, Schecter S, Greenberg S, Levine J. Age dependence of complete heart block complicating radiofrequency ablation of the atrioventricular nodal slow pathway. The American journal of cardiology 1998. link00289-6) 87 Bongiorni MG, Moracchini PV, Nava A, Caprioli V, Gascón D, Morra A et al.. Radiographic assessment of atrial dipole position in single pass lead VDD and DDD pacing. The Multicenter Study Group. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1998. link 88 Gessner M, Blazek G, Kainz W, Gruska M, Gaul G. Application of pulsed-Doppler tissue imaging in patients with dual chamber pacing: the importance of conduction time and AV delay on regional left ventricular wall dynamics. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1998. link 89 Tse HF, Lau CP. The current status of single lead dual chamber sensing and pacing. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 1998. link 90 Lau CP, Tse HF, Cheng G. Effects of atrioventricular asynchrony on platelet activation: implication of thromboembolism in paced patients. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 1997. link 91 Rosenthal E, Bostock J, Qureshi SA, Baker EJ, Tynan M. Single pass VDD pacing in children and adolescents. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1997. link 92 Mecca A, Telfer A, Lanzarotti C, Olshansky B. Symptomatic atrioventricular block in an atriofascicular pathway inserting into the left bundle branch without apparent atrioventricular node function. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 1997. link 93 Leonelli FM, Wang K, Youssef M, Hall R, Brown D. Systolic and diastolic effects of variable atrioventricular delay in patients with complete heart block and normal ventricular function. The American journal of cardiology 1997. link00348-2) 94 Kaplan BM, Miller AJ, Bharati S, Lev M, Martin Grais I. Complete AV block following mediastinal radiation therapy: electrocardiographic and pathologic correlation and review of the world literature. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 1997. link 95 Kindermann M, Fröhlig G, Doerr T, Schieffer H. Optimizing the AV delay in DDD pacemaker patients with high degree AV block: mitral valve Doppler versus impedance cardiography. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1997. link 96 Papouchado M, Crick JC. Evolution of atrial signals from a single lead VDD pacemaker. AddVent European Multicentre Study Group. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1996. link 97 Celiker A, Alehan D, Tokel NK, Lenk MK, Ozme S. Initial experience with dual-sensor rate-responsive pacemakers in children. European heart journal 1996. link 98 Postaci N, Yeşil M, Susam I, Bayata S. The influence of different AV delays on left ventricular diastolic functions and on incidence of diastolic mitral regurgitation. Angiology 1996. link 99 Frielingsdorf J, Deseö T, Gerber AE, Bertel O. A comparison of quality-of-life in patients with dual chamber pacemakers and individually programmed atrioventricular delays. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1996. link 100 Modena MG, Rossi R, Carcagnì A, Molinari R, Mattioli G. The importance of different atrioventricular delay for left ventricular filling in sequential pacing: clinical implications. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1996. link

Original source

[1]
Hydroxychloroquine After Complete Heart Block Diagnosis and Relationship to Patient Outcomes: A Descriptive Cohort Study. — Carter EL, Gebb J, Janson C, Szwast A Prenatal diagnosis (2026)
[2]
Biological pacemaker induced by focal cardiac transduction with AAV-TBX18. — Miguel-Dos-Santos R, Dawkins JF, Mesquita T, Sanchez L, Li L, Fournier M et al. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy (2026)
[3]
Pseudo-Right Bundle Branch Block Pattern During Conventional Right Ventricular Lead Pacing: All That Glitters Is Not Gold. — Rao ACA, Mirzaee S Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2026)
[4]
Impact of day of admission on patients admitted with complete heart block: Analyzing the weekend effect. — Bansal NR, Alharbi A, Rehman S, Assaly R Heart & lung : the journal of critical care (2025)
[5]
Utility of the Novel Auto + A3 Threshold Function in Maintaining Atrioventricular Synchrony. — Ohinata R, Inoue N, Morikawa S Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2025)
[6]
Triple pacing spikes on QRST: What is the mechanism? — Mondal S, Sharath N, Vijay J, Namboodiri N Journal of electrocardiology (2025)
[7]
Atypical Wenckebach without grouped beating due to dual AV nodal conduction. — Cunningham JM, Mackey A, Tharp C Journal of electrocardiology (2024)
[8]
Conduction system pacing in France in 2022: A snapshot survey from the Working Group of Pacing and Electrophysiology of the French Society of Cardiology. — Ollitrault P, Chaumont C, Font J, Amelot M, Brejoux C, Champ-Rigot L et al. Archives of cardiovascular diseases (2023)
[9]
Causes of Heart Block in Young and Middle-Aged South Africans. — Mkoko P, Rajoo ST, Chin A Current problems in cardiology (2023)
[10]
Intrapleural Pocket for Pediatric Epicardial Pacemaker Through Right Axillary Incision. — Cipollone VR, Lin C, Nguyen K The Annals of thoracic surgery (2022)
[11]
Electrophysiology studies for predicting atrioventricular block in patients with syncope: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Sheldon RS, Lei LY, Solbiati M, Chew DS, Raj SR, Costantino G et al. Heart rhythm (2021)
[12]
Early Versus Delayed Pacemaker for Heart Block After Valve Surgery: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. — Beller JP, Tyerman Z, Mehaffey JH, Hawkins RB, Charles EJ, Yarboro LT et al. The Journal of surgical research (2021)
[13]
Is the left bundle branch pacing a choice to conquer the right bundle branch block?-A case report. — Chu SY, Sheng QH, Chen ED, Jin H, Jiang J, Wang YL et al. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc (2021)
[14]
Permanent His Bundle Pacing in Patients With Congenital Complete Heart Block: A Multicenter Experience. — Dandamudi G, Simon J, Cano O, Master V, Koruth JS, Naperkowski A et al. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology (2021)
[15]
Progressive QRS Duration and Ventricular Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients with Chronic Ventricular Pacing. — Czosek RJ, Gao Z, Anderson JB, Knilans TK, Ollberding NJ, Spar DS Pediatric cardiology (2021)
[16]
Complete Heart Block From Chronic Marijuana Use. — Mithawala P, Shah P, Koomson E The American journal of the medical sciences (2019)
[17]
Synchronous diaphragmatic contraction associated with dual-chamber transvenous pacing in a dog. — Karlin ET, Rush JE, Nobrega EA Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology (2019)
[18]
Impact of Physiologic Pacing Versus Right Ventricular Pacing Among Patients With Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Greater Than 35%: A Systematic Review for the 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. — Slotwiner DJ, Raitt MH, Del-Carpio Munoz F, Mulpuru SK, Nasser N, Peterson PN Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2019)
[19]
Impact of physiologic pacing versus right ventricular pacing among patients with left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 35%: A systematic review for the 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. — Slotwiner DJ, Raitt MH, Del-Carpio Munoz F, Mulpuru SK, Nasser N, Peterson PN Heart rhythm (2019)
[20]
Direct Visualization of the His Bundle Pacing Lead Placement by 3-Dimensional Electroanatomic Mapping: Technique, Anatomy, and Practical Considerations. — Orlov MV, Koulouridis I, Monin AJ, Casavant D, Maslov M, Erez A et al. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology (2019)
[21]
The 125th anniversary of the His bundle discovery. — von Knorre GH Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie (2018)
[22]
Physiologically Triggered Digital Cognitive Aid Facilitates Crisis Management in a Simulated Operating Room: A Randomized Controlled Study. — Lipps J, Meyers L, Winfield S, Durda M, Yildiz V, Kushelev M Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare (2017)
[23]
Wenckebach pattern in right bundle branch block - benign or not? — Huang W, Lim PC, Ching CK Journal of electrocardiology (2017)
[24]
Complications with the MICRA TPS Pacemaker System: Persistent Complete Heart Block and Late Capture Failure. — Holm N, Müller A, Zbinden R Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2017)
[25]
Effectiveness of implantation of a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in a patient with complete heart block and a pacemaker. — Porterfield C, DiMarco JP, Mason PK The American journal of cardiology (2015)
[26]
Mobitz type II second-degree atrioventricular block with narrow QRS and junctional extrasystoles: what is the mechanism? — Jiménez-Díaz J, González-Ferrer JJ, Heredia GU, Moreno-Planas J Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2014)
[27]
Pacing site in pacemaker dependency: is right ventricular septal lead position the answer? — Kaye G Expert review of cardiovascular therapy (2014)
[28]
Connexins and the atrioventricular node. — Temple IP, Inada S, Dobrzynski H, Boyett MR Heart rhythm (2013)
[29]
Permanent cardiac pacing in pediatric patients. — Lotfy W, Hegazy R, AbdElAziz O, Sobhy R, Hasanein H, Shaltout F Pediatric cardiology (2013)
[30]
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Long-term follow-up of older patients with Mobitz type I second degree atrioventricular block. — Coumbe AG, Naksuk N, Newell MC, Somasundaram PE, Benditt DG, Adabag S Heart (British Cardiac Society) (2013)
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Reuse of explanted permanent pacemakers donated by funeral homes. — Kantharia BK, Patel SS, Kulkarni G, Shah AN, Lokhandwala Y, Mascarenhas E et al. The American journal of cardiology (2012)
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Prolonged ventricular pauses in an asymptomatic athlete with "apparent Mobitz type II second-degree atrioventricular block". — Rotondi F, Marino L, Lanzillo T, Manganelli F, Zeppilli P Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2012)
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The ventriculophasic response revisited: analysis of clinical correlations using a new proposed definition derived in pacemaker patients. — Dadu RT, McPherson CA Clinical cardiology (2012)
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Lithium-associated Mobitz II block: case series and review of the literature. — Armstrong EJ, Dubey A, Scheinman MM, Badhwar N Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2011)
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Development of an ovine model of pediatric complete heart block. — Sill B, Roy N, Hammer PE, Triedman JK, Sigg DC, Kelly MF et al. The Journal of surgical research (2011)
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On first looking into auriculo-ventricular asynchrony. — Breathnach CS, Moynihan JB Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2010)
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Aubrey Leatham and the introduction of cardiac pacing to the UK. — John Camm A, Jones S, Gammage MD, Rowland E Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology (2010)
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The honey man--second degree heart block after honey intoxication. — Weiss TW, Smetana P, Nurnberg M, Huber K International journal of cardiology (2010)
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Impact of temporary interruption of right ventricular pacing for heart block on left ventricular function and dyssynchrony. — Hong WJ, Yung TC, Lun KS, Wong SJ, Cheung YF Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2010)
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DDD versus VVIR pacing in patients, ages 70 and over, with complete heart block. — Ouali S, Neffeti E, Ghoul K, Hammas S, Kacem S, Gribaa R et al. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2010)
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Plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide in children and adolescents with high degree atrioventricular block. — Koch A, Zink S, Dittrich S International journal of cardiology (2009)
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Evaluation of pacing site in dogs with naturally occurring complete heart block. — Estrada AH, Maisenbacher HW, Prosek R, Schold J, Powell M, VanGilder JM Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology (2009)
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Indications for permanent pacing and pacing mode prescription from 1989 to 2006. Experience of a single academic centre in Northern Greece. — Styliadis IH, Mantziari AP, Gouzoumas NI, Vassilikos VP, Paraskevaidis SA, Mochlas ST et al. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese (2008)
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Natural history and current therapy for complete heart block in children and patients with congenital heart disease. — Fischbach PS, Frias PA, Strieper MJ, Campbell RM Congenital heart disease (2007)
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Exercise-induced second-degree atrioventricular block. — Pappas LK, Efremidis M, Sideris A, Letsas KP, Kounas SP, Kardaras F International journal of cardiology (2006)
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First-degree atrioventricular block. Clinical manifestations, indications for pacing, pacemaker management & consequences during cardiac resynchronization. — Barold SS, Ilercil A, Leonelli F, Herweg B Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing (2006)
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Ethanol induction of complete heart block in swine. — Kenny JE, Berberian G, Rabkin DG, Cabreriza SE, Quinn TA, Curtis LJ et al. The Journal of surgical research (2006)
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Effects of variation of atrioventricular interval on left ventricular diastolic filling dynamics and atrial natriuretic peptide levels in patients with DDD pacing for complete heart block. — Styliadis IH, Gouzoumas NI, Karvounis HI, Papadopoulos CE, Efthimiadis GK, Karamouzis M et al. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology (2005)
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Complete heart block following occlusion of the first septal perforator after coronary stenting. — Pillai RV, Daniel R, Joseph DJ Indian heart journal (2005)
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Long-term results of endocardial pacing with Autocapture threshold tracking pacemakers in children. — Celiker A, Ceviz N, Küçükosmanoğlu O Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology (2005)
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Endocardial pacemaker implantation in infants weighing < or = 10 kilograms. — Kammeraad JA, Rosenthal E, Bostock J, Rogers J, Sreeram N Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2004)
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Heart block in mice overexpressing calcineurin but not NF-AT3. — Gillis AM, Kavanagh KM, Mathison HJ, Somers JR, Zhan S, Duff HJ Cardiovascular research (2004)
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Paroxysmal atrioventricular block: clinical experience with 20 patients. — Shohat-Zabarski R, Iakobishvili Z, Kusniec J, Mazur A, Strasberg B International journal of cardiology (2004)
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Genes, stem cells and biological pacemakers. — Rosen MR, Brink PR, Cohen IS, Robinson RB Cardiovascular research (2004)
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Questionable dysfunction of a dual-Chamber pacemaker in a 17-year-old female: differential diagnoses of missing ventricular beats. — Lehmann G, Kolb C International journal of cardiology (2004)
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Complete heart block during central venous catheter placement in a patient with pre-existing left bundle branch block. — Unnikrishnan D, Idris N, Varshneya N British journal of anaesthesia (2003)
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Successful use of an acceleration rate response pacemaker with a transvenous steroid-eluting screw-in lead for third-degree atrioventricular block in a labrador retriever. — Miura N, Fujiki M, Misumi K, Setoyama K, Takegawa K, Takahashi T et al. The Journal of veterinary medical science (2003)
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Long-term complication rates in ventricular, single lead VDD, and dual chamber pacing. — Wiegand UK, Bode F, Bonnemeier H, Eberhard F, Schlei M, Peters W Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2003)
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An unusual case of complete heart block with triplet pregnancy. — Avasthi K, Gupta S, Avasthi G Indian heart journal (2003)
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Functional abnormalities in patients with permanent right ventricular pacing: the effect of sites of electrical stimulation. — Tse HF, Yu C, Wong KK, Tsang V, Leung YL, Ho WY et al. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
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Cumulative effect of preceding pacing cycle length on ventricular repolarization after a pause. — Kira T, Takahashi N, Sato Y, Takakura T, Hara M, Saikawa T et al. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2002)
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Intra-His bundle block. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics. — Andrea EM, Atie J, Maciel WA, de Oliveira NA, Camanho LE, Belo LG et al. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia (2002)
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A case of familial atrioventricular heart block affected by alteration of the autonomic nervous system. — Takehara N, Kawamura Y, Sato N, Sato A, Kakuchi H, Kikuchi K Journal of electrocardiology (2001)
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Use of terbutaline in the treatment of complete heart block in the fetus. — Robinson BV, Ettedgui JA, Sherman FS Cardiology in the young (2001)
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Type III heart block with peripheral use of the Angiojet thrombectomy system. — Fontaine AB, Borsa JJ, Hoffer EK, Bloch RD, So CR, Newton M Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR (2001)
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1998 survey of cardiac pacing in South Africa--report of the working group on registries of the cardiac arrhythmia society of South Africa (CASSA). — Millar RN South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde (2001)
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Experience of a small British pacing centre between 1994 and 2000: some answers to the problem of low UK implantation rates. — D'Souza R, Dawson F, Kerr F Scottish medical journal (2001)
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Advanced A-V block with apparent A-V junctional escape complexes because of dual A-V nodal pathways. — Luzza F, Carerj S, Oreto G Journal of electrocardiology (2001)
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Heart block in dextrocardia and situs inversus: a case report. — Brito MR, Miranda CE, Barros VC, Castro LR, Borges MH Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc (2001)
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Immediate and long-term atrial sensing stability in single-lead VDD pacing depends on right atrial dimensions. — Santini M, Ricci R, Pignalberi C, Auriti A, Pepe M, Assale R et al. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology (2001)
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Emergency transvenous cardiac pacing placement using ultrasound guidance. — Aguilera PA, Durham BA, Riley DA Annals of emergency medicine (2000)
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Automatic optimization of resting and exercise atrioventricular interval using a peak endocardial acceleration sensor: validation with Doppler echocardiography and direct cardiac output measurements. — Leung SK, Lau CP, Lam CT, Ho S, Tse HF, Yu CM et al. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2000)
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Neurohumoral behavior in recipients of cardiac pacemakers controlled by a closed-loop autonomic nervous system-driven sensor. — Martinelli Filho M, Nishióka SA, Lopes H, Oliveira JC, Pedrosa AA, Siqueira SF et al. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2000)
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Emergency pacing and subsequent permanent pacemaker implantation in a premature infant of 1770 g with a follow-up of 6 years. — Hanséus K, Sandström S, Schüller H Pediatric cardiology (2000)
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Transvenous pacemaker insertion ipsilateral to chronic subclavian vein obstruction: an operative technique for children and adults. — Ovadia M, Cooper RS, Parnell VA, Dicapua D, Vatsia SK, Vlay SC Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2000)
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Heart block after induction of anesthesia in a child. — Schultz TE AANA journal (1999)
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Perioperative transcutaneous pacemaker in patients with chronic bifascicular block or left bundle branch block and additional first-degree atrioventricular block. — Gauss A, Hübner C, Meierhenrich R, Röhm HJ, Georgieff M, Schütz W Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica (1999)
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Pacemaker implantation in Singapore in 1997. — Teo WS, Kam RM Singapore medical journal (1999)
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Usefulness of echocardiography to predict inappropriate atrial sensing in single-lead VDD pacing. — de Cock CC, Van Campen LC, Huygens J, Kamp O, Visser CA Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1999)
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Atrial sensing and pacing with a single pass ventricular lead. — Tse HF, Lau CP Chinese medical journal (1998)
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Long-term survival of VDD pacing. — Chamberlain-Webber R, Barnes E, Papouchado M, Crick JP Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1998)
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Development of a model of complete heart block in rats. — Lee RJ, Sievers RE, Gallinghouse GJ, Ursell PC Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) (1998)
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Pacemaker therapy in premature children with high degree AV block. — Nowak B, Kampmann C, Schmid FX, Przibille O, Wippermann F, Himmrich E et al. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1998)
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Age dependence of complete heart block complicating radiofrequency ablation of the atrioventricular nodal slow pathway. — Boulos M, Hoch D, Schecter S, Greenberg S, Levine J The American journal of cardiology (1998)
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Radiographic assessment of atrial dipole position in single pass lead VDD and DDD pacing. The Multicenter Study Group. — Bongiorni MG, Moracchini PV, Nava A, Caprioli V, Gascón D, Morra A et al. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1998)
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Application of pulsed-Doppler tissue imaging in patients with dual chamber pacing: the importance of conduction time and AV delay on regional left ventricular wall dynamics. — Gessner M, Blazek G, Kainz W, Gruska M, Gaul G Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1998)
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The current status of single lead dual chamber sensing and pacing. — Tse HF, Lau CP Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing (1998)
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Effects of atrioventricular asynchrony on platelet activation: implication of thromboembolism in paced patients. — Lau CP, Tse HF, Cheng G Heart (British Cardiac Society) (1997)
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Single pass VDD pacing in children and adolescents. — Rosenthal E, Bostock J, Qureshi SA, Baker EJ, Tynan M Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1997)
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Symptomatic atrioventricular block in an atriofascicular pathway inserting into the left bundle branch without apparent atrioventricular node function. — Mecca A, Telfer A, Lanzarotti C, Olshansky B Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (1997)
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Systolic and diastolic effects of variable atrioventricular delay in patients with complete heart block and normal ventricular function. — Leonelli FM, Wang K, Youssef M, Hall R, Brown D The American journal of cardiology (1997)
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Complete AV block following mediastinal radiation therapy: electrocardiographic and pathologic correlation and review of the world literature. — Kaplan BM, Miller AJ, Bharati S, Lev M, Martin Grais I Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing (1997)
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Optimizing the AV delay in DDD pacemaker patients with high degree AV block: mitral valve Doppler versus impedance cardiography. — Kindermann M, Fröhlig G, Doerr T, Schieffer H Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1997)
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Evolution of atrial signals from a single lead VDD pacemaker. AddVent European Multicentre Study Group. — Papouchado M, Crick JC Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1996)
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Initial experience with dual-sensor rate-responsive pacemakers in children. — Celiker A, Alehan D, Tokel NK, Lenk MK, Ozme S European heart journal (1996)
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The influence of different AV delays on left ventricular diastolic functions and on incidence of diastolic mitral regurgitation. — Postaci N, Yeşil M, Susam I, Bayata S Angiology (1996)
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A comparison of quality-of-life in patients with dual chamber pacemakers and individually programmed atrioventricular delays. — Frielingsdorf J, Deseö T, Gerber AE, Bertel O Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1996)
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The importance of different atrioventricular delay for left ventricular filling in sequential pacing: clinical implications. — Modena MG, Rossi R, Carcagnì A, Molinari R, Mattioli G Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1996)

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