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Cardiology391 papers

Atrioventricular block

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Atrioventricular (AV) block is an impairment of electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles, leading to varying degrees of bradycardia and potential hemodynamic instability. It can be congenital or acquired, often necessitating pacemaker implantation for management.

Diagnosis

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Essential for identifying AV block, distinguishing its degree (first, second, or third-degree).

Grading:

- First-degree: Prolonged PR interval (>200 ms). : 51 - Second-degree: Dropped QRS complexes (Mobitz I or II). : 60 - Third-degree: Complete dissociation between atrial and ventricular activity. : 49

Holter Monitoring: Useful for intermittent forms like nocturnal AV block.

: 5

Electrophysiological Study: May be indicated in complex cases to assess conduction pathways.

: 19

Management

Pacemaker Implantation: Recommended for symptomatic second-degree AV block, third-degree AV block, and high-grade first-degree AV block.

: 1 6 10 18

Conduction System Pacing (CSP): Preferred over right ventricular pacing to maintain physiological ventricular activation.

: 1 2 6 10 3 8

Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing (LBBAP): Associated with better clinical outcomes and fewer adverse effects compared to conventional pacing sites.

: 1 3 8 10

Optimal Pacing Site: Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) pacing may be less detrimental to left ventricular function compared to apical pacing.

: 22 35

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Close monitoring required; management includes careful pacemaker programming and fetal monitoring.

: 48

Pediatrics: Single-lead VDD pacemakers can be effective, but pacing site impacts left ventricular function and synchrony.

: 41 44 66

Elderly: Increased risk of comorbidities; careful consideration of pacing site to minimize adverse effects on cardiac function.

: 66

Comorbidities: Patients with atrial enlargement or biventricular hypertrophy may benefit from CSP to reduce dyssynchrony.

: 47 66

Key Recommendations

Implant a pacemaker for symptomatic second-degree AV block, third-degree AV block, and high-grade first-degree AV block (Evidence: Strong 1 6).

Use conduction system pacing, particularly left bundle branch area pacing, to optimize physiological ventricular activation and reduce adverse outcomes (Evidence: Strong 1 2 3 6 8 10).

Consider the optimal pacing site, such as right ventricular outflow tract, to minimize left ventricular dysfunction (Evidence: Moderate 22 35).

In pregnant women with AV block, implement close monitoring and tailored pacemaker management to ensure maternal and fetal safety (Evidence: Moderate 48).

For pediatric patients, evaluate the impact of pacing site on left ventricular function and synchrony when selecting pacemaker type (Evidence: Moderate 41 44).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 203 indexed papers.

1 Jastrzębski M, Kiełbasa G, Cano O, Curila K, Zanon F, Pestrea C et al.. Left bundle branch area pacing vs right ventricular pacing for atrioventricular block: the MELOS RELOADED study. European heart journal 2026. link 2 Palmisano P, Dell'Era G, Strangio A, Scalone A, Pellegrino PL, Bonanno S et al.. Conduction system pacing in the Italian clinical practice: results of a nationwide survey. Acta cardiologica 2026. link 3 Eltsov I, Overeinder I, Pannone L, Del Monte A, Duong N, Molina K et al.. Innovative approach to conduction system pacing: Real-time ECG imaging guidance for precise left bundle branch area pacemaker lead placement. Heart rhythm 2026. link 4 Doga R, Yarza S, Glatman-Freedman A, Novack V, Haim M, Konstantino Y. The association between seasonality and the incidence of permanent pacemaker implantations due to atrioventricular block. International journal of environmental health research 2026. link 5 Park S, Kim S, Kim HJ, Choi Y, Oh YS, Kim DY et al.. Nocturnal Atrioventricular Block: Natural History and Clinical Implications. Journal of Korean medical science 2026. link 6 Chow CLD, Wong C, Sutherland N, Obeyesekere MN, Wong GR, Eastwood CM et al.. Clinical Outcomes of Conduction System Pacing vs Right Ventricular Septal Pacing in Atrioventricular Block: The CSPACE Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2025. link 7 García-Fernández FJ, Cózar-León R, Navarro-Manchón J, Molina-Lerma M, Calvo D. Spanish pacemaker registry. 22nd official report of the Heart Rhythm Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2024). Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2025. link 8 Leventopoulos G, Patrinos P, Papageorgiou A, Katechis S, Perperis A, Travlos C et al.. Left bundle branch area pacing versus conventional pacing in patients with advanced atrioventricular conduction abnormalities: a prospective cohort study. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese 2025. link 9 Khalid A, Rasool A, Daniyal SM, Ibrahim M, Siddiqui FA, Saad M et al.. Comparative effects of biventricular and right ventricular pacing on clinical outcomes in atrioventricular block: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2025. link 10 Okubo Y, Sakai T, Miyamoto S, Uotani Y, Oguri N, Furutani M et al.. Mid-term clinical outcomes of left bundle branch area pacing compared to accurate right ventricular septal pacing. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2025. link 11 Molina-Lerma M, Cózar-León R, García-Fernández FJ, Calvo D. Spanish pacemaker registry. 21st official report of Heart Rhythm Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2023). Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2024. link 12 Takahashi M, Kujiraoka H, Arai T, Hojo R, Fukamizu S. T-wave oversensing after implantation of pacemakers with automatic sensitivity adjustment in patients with atrioventricular block. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2024. link 13 Chi X, Zhang N, Zhang L, Fan F, Jia J, Xu M et al.. Effects of body mass index and blood pressure on atrioventricular block: Two-sample mendelian randomization. Heart rhythm 2024. link 14 Buyon JP, Masson M, Izmirly CG, Phoon C, Acherman R, Sinkovskaya E et al.. Prospective Evaluation of High Titer Autoantibodies and Fetal Home Monitoring in the Detection of Atrioventricular Block Among Anti-SSA/Ro Pregnancies. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2024. link 15 Chen X, Luo G, Li H, Zheng J, Zhang Q, Liao H et al.. High prevalence and distinctive clinical features of LMNA-associated atrioventricular block in young patients. American heart journal 2024. link 16 Pombo Jiménez M, Chimeno García J, Bertomeu González V, Cano Pérez Ó. Spanish pacemaker registry. 20th official report of the Heart Rhythm Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2022). Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2023. link 17 Nomura R, Shiraga K, Inuzuka R. Successful transesophageal pacing in a very-low-birth-weight-infant with atrioventricular block. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 18 Yamagishi Y, Oginosawa Y, Miki H, Yagyu K, Miyamoto T, Tsukahara K et al.. Large discrepancy in optimal atrioventricular delay between sensed and paced atrial events in a pacemaker patient. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2022. link 19 Nauchi M, Yamawaki M, Nakano T, Makino K, Honda Y, Sakai T et al.. Bedside Electrophysiological Study Using a Temporary Pacemaker May Predict Recurrence of Atrioventricular Block After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. International heart journal 2021. link 20 Kao TW, Kim GB. A child with spontaneous recovery of normal sinus rhythm from idiopathic complete atrioventricular block. Cardiology in the young 2021. link 21 Tasaki H, Nagao S, Nakamizo R, Matsumoto Y, Ashizawa N, Doi Y et al.. Correlation between Transient Hypotension and Exclusively Exercise-induced Symptoms of Two-to-One Atrioventricular Block. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2021. link 22 Sanna GD, Nusdeo G, Marini A, Ganga ML, Mura E, Pisano M et al.. Outcomes of single‑lead VDD pacemakers in atrioventricular blocks: The OSCAR study. International journal of cardiology 2021. link 23 Hu Y, Li H, Gu M, Hua W, Niu H, Zhang N et al.. Comparison between his-bundle pacing and left bundle branch pacing in patients with atrioventricular block. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2021. link 24 Dideriksen JR, Christiansen MK, Johansen JB, Nielsen JC, Bundgaard H, Jensen HK. Long-term outcomes in young patients with atrioventricular block of unknown aetiology. European heart journal 2021. link 25 Pombo Jiménez M, Cano Pérez Ó, Chimeno García J, Bertomeu-González V. Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 17th Official Report of the Section on Cardiac Pacing of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2019). Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2020. link 26 Liu G, Yang Z, Chen W, Xu J, Mao L, Yu Q et al.. Novel missense variant in TTN cosegregating with familial atrioventricular block. European journal of medical genetics 2020. link 27 Lim Y, Singh D, Poh KK. High-grade atrioventricular block. Singapore medical journal 2018. link 28 Lippi D. Gerbezius' Pulsus Mira Inconstantia and the First Descriptions of the Atrioventricular Block. Cardiac electrophysiology clinics 2018. link 29 Pombo Jiménez M, Cano Pérez O, Lorente Carreño D, Chimeno García J. Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 15th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2017). Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2018. link 30 Wijers SC, Sprenkeler DJ, Bossu A, Dunnink A, Beekman JDM, Varkevisser R et al.. Beat-to-beat variations in activation-recovery interval derived from the right ventricular electrogram can monitor arrhythmic risk under anesthetic and awake conditions in the canine chronic atrioventricular block model. Heart rhythm 2018. link 31 Lu D, Zhang H, Zhang H. Cardiac resynchronization therapy improves left ventricular remodeling and function compared with right ventricular pacing in patients with atrioventricular block. Heart failure reviews 2018. link 32 Vermeer AM, Lodder EM, Christiaans I, van Langen IM, Wilde AA, Bezzina CR et al.. Familial Disease Is Not Always Genetic: A Family With Atrioventricular Block and Mitral Regurgitation. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2017. link 33 Rivarola E, Hardy C, Sosa E, Hachul D, Furlan V, Raimundi F et al.. Selective atrial vagal denervation guided by spectral mapping to treat advanced atrioventricular block. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2016. link 34 Barold SS, De Wilde HE, Timmers L, Van Heuverswyn FE, Stroobandt RX. Atrioventricular block precipitated by isoproterenol. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2015. link 35 Kaye GC, Linker NJ, Marwick TH, Pollock L, Graham L, Pouliot E et al.. Effect of right ventricular pacing lead site on left ventricular function in patients with high-grade atrioventricular block: results of the Protect-Pace study. European heart journal 2015. link 36 Blanc JJ, Le Dauphin C. Syncope associated with documented paroxysmal atrioventricular block reproduced by adenosine 5' triphosphate injection. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2014. link 37 Molina L, Sutton R, Gandoy W, Reyes N, Lara S, Limón F et al.. Medium-term effects of septal and apical pacing in pacemaker-dependent patients: a double-blind prospective randomized study. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2014. link 38 Funck RC, Mueller HH, Lunati M, Piorkowski C, De Roy L, Paul V et al.. Characteristics of a large sample of candidates for permanent ventricular pacing included in the Biventricular Pacing for Atrio-ventricular Block to Prevent Cardiac Desynchronization Study (BioPace). Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2014. link 39 De Monte V, Staffieri F, Birettoni F, Bufalari A. Ketamine as a part of anaesthetic management in a dog with twiddler's syndrome. The Journal of small animal practice 2014. link 40 Saleh F, Greene EA, Mathison D. Evaluation and management of atrioventricular block in children. Current opinion in pediatrics 2014. link 41 Janoušek J, van Geldorp IE, Krupičková S, Rosenthal E, Nugent K, Tomaske M et al.. Permanent cardiac pacing in children: choosing the optimal pacing site: a multicenter study. Circulation 2013. link 42 Wang F, Shi H, Sun Y, Wang J, Yan Q, Jin W et al.. Right ventricular outflow pacing induces less regional wall motion abnormalities in the left ventricle compared with apical pacing. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2012. link 43 Baruteau AE, Fouchard S, Behaghel A, Mabo P, Villain E, Thambo JB et al.. Characteristics and long-term outcome of non-immune isolated atrioventricular block diagnosed in utero or early childhood: a multicentre study. European heart journal 2012. link 44 Marchandise S, Scavée C, le Polain de Waroux JB, de Meester C, Vanoverschelde JL, Debbas N. Long-term follow-up of DDD and VDD pacing: a prospective non-randomized single-centre comparison of patients with symptomatic atrioventricular block. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2012. link 45 Kronborg MB, Poulsen SH, Mortensen PT, Nielsen JC. Left ventricular performance during para-His pacing in patients with high-grade atrioventricular block: an acute study. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2012. link 46 Lee SW, Nah SS, Byon JS, Ko HJ, Park SH, Lee SJ et al.. Transient complete atrioventricular block associated with curcumin intake. International journal of cardiology 2011. link 47 Lin YS, Guo GB, Chen YL, Tsai TH, Pan KL, Liu WH et al.. Atrial enlargement in symptomatic heart block patients with preserved left ventricular function: possibly related to atrioventricular dyssynchrony. International journal of cardiology 2011. link 48 Hidaka N, Chiba Y, Fukushima K, Wake N. Pregnant women with complete atrioventricular block: perinatal risks and review of management. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2011. link 49 Gueli N, Verrusio W, Linguanti A, Marchitto N, Longo G, Marigliano V et al.. Third degree of atrioventricular block: a rare geriatric complication that may cause sudden death. Remarks on two clinical cases. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2010. link 50 Leibundgut G, Bernheim AM. Second diastolic pulmonary venous flow and isolated late diastolic mitral valve regurgitation in first-degree atrioventricular block. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2010. link 51 Carroz P, Delay D, Girod G. Pseudo-pacemaker syndrome in a young woman with first-degree atrio-ventricular block. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2010. link 52 Su Y, Pan W, Sun A, Gong X, Sun M, Shu X et al.. Is the optimal atrioventricular delay paced from right ventricular outflow tract different from that from right ventricular apex?. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 53 Cuneo BF, Lee M, Roberson D, Niksch A, Ovadia M, Parilla BV et al.. A management strategy for fetal immune-mediated atrioventricular block. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2010. link 54 Marijon E, Combes N, Boveda S, Bortone A, Najjar J, Donzeau JP et al.. Clinical examination should not be forgotten when assessing the level of 2/1 AV block. International journal of cardiology 2009. link 55 Gebauer RA, Tomek V, Kubus P, Rázek V, Matejka T, Salameh A et al.. Differential effects of the site of permanent epicardial pacing on left ventricular synchrony and function in the young: implications for lead placement. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2009. link 56 Schaer BA, Weinbacher M, Zellweger MJ, Sticherling C, Osswald S. Value of VDD-pacing systems in patients with atrioventricular block: experience over a decade. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 57 Gardiner HM, Belmar C, Pasquini L, Seale A, Thomas M, Dennes W et al.. Fetal ECG: a novel predictor of atrioventricular block in anti-Ro positive pregnancies. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2007. link 58 Burri H, Noble S, Sunthorn H, Dorsaz PA, Vieira I, Shah D. Utility of the surface ECG before VDD pacemaker implantation. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 59 Acar G, Ozaydin M, Varol E, Aslan SM, Kucuktepe Z, Demir M et al.. Membranous interventricular septal aneurysm and associated atrioventricular block causing symptoms in a 65-year-old man. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2006. link 60 Silverman ME, Upshaw CB, Lange HW. Woldemar Mobitz and His 1924 classification of second-degree atrioventricular block. Circulation 2004. link 61 Koh M, Yagihara T, Uemura H, Kagisaki K, Kitamura S. Functional biventricular repair using left ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit in patients with discordant atrioventricular connections and pulmonary outflow tract obstruction-does conduit obstruction maintain tricuspid valve function?. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2004. link 62 Schreiner KD, Kelemen K, Zehelein J, Becker R, Senges JC, Bauer A et al.. Biventricular hypertrophy in dogs with chronic AV block: effects of cyclosporin A on morphology and electrophysiology. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2004. link 63 Maruyama T, Kurogouchi F. Entrapment of a tined lead by the chiari network with preserved atrial sensing ability in a patient with atrioventricular block: a case report. Journal of cardiology 2004. link 64 Cui W, Liu F, Zu X, Du J, Hao Y, Li Y et al.. The relation between His bundle and the first septal perforating artery: implications for percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation. International journal of cardiology 2004. link 65 Benson DW. Genetics of atrioventricular conduction disease in humans. The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology 2004. link 66 Thambo JB, Bordachar P, Garrigue S, Lafitte S, Sanders P, Reuter S et al.. Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing. Circulation 2004. link 67 Maurer DE, Naegeli B, Straumann E, Bertel O, Frielingsdorf J. Quality of life and exercise capacity in patients with prolonged PQ interval and dual chamber pacemakers: a randomized comparison of permanent ventricular stimulation vs intrinsic AV conduction. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2003. link00087-4) 68 Huang M, Krahn AD, Yee R, Klein GJ, Skanes AC. Optimal pacing for symptomatic AV block: a comparison of VDD and DDD pacing. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2003. link 69 Tokano T, Nakata Y, Sasaki A, Mineda Y, Sumiyoshi M, Nakazato Y et al.. Atrioventricular block during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia is not always benign. Japanese heart journal 2003. link 70 Voss F, Schreiner KD, Senges JC, Becker R, Bauer A, Kuebler W et al.. Refractory patterns and susceptibility to drug-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardias in dogs with chronic atrioventricular block: relation to the type of anesthesia. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 2002. link 71 Bostan OM, Celiker A, Karagöz T, Ozer S, Ozme S. Dual chamber cardiac pacing in children: Single chamber pacing dual chamber sensing cardiac pacemaker or dual chamber pacing and sensing cardiac pacemaker?. Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 2002. link 72 Upshaw CB, Silverman ME. Alfred Lewis Galabin and the first human documentation of atrioventricular block. The American journal of cardiology 2001. link01736-2) 73 Toda N, Ishikawa T, Nozawa N, Kobayashi I, Ochiai H, Miyamoto K et al.. Doppler index and plasma level of atrial natriuretic hormone are improved by optimizing atrioventricular delay in atrioventricular block patients with implanted DDD pacemakers. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2001. link 74 Barold SS. Case report: type I second-degree AV block masquerading as Type II block. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2000. link 75 Drici MD, Diochot S, Terrenoire C, Romey G, Lazdunski M. The bee venom peptide tertiapin underlines the role of I(KACh) in acetylcholine-induced atrioventricular blocks. British journal of pharmacology 2000. link 76 Ventura M, Elvas L, Cristóvão J, Ramalheiro G, Coelho L, Maldonado MJ et al.. Permanent pacing in patients with congenital atrio-ventricular block--experience of 33 cases. Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology 2000. link 77 Saborowski F, Krahé-Fritsch G, Krakau M, Wallbrueck K, Schaldach M. The effects of orthostasis on the ventricular-evoked response. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2000. link 78 Boriani G, Biffi M, Bandini A, Moracchini PV, Capucci A, Sigliano R et al.. DDD and single-lead VDD pacing: evaluation of atrial signal dynamic changes. Clinical cardiology 2000. link 79 Israel CW, Gascon D, Nowak B, Campanale G, Pascotto P, Hartung W et al.. Diagnostic value of stored electrograms in single-lead VDD systems. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2000. link 80 Ijiri H, Komori S, Kohno I, Sano S, Yin D, Takusagawa M et al.. Improvement of exercise tolerance by single lead VDD pacemaker: evaluation using cardiopulmonary exercise test. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2000. link 81 Israel CW, Kruse IM, Van Mechelen R, Kroes G, Heynen H, Lokhoff N. Results from the use of a preshaped lead for single-pass VDD/DDD stimulation. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1999. link 82 Karpawich PP, Rabah R, Haas JE. Altered cardiac histology following apical right ventricular pacing in patients with congenital atrioventricular block. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1999. link 83 Guyomar Y, Graux P, Carlioz R, Moulin C, Dutoit A. Reliability of single-lead VDD atrial sensing and pacing during exercise. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1999. link 84 Dubuc M, Roy D, Thibault B, Ducharme A, Tardif JC, Villemaire C et al.. Transvenous catheter ice mapping and cryoablation of the atrioventricular node in dogs. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1999. link 85 Liu J, Dole LR. Late complete atrioventricular block complicating radiofrequency catheter ablation of a left posteroseptal accessory pathway. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1998. link 86 Hunziker P, Buser P, Pfisterer M, Burkart F, Osswald S. Predictors of loss of atrioventricular synchrony in single lead VDD pacing. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 1998. link 87 Hsiao HC, Chiu HW, Lee SC, Kao T, Chang HY, Kong CW. Heart rate variability in patients with atrioventricular block. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi = Chinese medical journal; Free China ed 1997. link 88 Rosenheck S, Elami A, Amikam S, Erdman S, Ovsyshcher IE. Single pass lead VDD pacing in children and adolescents. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1997. link 89 Ovsyscher IE, Katz A, Rosenheck S, Erdman S, Bondy C. Single lead VDD pacing: multicenter study. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1996. link 90 Englund A, Bergfeldt L, Rosenqvist M. Disopyramide stress test: a sensitive and specific tool for predicting impending high degree atrioventricular block in patients with bifascicular block. British heart journal 1995. link 91 Castellanos A, Moleiro F, Saoudi N, Interian A, Myerburg RJ. Dynamics of, and alternating Wenckebach periods during, 4:1 and 6:1 atrioventricular block. The American journal of cardiology 1995. link80145-3) 92 Bergfeldt L, Edvardsson N, Rosenqvist M, Vallin H, Edhag O. Atrioventricular block progression in patients with bifascicular block assessed by repeated electrocardiography and a bradycardia-detecting pacemaker. The American journal of cardiology 1994. link90465-0) 93 Kalbfleisch SJ, Williamson B, Man KC, Vorperian V, Hummel JD, Calkins H et al.. A randomized comparison of the right- and left-sided approaches to ablation of the atrioventricular junction. The American journal of cardiology 1993. link90188-i) 94 Fujino H, Thompson RP, Germroth PG, Harold ME, Swindle MM, Gillette PC. Histologic study of chronic catheter cryoablation of atrioventricular conduction in swine. American heart journal 1993. link90752-u) 95 Mitton M. Paroxysmal atrioventricular block in a healthy patient receiving spinal anesthesia: a case report. AANA journal 1993. link 96 Padrini R, Piovan D, Javarnaro A, Cucchini F, Ferrari M. Pharmacokinetics and electrophysiological effects of intravenous ajmaline. Clinical pharmacokinetics 1993. link 97 Cornacchia D, Fabbri M, Maresta A, Nigro P, Sorrentino F, Puglisi A et al.. Effect of steroid eluting versus conventional electrodes on propafenone induced rise in chronic ventricular pacing threshold. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1993. link 98 Shirataka M, Miyahara H, Ikeda N, Domae A, Sato T. Evaluation of five computer programs in the diagnosis of second-degree AV block. Journal of electrocardiology 1992. link90003-i) 99 Lee J, Heo J, Ogilby JD, Cave V, Iskandrian B, Iskandrian AS. Atrioventricular block during adenosine thallium imaging. American heart journal 1992. link90811-9) 100 Tani M, Fujiki A, Asanoi H, Yoshida S, Tsuji H, Mizumaki K et al.. Effects of chronotropic responsive cardiac pacing on ventilatory response to exercise in patients with complete AV block. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1992. link

Original source

[1]
Left bundle branch area pacing vs right ventricular pacing for atrioventricular block: the MELOS RELOADED study. — Jastrzębski M, Kiełbasa G, Cano O, Curila K, Zanon F, Pestrea C et al. European heart journal (2026)
[2]
Conduction system pacing in the Italian clinical practice: results of a nationwide survey. — Palmisano P, Dell'Era G, Strangio A, Scalone A, Pellegrino PL, Bonanno S et al. Acta cardiologica (2026)
[3]
Innovative approach to conduction system pacing: Real-time ECG imaging guidance for precise left bundle branch area pacemaker lead placement. — Eltsov I, Overeinder I, Pannone L, Del Monte A, Duong N, Molina K et al. Heart rhythm (2026)
[4]
The association between seasonality and the incidence of permanent pacemaker implantations due to atrioventricular block. — Doga R, Yarza S, Glatman-Freedman A, Novack V, Haim M, Konstantino Y International journal of environmental health research (2026)
[5]
Nocturnal Atrioventricular Block: Natural History and Clinical Implications. — Park S, Kim S, Kim HJ, Choi Y, Oh YS, Kim DY et al. Journal of Korean medical science (2026)
[6]
Clinical Outcomes of Conduction System Pacing vs Right Ventricular Septal Pacing in Atrioventricular Block: The CSPACE Randomized Controlled Trial. — Chow CLD, Wong C, Sutherland N, Obeyesekere MN, Wong GR, Eastwood CM et al. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2025)
[7]
Spanish pacemaker registry. 22nd official report of the Heart Rhythm Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2024). — García-Fernández FJ, Cózar-León R, Navarro-Manchón J, Molina-Lerma M, Calvo D Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) (2025)
[8]
Left bundle branch area pacing versus conventional pacing in patients with advanced atrioventricular conduction abnormalities: a prospective cohort study. — Leventopoulos G, Patrinos P, Papageorgiou A, Katechis S, Perperis A, Travlos C et al. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese (2025)
[9]
Comparative effects of biventricular and right ventricular pacing on clinical outcomes in atrioventricular block: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Khalid A, Rasool A, Daniyal SM, Ibrahim M, Siddiqui FA, Saad M et al. BMC cardiovascular disorders (2025)
[10]
Mid-term clinical outcomes of left bundle branch area pacing compared to accurate right ventricular septal pacing. — Okubo Y, Sakai T, Miyamoto S, Uotani Y, Oguri N, Furutani M et al. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing (2025)
[11]
Spanish pacemaker registry. 21st official report of Heart Rhythm Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2023). — Molina-Lerma M, Cózar-León R, García-Fernández FJ, Calvo D Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) (2024)
[12]
T-wave oversensing after implantation of pacemakers with automatic sensitivity adjustment in patients with atrioventricular block. — Takahashi M, Kujiraoka H, Arai T, Hojo R, Fukamizu S Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2024)
[13]
Effects of body mass index and blood pressure on atrioventricular block: Two-sample mendelian randomization. — Chi X, Zhang N, Zhang L, Fan F, Jia J, Xu M et al. Heart rhythm (2024)
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